LAB EXPERIMENT NO # 02

Name: Ghulam Muhammad Date: 19-02-2024 Score:

Signature of Instructor
SERIES
CIRCUITS PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE:
• To learn the basic concepts and relationships of current and voltage measurements in
DC circuits containing resistors wired in Series Circuits.
• To understand and use Ohm’s Law applied to Series Circuits.
• To learn the relationships of the total resistance of resistors connected in Series Circuits.
• To learn to use ammeters, voltmeters, ohmmeters, and multimeters to properly
measure voltages, currents, and resistances.
EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS
• Multimeter
• Power supply
• Connecting Leads
• Breadboard
• Few Resistors
• Ohmmeter
• Voltmeter
• Ammeter

Introduction
Most common household electrical circuits are made of many devices connected in
parallel. Each device is hooked to the power source in parallel with all the other devices,
each connected to the same voltage source and availing itself of the same voltage. Each
device has its own characteristic resistance, and therefore each draws from the source a
different amount of current, depending on its resistive value. While the voltage being
accessed is nearly the same for all devices, the amount of current drawn from the source
increases as each device draws its respective current based on its resistance. As a result as
more and more devices are connected in parallel, the total amount of current drawn from the
source increases. It thus has the effect of causing the resistance to decrease with each
additional resistance added. Additional devices added to a circuit, require additional current
from the source until something is overloaded. More current is required beyond that which
can be supplied by the source or carried by the conductors without burning up.

.
Theory
Ohm’s Law

Ohm’s Law is the relationship between the current I flowing through a resistance R and the
potential drop across it V. The current is directly proportional to the potential difference
across the resistance and is inversely proportional to the resistance,
I=V/R (1)
As an alternative, Ohm’s Law may be stated as: The potential difference V across a resistance
is directly proportional to the current I flowing through the resistance and the resistance R, or

V=I ×R (2)

Ohm’s Law can be rearranged to define the resistance R so that

R=V/I (3)

If the potential difference across the resistance is measured in volts (V) and the current
flowing through the resistance is measured in amperes (A), then the resistance values will
be in units of ohms.
Resistors in Series

Figure 1 shows 3 resistors, R , R , and R , connected in series in a closed circuit powered by a

1 2 3
single battery or Emf source. In this circuit the current supplied by the battery flows
through each resistor, with the current in each resistor being the same. If the current
supplied by the battery is I , the current in each resistor is I , I , and I , and they are all
one and the same, then
T 1 2 3

IT = I1 = I2 = I3 (4)

The voltage drop across the battery V will be the total sum of the individual drops across
each
T
of the 3 resistors, and

VT=V1+V2+V3 (5)

Where V is the potential difference across R , V is the potential difference across R , and V
is
1 1 2 2 3
the potential difference across R . From Equation 2,
3

VT=IT × RT (6)

V1=I1 × R1 (7)

V2=I2 × R2 (8)

V3=I3 × R3 (9)

Substituting these equations into Equation 5 gives

Since I = I = I = I
T 1 2 3

IT RT = I1 R1 + I2 R2 + I3 R3 (10)

RT = R1 + R2 + R3 (11)

Therefore, when resistors are connected in series, the total resistance is just the
sum of the individual resistances. While this has been shown for 3 resistors, the total
resistance of any number of N (N≥2) of resistors connected in series, end to end, can be
found using the same general procedure. Therefore for resistors connected in series

PROCEDURE:
1.With an ohmmeter measure the each resistor value for the resistors required for this
experiment, take resistances of your own choices available. Connect the resistors in series
and 2.measure the total resistance RT. Record the results in Table 1.
• Using the information given in Theory and Figure 1, calculate the total resistance R T, the
series current IT, and the IR voltage drop across R1, R2, R3. Record the result in Table 2. Take
voltage and resistances of your choice available in the Lab.
• Connect the circuit shown in Figure 1 and turn on the DC Power Supply, adjust the
power supply level to 10V DC.
• Measure the IR voltage drop across each resistance as indicated in the Figure 1 and
record the result in Table 2.
• Repeat the procedure for 15V DC and fill the Table 3.
• After recording the measured voltage drops, compare the measured and calculated values.
Use the formula for determining the percentage.
%=Difference between Measured and Calculated ×
100 Calculated

TABLE 1

Calculated
S.NO Resistance(Nominal) Tolerance Range Measured Resistance

1
R1 = 470 Ω 455 to 483 Ω 462 Ω

2
R2 = 560 Ω 557 to 562 Ω 557 Ω

3
R3 = 470 Ω 455 to 478 Ω 458 Ω

4
RT = 1500 Ω 1467 to 1523 RMT = 1477 Ω

TABLE 2

Value Calculated Measured % Error

RT 1680 Ω 1660 Ω 0.2%

IT 0.0035 A 0.0035 A 0%
VR1 1.96 Volt 1.87 Volt 0.29%
VR2 1.96 Volt 1.98 Volt 0.35%
VR3 1.96 Volt 1.98 Volt 0.24%
 TABL 3

Value Calculated Measured %Error

RT 1178 1180 0.16%

IT 0.00424 A 0.00420 A 1.06%

VR1 1.978 Volt 1.957 Volt 0.95%

VR2 1.369 Volt 1.368 Volt 0.11%

VR3 1.649 Volt 1.650 Volt 0.03%

CONCLUSI
ON:

learnings :
= Calculated and measured the voltage , Current and resistance of three resistors connected in
series

group members :

Safiullah Shaikh

Hassan Tariq

Atif Rameez

Haseebullah Sarki