Computer

Studies

By:

V.Sri Malleshvaran

Guidance - saraswathi mam

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 8th B

SA-2

Block Chain

Definition:
A distributed database that maintains a continuously
growing list of ordered records, called blocks.

About:
1. Decentralization: No central authority controls the network,
making it more secure and resistant to manipulation.
2. Distributed Ledger: Transactions are recorded on a shared
ledger, ensuring transparency.

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3. Immutability: Once added, transactions cannot be altered or
deleted.
4. Cryptographic Security: Uses encryption to secure transactions
and prevent fraud.
5. Smart Contracts: Self-executing contracts that automate
processes without intermediaries.
6. Transparency and Traceability: All transactions are visible,
allowing easy tracking of assets.
7. Consensus Mechanisms: Algorithms (e.g., POW, PoS) validate
transactions and ensure agreement among network participants.
8. Tokenization: Digital tokens represent ownership or value,
enabling trade on the block chain.
9. Beyond Crypto: Block chain is used in various sectors like
finance, healthcare, voting, and supply chains.
10. Challenges: Issues include scalability, energy consumption
(in some models), and high transaction costs.

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 Robotic Process Automation

Definition:
A software technology that makes it easy to build,
deploys, and manages software robots that emulate
humans’ actions interacting with digital systems and
software.
About:
1. Automates Repetitive Tasks: RPA bots handle rule-based tasks,
reducing manual work.

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2. No Coding Needed: User-friendly tools let you design
automations without programming.
3. Increases Efficiency: Bots work 24/7, speeding up task
completion.
4. Cost-Effective: Reduces operational costs by minimizing human
labour.
5. Improves Accuracy: Reduces human error for consistent results.
6. Scalable: Easily adapts to handle varying workloads.
7. Integrates with Existing Systems: Works with current software,
no major changes needed.
8. Ensures Compliance: Follows rules to maintain consistent
regulatory standards.
9. Boosts Employee Satisfaction: Frees employees from mundane
tasks, allowing focus on higher-value work.
10 .Versatile Use: Applied in industries like finance, HR, and
customer service for tasks like data entry and reporting.

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 Internet of Things

Definition:
The collective network of connected devices and the
technology that facilitates communication between
devices and the cloud, as well as between the devices
themselves.

About:
1. Data Collection: IoT devices gather real-time data
through sensors (e.g., temperature, motion, humidity).

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2. Connectivity: Devices connect through networks like Wi-
Fi, Bluetooth, or cellular to share data.
3. Automation: IoT enables automation, such as smart
thermostats adjusting temperatures based on usage.
4. Smart Homes: IoT powers smart home devices like
thermostats, lighting, and security systems for convenience
and energy efficiency.
5. Industrial IoT (IIoT): IoT improves industrial operations,
optimizing manufacturing, logistics, and supply chains.
6. Healthcare: Wearable IoT devices monitor health metrics
(e.g., heart rate, sleep patterns) and transmit data for
medical analysis.
7. Security and Privacy: IoT devices face security risks,
requiring encryption and strong protections against data
breaches.
8. Interoperability: IoT devices need to work seamlessly
across different platforms and manufacturers, aided by
standard protocols.
9. Big Data and AI: IoT generates vast data that, when
combined with AI and analytics, provides actionable
insights for decision-making.
10. Energy Management: IoT contributes to energy
efficiency by automating processes in homes, buildings,
and factories to reduce consumption.

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 3D - Printing

Definition:
An additive process whereby layers of material are built
up to create a 3D part.

About:
1. Customization: 3D printing allows for highly customized
designs, tailoring products to specific needs.
2. Rapid Prototyping: It enables fast prototyping, reducing
time and costs in product development.

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3. Complex Designs: Can create intricate and complex
shapes that traditional manufacturing methods can't
achieve.
4. Material Variety: Works with a wide range of materials,
including plastics, metals, ceramics, and even food.
5. Reduced Waste: 3D printing is more sustainable by using
only the material required for the object, minimizing
waste.
6. On-Demand Production: Enables on-demand
manufacturing, reducing the need for large inventories.
7. Medical Applications: Used to create prosthetics,
implants, and even 3D-printed organs for medical
purposes.
8. Supply Chain Efficiency: 3D printing can streamline
supply chains, reducing lead times and transportation
costs.
9. Education and Research: Widely used in education and
research for experiments, teaching, and design
innovations.
10. Cost-Effective for Small Batches: Ideal for low-
volume production runs or one-off items, where traditional
manufacturing is cost-prohibitive.

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 Argumented realtiy

Definition:
An interactive experience that enhances the real world
with computer-generated perceptual information.

About:
1. Enhanced Experience: AR overlays digital content on the
real world for interactive experiences.
2. Retail: Virtual try-ons for products like clothes or
furniture.
3. Gaming: Blends virtual elements with real-world
environments, e.g., Pokémon GO.
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4. Training: Used in immersive simulations for fields like
medicine and military.
5. Navigation: Displays real-time directions in the user's
environment.
6. Advertising: Creates interactive, engaging ads in physical
spaces.
7. Design: Helps architects and designers visualize projects
in real environments.
8. Healthcare: Assists in surgeries by overlaying digital info
for precision.
9. Remote Assistance: Experts guide users by overlaying
instructions on their view.
10. Marketing: Engages users with interactive
campaigns and media content.

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 Virtual Reality

Definition;
A computer-generated environment with scenes and
objects that appear to be real, making the user feel they
are immersed in their surroundings.
About:
1. Immersive Experience: VR creates fully immersive
digital environments.
2. Gaming: Popular for interactive, 3D gaming experiences.
3. Training: Used in simulations for industries like
healthcare, aviation, and military.

