Journal Publication of International Research for Engineering and Management (JOIREM)

Volume: 10 Issue: 05 | Oct-2021

A Review: Capability of FACTS Device for Performance Improvement of Power

System
Vaishali Bharambe1,
1Loknete Gopinathji Munde Institute of Engineering Education & Research

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Abstract - This paper present colorful causes of voltage reactance, If the transmission line having low impedance also
the advanced power can be transmitted in transmission line.
problem stability and how this can be alleviate by integration
of power electronics grounded Data technology. Data bias are
using since 1970 and till date, because of rapid-fire and
accurate corrective action for voltage stability improvement.
This composition giving a review of developments of Data
technolog and its operation for performance improvement of The power system development leads to riseand controlthe
system. Pundits bandy graces and limitations of multitudinous power transfer capability in a transmission line (1). The
Data and its integrations in different modes for enhancement controlling action being performed for achieving the system
of voltage profile at all motorcars. Authors find UPFC is a healthy condition or power quality control analogous as-
most protean Data tool because of its capability to control, all 1. Power transfer capability increases.
2. Enhancement in voltage control in lines.
three parameters similar as voltage, impedance and phase
3. Enhancement in power system stability.
angle. Authors demonstrate the different models and their 4. Trust ability of the system bettered. Transmission line
capabilities of UPFC and its operation in different condition. lading capacity increases.

The FACTS devices are used for voltage variation in steps to

Key Words: optics, photonics, light, lasers, templates, journals maintain the receiving and sending end voltages within the
permissible limit. The advancement in semiconductor
technology has a major role to use power electronic devices in
1. INTRODUCTION power system (2-4).
Number of IEEE standards are written in book ‘5-8’ relates to
Now Now a days the demand on power is more in all the modelling issues and the book ‘9-10’ relates the voltage
sectors. In similar condition the power system stability is the stability problem directly.
main problem with power players. Numerous types of creators Main causes of voltage stability problems
and motors, colorful types of loads, sludge circuits are used in
the power sectors which leads to deranging the voltage that 1. The problems due to the improper location of FACTs
induces voltage insecurity in system. Enhancement of voltage devices.
stability in power sectors is a major issue for clearing the faults 2. Problem associated with multiple FACTs devices when
in transmission line. their coordination is poor.
The transmission line capacity should carrying on 3. The higher reactive power consumed by loads.
advanced limit to find maximum profitable returns for the 4. Cases of problems happening in the future, but can’t be
possessors. Similar situation the system stability neutralize predicted with certainty.
because of overall grid trustability and security. 5. On Load Tap Changer (ONTC) operation in reverse
operating event.
Voltage stability in the power sector is the major problem
6. When load centres are near to voltage sources.
where power transfer capability is to ameliorate. Similar cases
Shunt and series compensation is used (2-4). Reactive power 7. The voltage stability is adversely affected due to presents of
compensation used to control the active power demand and constant power load in the power system.
maintain the voltage to its normal value. Line current should 8. When reactive power differs in transmission line due to
be minimized so that it reduces system losses. heavy loads.

Taking action about Voltage Instability

1. Placing a series and shunt capacitor in proper position.

2. Proper connections of FACTs Controllers in a transmission
Power transmission is the function of the line.
lineimpedance.However, where as it falls with advanced 3. Proper coordination between all FACTs controllers must
happen.

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 Journal Publication of International Research for Engineering and Management (JOIREM)
Volume: 10 Issue: 05 | Oct-2021

4. Rescheduling each generation unit in the power system. 2.2 Shunt controllers
5. Load shedding should happen for under voltage.
The functions deviate regulators and series regulators are
6. In reverse operation of transformer no tap change analogous, but with a difference is that shunt regulator can fit
happening. the reactive power into the power system at its location.
However, also variation of power injection is doable, If the
2. FACTS Devices fitted current and line voltage are in phase quadrature. In other
The Problem associated with insecurity in power system case real power adaptation is carried out. This is possible with
can remove or minimizes by the use of Flexible AC the help of similar Data bias, which are as Static Synchronous
Transmission Systems ( Data) bias. Similar bias are developed Generator (SSG), STATCOM (Static Synchronous
near history and which having stylish controlling device for Compensator), Stationary Var Compensators (SVC)
power system stability in high voltage power transmission. 2.3 Combined Series-Series controllers
Data regulators’ also furnishing operating inflexibility for
transmission line in power system. Ameliorate the power
system performance for both delivering unit and entering unit.
Data are high speed semiconductor bias that increases
power system quality by absorbing or delivering reactive
power at light cargo and heavy cargo independently and
contemporaneously it can deliver or absorb real power. Main
objects of Data bias are growth of the power transfer capability
of the transmission lines and provides direct control of power
inflow.
Data regulators are working collectively in the power
system or with links to another one to control the series A concerted series-series regulator are of two types. A
impedance, shunt impedance, current, voltage, phase angle,
series regulator is connected in a transmission line from one
oscillation damping. Data bias maintain the transmission
system to be operated hard to its thermal limit without side and other one give the independent reactive power for
dwindling the system ‘s thickness. Data regulators also each line of amulti-line transmission system. All conduct are to
ameliorate the safety and inflexibility in power system. There be taken by the regulators to control reactive power while the
are two type of technologies available in literature first related transfer of real power takes place at the same time. Similar
to Thyristor-Switched Capacitors and Reactors with Tap
Changing Mills and the alternate group is about Gate Turn Off regulators are interline power inflow control (IPFC), therefore
(GTO), Thyristor- Switched Transformers act like Voltage real and reactive power flows in the lines contemporaneously.
Source Transformers (VSCs). The first fashion is called as
Stationary Var Compensator (SVC), Thyristor-Controlled
Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Thyristor – Controlled Phase
Shifter (TCPS). Secondly, it related to Static Synchronous
Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous Series
Compensator (SSSC), Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC)
and interline power inflow regulator (IPFC).
Connection ofFACTs bias are vary either in series or in
shunt differently combination of both. The SVC and
STATCOM are always placed in shunt connection and the
TCSC and SSSC are placed in series connection. UPFC is
cold-blooded Data device which comprises both connections
(series and shunt). These are classified as like
Operating Corrective FACTs
2.1 Series controllers problem action controllers
The damping oscillation present in power system are
controlled by using series regulator having variable inductive Voltage limits:
and capacitive impedance. This process is achieving the asked
result by installing a suitable voltage phasor in series with the Low voltage during Delivering STATCOM,
line. The series regulator absorbs or produce the reactive large demand reactive SVC,
power when line voltage is in quadrature to line current. In power
other condition the regulator can absorb or produce both real
High voltage during Consume STATCOM,
and reactive power. Some of the regulator
low demand reactive SVC, TCR
power
Which are used in similar situation are Stationary
Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), Thyristor- Switched
Series Capacitor (TSSC), and Thyristor-Controlled Series
Reactor (TCSR).

© 2021, JOIREM |www.joirem.com| Page 2

 Journal Publication of International Research for Engineering and Management (JOIREM)
Volume: 10 Issue: 05 | Oct-2021

High voltage due to Consume STATCOM, 3. INTEREST ON FACTS IN AC

an outage reactive SVC, TCR TRANSMISSION LINE
power; avoid
overload
Low voltage due to Delivering STATCOM, The check of the Data bias carried on and complied by
two important databases similar as IEEE/ IEE electronic
sudden load reactive SVC
library and wisdom direct electronic databases. The database
power; avoid
has been collected after nonstop check for last 19 times from
overload time 1991 to 2009. This time period can be categorised into
Thermal limits: three sub ages similar as 1991-1998, 1999-2004 and 2005-
Transmission circuit Reduce TCSC, 2009. Each publication bandy different power system
overload overload SSSC, including record of each step and its result. Similar recorded
UPFC, IPC, information are relatively clear about the operation of Data
PS bias for different power system studies.
Tripping of parallel Limit circuit TCSC, The capability of Data bias is to enhance the power system
stability as bandied by Noorozian and Anderson in book 22.
circuits loading SSSC,
The analysis of damping of power system, electromechanical
UPFC, IPC, oscillation analysis grounded upon Data bias is written by
PS Wang and Swift in book 29. It describes about the damping
Loop flows: necklace related to Data bias. Colorful points of studies and
Parallel line load Adjust series IPC, SSSC, exploration are taken about FACTS bias with the use of
sharing reactance UPFC, simulation and results are collected.
TCSC, PS
Post fault power flow Network IPC, TCSC, 4. APPLICATION OF FACTS DEVICES
sharing rearrangement SSSC,
or uses UPFC, PS By By the time 1970 thyristor was well developed and
used for operation of high voltage operation. Ultramodern
thermal limit
Stationary Var Compensators (SVCs) were developed using
actions
thyristor. In addition thyristor controlled/ switched series
Power flows direction Phase angle IPC, SSSC, capacitors (TCSCs/ TSSCs) and thyristor controlled phase
reversal Adjustment UPFC, PS shifter controllers (TCPSs) were also developed the principle
of thyristor grounded switching regulators are unresistant
2.4 Combined Series-Shunt controllers factors used for enhance its geste where compensation demand
is levelling sluggishly. Different number of reports are
A concerted series-shunt regulator are also of two published for analysis of the Data bias effect on power systems
arrangements like former combined series-series regulator. The similar as SVC, TCSC and TCPS.
shunt and series regulators operate in a coordinated manner. A Phillips Heffron model is developed by Wang and
nippy for the enhancement of SVC/ TCSC/ TCPS in power
The shunt element injects current into the system and series
system. In this model the damping necklace measure is used.
element fit the voltage. The real power can be changed The effect of damping with different lading condition in Data
between these shunt and series element of regulators via the bias is analysed by Abido and Abdel-Magid. This model is
power line. Similar regulators are in the order of Unified enhancing the power stability by the effectiveness of PSS and
Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and Thyristor- Controlled FACTS bias. The Eigen grounded ideal function is used in this
Phase- Shifting Motor (TCPST). The series-shunt regulators model for development of system damping. The model
are more effective and can fit voltage and current without optimum stability parameter finds out from GA hunt system.
The scientistE.W. Kimbark refocused out that shunt capacitor
affecting power or current inflow and line voltage control in
should be used at the midpoint of transmission line for voltage
the system compensation and midpoint is an optimum point for a
transmission line. In this condition doubly of the normal power
can be transmitted through the compensation line. Numerous
types of controlling bias are used in transmission line similar
as Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) and Thyristor
– Controlled Phase Shifter (TCPS). Secondly, related to Static
Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), Static Synchronous
.Series Compensator (SSSC), Unified Power Flow
Controller (UPFC) and interline power inflow regulator
The use of FACTs (Flexible Alternating Current (IPFC). We can use this in PWM asynchronous DC line
Transmission Systems) controllers in power system operation Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) are used for
control action (23-28).

