Ch - 7 (Physical and Chemical Change)

Chapter – 7 (Physical and Chemical Changes)
Session: 2020-21
E.1. Physical changes can be both reversible and irreversible in the following
sense:
•When you melt wax, you can easily reverse this by cooling the wax to get
solid wax.
•An example of physical irreversible reaction, is breaking of glass.
2. Since we can’t see this exchange of atoms, one must look for changes in
physical properties to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.
a. Color Changes: A change in color often indicates a chemical change.
b. Temperature Changes.
c. Precipitates.
d. Light Emission.
e. Gas Production.
3. The lighting of cracker is an example of chemical change that produces
light, sound and heat. During a chemical change, substances are changed
into different substances. In another words, the composition of the substance
changes and a new substance is formed.
4. Coating the iron surface with oil can prevent the rusting as it prevents the
contact of iron surface with air and water.
5. Cut apple turns brown when exposed in air because of the oxidation
reaction taking place on the surface. When the skin of apple is either cut or
broken, cell wall gets ruptured and an enzyme present in them reacts with
the oxygen in the air.
6. When carbon dioxide is passed through lime water it turns milky due to
the formation of water insoluble precipitate of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
7. Displacement reaction is a chemical reaction in which a more reactive
element displaces a less reactive element from its compound.
Example: Reaction of iron nails with copper sulphate solution. Iron displaces
copper from the copper sulphate solution and forms iron sulphate.
Copper sulphate + Iron → Iron sulphate + Copper
CuSO4 Fe FeSO4 Cu
8. Cold water ↔ Hot water Ice ↔ Water
F.1. When a candle burns, both physical & chemical changes occur.
Physical Changes in Burning Candle: On heating, candle wax melts and
form liquid wax. It is a reversible physical change as it can again turn into
solid wax on cooling.
Chemical Changes in Burning Candle: When we light the candle, the wax
present near the wick will melt. Wick absorbs the liquid wax. The liquid wax
vaporises due the heat produced by the flame. This wax vapour near to flame
burns and gives new substances like carbon dioxide, Carbon soot, water
vapours, heat and light. This is an irreversible change.
2. In the setting of curd, milk changes into new substance, curd, due to the
presence of lactobacillus bacteria. This is an irreversible process that means
milk cannot be made from curd. Formation of new substance and irreversible
process shows that setting of curd is a chemical change.
3. When vinegar and baking soda react, brisk effervescence is observed
indicating the formation of new compounds and the reaction is irreversible.
This chemical change can be represented by the following equation:
Vinegar + Baking soda → Carbon dioxide + Water + Other substances
Experiment to perform the test of the evolving gas
Use a graduated cylinder to measure 10 ml of vinegar and pour it in a conical
flask. Add ½ teaspoon of baking soda. Pass the gas evolved through lime
water via the delivery tube.
Carbon dioxide gas is given off in the reaction between vinegar and baking
soda. The rising bubbles confirm the release of the carbon dioxide gas. This
gas when passed through lime water, it turns milky. This is due to the
formation of calcium carbonate.
4. To prepare crystals of copper sulphate.
Required items: China dish, Glass rod, Wash bottle, Copper sulphate,
Burner, 250 ml beaker, Wire gauze, Tripod stand, water.
Method
a. Take a clean beaker (250 ml) and put the powdered sample of copper
sulphate in it. Add distilled water and stir well using glass rod.
b. Make the solution more clearly by adding 2 – 3 drops of concentrated
sulphuric acid in it and heat up 70° C then add more impure copper sulphate
until no more of it dissolves.
c. Filter the solution and collect the filtrate in a china dish heat it over wire
gauze kept on tripod with proper stirring to get constant temperature till it
becomes half of the taken, cool the other end of glass rod by blowing air.
d. Formation of thin crust indicates that crystallization points is reached, then
turn off the burner and cover it with a watch glass without disturbing it. As
the solution cools down, crystals separate out. Slow cooling ensures for
better crystallization.
e. Decant the mother liquor and wash the crystals with a thin stream of cold
water with the help of a wash bottle press these between filter paper sheets.
Then blue colored copper sulphate crystals will be formed.
5. Burning of toast – We can’t make the toast back into bread. The bread has
become a new substance due to the heat added, making it a chemical
change. Frying an egg - Chemical changes result in the formation of new
substances, and the changes that occur cannot be reversed. The heat from
frying an egg causes the egg’s protein to change permanently in texture and
in appearance. The fried egg’s properties are different from those of the raw
egg. These changes cannot be undone. Browning also takes place, another
indication of a chemical change. Combustion of petrol in car – A combustion
reaction is when a chemical reacts with oxygen and releases energy. When
these fuels burn, the atoms in the fuels combine with oxygen from the air to
make new molecules. Gasoline(fuel)reacts with oxygen (oxidant) to produce
carbon dioxide and water vapor. Preparation of custard- it is a chemical
change as the product formed, custard, cannot be changed back to the
reactants, custard powder and milk.
6. Rust is formed by the chemical reaction of iron with oxygen in presence of
water.
Iron + Oxygen + Water → Rust (Ironoxide)
Fe O2 H2O Fe2O3.xH2O
Rusting is accelerated in the presence of acids or any electrolyte. Since there
is no oxygen on moon so there will be no rusting of iron on moon. Delhi is
more polluted as compared to Mumbai and it has higher concentration of
oxides of sulphur and nitrogen as pollutants in air to produce acids. So, the
degree of rust formation will be higher near Red fort than Gateway of India.
7. Burning of LPG involves both physical (Change A) and chemical changes
(change B) because when LPG comes out of cylinder and is converted from
liquid to gaseous state it is a physical change. When the gas burns in air it is
a chemical change. Change A involves change only in state of LPG from
liquid to gas. In this change, neither any new substance is formed nor are
the chemical properties of LPG altered. Change B is a chemical change as
it involves the combustion of LPG. When gas burns it usually combines with
oxygen to give carbon dioxide, water etc. along with release of energy.
8. Both processes A and B are chemical changes. Bacteria acts on waste
and converts it to biogas (change A). Hence, it is a chemical change. Biogas
works as fuel (change B) and produces and heat. It combines with oxygen
to give carbon dioxide, water etc. along with release of energy. The chemical
properties of the substances are changed in both the processes and they are
transformed into new substances with different chemical compositions.

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