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4. Education: Enables virtual classrooms and hands-on
learning in various fields.
5. Entertainment: Offers virtual concerts, movies, and
interactive media.
6. Therapy: Used for mental health treatments, such as
exposure therapy for phobias.
7. Real Estate: Allows virtual tours of properties before
visiting in person.
8. Design & Architecture: Helps visualize designs and
layouts in 3D.
9. Social Interaction: Virtual worlds and avatars for
socializing and collaboration.
10. Remote Work: Facilitates virtual meetings and
workspaces for remote teams.

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 Natural Language Processing

Definition:
A machine learning technology that gives computers the
ability to interpret, manipulate, and comprehend human
language.
About:
1. Text Analysis: NLP helps analyze and interpret human
language in text form.
2. Sentiment Analysis: Used to determine emotions or
opinions in text, like social media posts.
3. Chatbots: Powers AI-driven chatbots and virtual
assistants for customer support.

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4. Language Translation: Translates text or speech between
different languages.
5. Speech Recognition: Converts spoken language into text
for applications like voice assistants.
6. Text Summarization: Automatically generates summaries
from large text data.
7. Entity Recognition: Identifies key entities (names, dates,
locations) in text.
8. Information Retrieval: Improves search engines by
understanding and ranking relevant results.
9. Grammar Checking: Helps in proofreading and
correcting grammar in writing.
10. Machine Translation: Translates text in real time,
as seen in apps like Google Translate.

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 Machine learning

Definition:
Creating data analytics platforms capable of learning
from observations, identifying patterns, and even make
decisions with minimal human input.
About:
1. Data Training: ML models learn patterns from large datasets.
2. Prediction: Used for predicting outcomes based on past data.
3. Classification: Categorizes data into specific groups, like spam
vs. non-spam.
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4. Regression: Predicts continuous values, such as house prices.
5. Clustering: Groups similar data points together, often for
analysis.
6. Recommendation: Powers personalized suggestions, like
Netflix recommendations.
7. Anomaly Detection: Identifies unusual patterns in data, like
fraud detection.
8. Neural Networks: Mimics the human brain to recognize
complex patterns.
9. Reinforcement Learning: ML models learn by trial and error,
optimizing actions over time.
10. Automation: Automates tasks, improving efficiency in
areas like finance and healthcare.

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 Java

Definition:
A multi-platform, object-oriented, and network-centric
language that can be used as a platform in itself

About:
1. Platform Independence: Java follows the "write once,
run anywhere" principle with its bytecode execution on
any platform with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

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2. Object-Oriented: Everything in Java is treated as an
object, promoting modular and reusable code.
3. Rich API: Java provides a vast set of built-in libraries and
APIs for tasks like networking, GUI development, and
data manipulation.
4. Automatic Memory Management: Java includes garbage
collection to automatically manage memory and prevent
memory leaks.
5. Multithreading: Supports concurrent execution with
multithreading, enabling efficient use of CPU resources.
6. Security: Java offers strong security features like bytecode
verification, runtime security manager, and sandboxing.
7. Robust: Java emphasizes error handling through
exceptions and has a strong type-checking system.
8. High Performance: The Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler and
optimized JVM contribute to high performance.
9. Cross-Platform: Java programs can run on any platform
without modification, thanks to the JVM.
10. Syntax Similar to C++: Java's syntax is similar to
C++, making it easier to learn for those familiar with C-
style languages.
11. Distributed Computing: Java has built-in support
for distributed computing through technologies like RMI
(Remote Method Invocation) and EJB (Enterprise
JavaBeans).
12. Networking Support: Java provides robust
networking libraries to handle TCP/IP and UDP
communication.
13. Thread Synchronization: Java offers built-in
mechanisms for synchronizing threads to avoid
concurrency issues.
14. Static Typing: Java uses static typing, where
variables are checked for type correctness at compile-time,
reducing runtime errors.
15. JavaBeans: Java offers a convention for creating
reusable software components known as JavaBeans.

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16. Lambda Expressions: Introduced in Java 8, lambda
expressions allow for functional programming features
like passing code as arguments.
17. Stream API: Java 8 also introduced Stream API for
handling large collections in a functional style, improving
performance and readability.
18. Exception Handling: Java supports a robust
exception-handling mechanism to manage errors
gracefully.
19. Backward Compatibility: Java maintains backward
compatibility, meaning new versions support older
codebases.
20. Community Support: Java has a large and active
developer community, providing resources, frameworks,
and tools for continuous growth.

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 Applications of JAVA

About:
1. Web Development: Java is used in building dynamic
websites and web applications with frameworks like
spring, Hibernate, and Java Server Pages (JSP).
2. Mobile Apps: Java is the primary language for Android
app development, powering millions of mobile
applications.
3. Enterprise Applications: Java is widely used for large-
scale enterprise applications, such as CRM systems, using
frameworks like Java EE (Enterprise Edition).
4. Cloud Computing: Java is used in cloud platforms,
providing scalable and secure applications for services like
Google Cloud and AWS.

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5. Big Data: Java is used in big data technologies like
Apache Hadoop and Apache Kafka for data processing
and analysis.
6. Scientific Applications: Java is used in scientific and
research applications, offering stability and performance
for complex computations.
7. Embedded Systems: Java powers embedded systems in
devices like smart TVs, car infotainment systems, and IoT
devices.
8. Game Development: Java is used for creating 2D and 3D
games, with game engines like LibGDX supporting game
creation.
9. Financial Services: Java is used in banking and financial
services for developing trading platforms, transaction
management systems, and risk assessment tools.
10. Desktop Applications: Java supports desktop
applications with GUI tools like JavaFX and Swing, used
in applications for productivity, graphics, and multimedia.

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