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 Journal Publication of International Research for Engineering and Management (JOIREM)
Volume: 10 Issue: 05 | Oct-2021

Ideal of installing SVC is to increase operation The capability of Data bias is to enhance the power system
effectiveness, ameliorate service quality and insure a certain stability as bandied by Noorozian and Anderson in book 22.
security position. The SVC is planned to an optimisation The analysis of damping of power system, electromechanical
problem where two stage optimization system is used for oscillation analysis grounded upon Data bias is written by
similar system and simulated annealing (SA) is used to break Wang and Swift in book 29. It describes about the damping
placement position, in large power system (30-31). Var necklace related to Data bias. Colorful points of studies and
compensation is used for system planning and the attention is exploration are taken about FACTS bias with the use of
concentrated upon the losses voltage divagation and simulation and results are collected.
expenditure.
The simplest styles used for Svc planning on model
analysis is to define operating point should define in power 6. UPFC MODELLING
system. The Eigenvalue analysis with a system Jacobean
matrix can be used for the identification of motorcars where
voltage collapse do. UPFC is most complex and protean Data bias which is a
The SVC shunt compensation element is designed for combination of STATCOM and SSSC (1). These outfit are
voltage compensation in power system. Similar bias are TCSC. control the introductory power station variables similar as
Flash stability and damping performance in the power system transmission voltage, impedance and phase angle. UPFC
can be bettered for the below case (32-33). STATCOM/ contains two voltage source inverter connected with a DC link
STATCON and ASVC/ ASVG are used for reactive power and the coupled motor is connected to the power system.
compensation in numerous rotating machines. A STATCOM The series motor coupled with the ac system through a
with an energy storing device can control both active and motor provides the main action. The control of real or reactive
reactive power to gain flexible power system operation. This power inflow in the transmission line by fitting AC voltage
composition deals with the position of a shunt Data device to with proper magnitude and phase angle control. Alternate
ameliorate flash stability in long transmission line and to shunt motor motor can induce or absorb reactive power and
determine power inflow. deliver shunt reactive compensation to control machine voltage
Two types of reactive power compensator are used in at a specified value. DC link is used to change the active power
power system similar as SVC and STATCOM. The between the two transformers (51-52).
performance of STATCOM is better than SVC in view of
nonstop controllability and response time (34). Real time and 7. OPERATING MODES OF UPFC
off line simulation tool and three simulation system available
in PSB for effective fashion used for analysis of complex
control system in Data bias. 1. Shunt inverter

Dynamic performance Enhancement in power system by It's operated to draw a controlled current from the line.
using a UPFC is mentioned in the composition (35-40). The One element of current balance the real power of the series
effect of Data bias with series compensation is essential to inverter automatically and the other reactive element of power
ameliorate the dynamic performance of the power system. This is set the asked position of inverter capability.
can be achieved by connecting UPFC with different modes of
operation as like impedance control mode, vertical Vertical • Var control mode
voltage control with series motor is most simple and practical
mode of operation of a UPFC. Small disturbances in power To control reactive power a reference input is made which
system can be bettered by damping and large disturbances is inductive and capacitive as per VAR demand. The shunt
bang- bang control is demanded. motor control interprets the reference input signal into a shunt
current request and adjusts the motor to maintain the current
5. IMPLEMENTATION OF FACTS limit in the circuit. The unrestricted circle arrangement uses a
current feedback signal to achieve the affair current of the
TECHNOLOLGY shunt motor. Power Data IS known by mode of operation
where feedback dc signal is present to guard it.
The
The check of the Data bias carried on and complied by • Automatic voltage control mode
two important databases similar as IEEE/ IEE electronic
library and wisdom direct electronic databases. The database The shunt motor reactive current automatically controls
has been collected after nonstop check for last 19 times from the transmission line voltage to a asked value at the point of
time 1991 to 2009. This time period can be distributed into connection with respect to droop characteristics. Droop
three sub ages similar as 1991-1998, 1999-2004 and 2005- FACTS defines the per unit voltage errorw.r.t. per unit reactive
2009. Each publication bandy different power system
Motor current at its being state. The positive sequence element
including record of each step and its result. Similar recorded
information are relatively clear about the operation of Data of machine voltage is generally used for voltage feedback
bias for different power system studies. signal for automatic voltage control.

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 Journal Publication of International Research for Engineering and Management (JOIREM)
Volume: 10 Issue: 05 | Oct-2021

2. Series inverter controllable magnitude and angle between the limits Vsmin ≤
Vs ≤ Vsmaxand 0 ≤ θs ≤ 2π independently and the shunt
Series inverter controls the magnitude and angle of the branch is original to an ideal current sourceIsh. The variable I
voltage of the transmission line. The inflow of power on the sh of shunt current source also is controllable within Ish ≤
line is directly commensurable to the voltage injection. IshN, IshN is current capacity limit of shunt motor. Ish is
perished into two factors It and Iq, which are independently the
• Direct voltage injection mode real and imaginary controllable factors of ideal shunt current
source. It, in- phase factors with respect to Vm, is determined
The series motor generates the voltage vector (VS). Where by active power of shunt motor swapping with the system and
its magnitude and phase angle are calculated grounded on the loss of UPFC. Command is in quadrature factors with
input. Special functional operations are used in this case. The respect toVm, which provides independent shunt reactive
compensation to maintain machine voltage position where the
magnitude control is grounded upon the fitted voltage vector
UPFC is installed (21, 22). Assuming lossless motor values,
(VS) which is in phase of system voltage or in quadrature with the active power absorbed from the system by shunt motor is
it. equal to that fitted into transmission lines by series motor
• Line impedance emulation mode supplied to the shunt motor

The magnitude of the fitted voltage vector, VS is

maintained in agreement with the magnitude of the line
current. The impedance is taken as reference input and
generally is a complex amounts as combination of resistance This constraint equation shows that the overall active
and reactance. Special case of impedance compensation is power exchange between the UPFC and the AC system come
resorted when the fitted voltage is quadrature with the line zero. So the active power Prk is equal to the Pmk on the
current. This operating mode elect the mode of matched series transmission line. Still, the steady- state model of UPFC are
capacitive line compensation. classified into two main orders severed model and coupled
model.
• Automatic power flow control mode
The input power plays major part to maintain the value of
P and Q in transmission line although the system changes. The 9. CONCLUSIONS
magnitude and phase angle of fitted vector VS is controlled
and it forces the line current vector that to maintain real and The The Research work is going on the Data regulators’
reactive power inflow in the line. The series fitted voltage implicit to ameliorate the system stability. Considering rapid-
induce automatically and closed circle control system action fire electric power demand. The FACTS regulator are used in
power systems for its trustability and advanced technology. It
takes place. It'll manage the suitable P and Q despite power
improves the functional inflexibility and controllability in
system changes. In this situation the UPFC is used with power system with considering colorful power system limits.
transmission line as a high impedance power source or It gives most effective result. The Data also used for better
Gomorrah. application of being transmission coffers. After review of
exploration literatures about the Data bias, it can be said that
• Stand-alone mode these are most accessible device for working the voltage
stability problem in the power system. Author’s check papers
The UPFC offers shunt and series transformers singly of supereminent experimenters for analysis of Data bias in
which can operate by decoupling their common DC line and present and once. The decision of the voltage enhancement by
unyoking the capacitor bank. In this case the shunt motor Data regulators in complex power system networks are
operates as like STATCOM and series motor as like SSSC. technically suitable and feasible.
The reactive power sphere is doable when the two transformers
are standalone mode. In this case none of motor is able to
absorb or induce real power also reactive power sphere is only
possible. The fitted voltage controls reactive voltage REFERENCES
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Fig.3.2 Electrical model of UPFC

The below fig. represents a lossless UPFC- bedded

transmission line. The line connects knot m and k as shown
over. The affair of the series voltage source Vs and θs are

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 Journal Publication of International Research for Engineering and Management (JOIREM)
Volume: 10 Issue: 05 | Oct-2021

2011
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