Polynomial Function
Polynomial Function
Function
Objective
c. 9 − 𝑥 𝑥 2 − 9 𝑥 + 5 4
=0
Degree: 7th, Roots: 9, 3, −3, −5(of multiplicity 4) 𝑥2 − 9 = 0
𝑥2 = 9
𝑥=± 9
𝑥 = ±3
Revisiting Relations and Functions
Number of hours
2 3 4 5
traveled (𝑥) by a car
Number of kilometers
100 150 200 250
traveled (𝑦)
Domain: {2, 3, 4, 5}
a. 𝑥 = 1 b. 𝑥 = 2
a. Evaluate 𝑃(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 1.
𝑃 1 = (1)3 − 1 2 + 1 −1=1−1+1−1=0
b. Evaluate 𝑃(𝑥) at 𝑥 = 2.
𝑃 1 = (2)3 − 2 2 + 2 −1=8−4+2−1=5
Sketch the graph of 𝑃 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3.
1. Degree: Odd 2. Leading Coefficient: Positive
3. End behavior of the graph
The graph falls to the left and rises to the right.
2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 3 1
Zeros: − , 1, 3
2
Sketch the graph of 𝑃 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3.
1. Degree: Odd 2. Leading Coefficient: Positive
3. End behavior of the graph
(0, 3)
The graph falls to the left and rises to the right.
1
4. Zeros: − , 1, 3
2
(-0.5, 0) (1, 0) (3, 0)
5. Table of values
(2, -5)
Sketch the graph of 𝑃 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3.
1. Degree: Odd 2. Leading Coefficient: Positive
3. End behavior of the graph
The graph falls to the left and rises to the right.
1
4. Zeros: − , 1, 3
2
5. Table of values
5. Table of values
(0, -24)
Sketch the graph of 𝑃 𝑥 = −2𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 24.
1. Degree: Odd 2. Leading Coefficient: Negative
3. End behavior of the graph
The graph rises to the left
and falls to the right.
3
4. Zeros: − , 2, 4
2
5. Table of values
+ + 𝑥+2 𝑥−4 =0
0 −1 0 70 −0 −4 −16
2−1 7
1 −2 −8 0 𝑥 + 2 = 0 or 𝑥 − 4 = 0
1 −4 −4 16 0
2
𝑥 = −2 or 𝑥 = 4
𝑥 − 2𝑥 − 8
Zeros: −2, 0, 2, 4
Sketch the graph of 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 16𝑥.
1. Degree: Even 2. Leading Coefficient: Positive
3. End behavior of the graph
(1, 9)
The graph rises to the left and right.
4. Zeros of the Function
Zeros: −2, 0, 2, 4 (-2, 0) (0, 0) (2, 0) (4, 0)
5. Table of values
+ + −2𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 4 = 0
−2 −13 7 −8
−1−22 − 18 78
4 −1
−2 −13 −22 −8 0 −2 −9 −4 0 −2𝑥 − 1 = 0 or 𝑥 + 4 = 0
1
−2𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 − 4 𝑥= − or 𝑥 = −4
2
1
Zeros: −4, −2, − , 2
2
Sketch the graph of 𝑃 𝑥 = −2𝑥 4 − 11𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 8.
1. Degree: Even 2. Leading Coefficient: Negative
3. End behavior of the graph (-3, 20)
The graph falls to the left and right.
1
4. Zeros: −4, −2, − , 2
2
(-1, -6)
Sketch the graph of 𝑃 𝑥 = −2𝑥 4 − 11𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 + 8.
1. Degree: Even 2. Leading Coefficient: Negative
3. End behavior of the graph
The graph falls to the left and right.
1
4. Zeros: −4, −2, − , 2
2
5. Table of values
1 1 −3 0 2 − −2 ± −2 2 − 4 1 −2
𝑥=
2 1
+
−2 −2
1−1 7 − 18 2 ± 4 + 8
=
1 −2 −2 0 2
2 ± 12
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2 = 0 =
2
not factorable
2 ± 2 3
=
−𝑏 ± 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 2
𝑥=
2𝑎 2 1 ± 3
=
2
Quadratic Formula
=1± 3
Zeros: 1, 1 + 3, 1 − 3
Graph of 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 2
Zeros: 1, 1 + 3, 1 − 3
Irrational Root Theorem
3 →− 3 −2 + 3 → −2 − 3
3+2 5 →3−2 5 −3 − 2 5 → −3 + 2 5
1−3 2 →1+3 2 −1 + 3 2 → −1 − 3 2
4 − 5 11 → 4 + 5 11 −4 − 5 11 → −4 + 5 11
Example:
1
If is the only rational zero of a function with a degree
2
of 3,
a. describe the other zeros if all zeros of the function
are real numbers.
Irrational
1− 5
Complex Zeros of the Function
Find the zeros of 𝑃 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 1).
𝑥−3=0
𝑥=3
𝑥2 + 1 = 0
𝑥 2 = −1
𝑥 = ± −1 𝑥 is not a real number
Imaginary Number
𝑖 = −1 or 𝑖 2 = −1
Complex Number System
Complex Number System
Simplify each expression.
−4 = 2𝑖 −5 = 𝑖 5
−16 = 4𝑖 −10 = 𝑖 10
−49 = 7𝑖 −7 = 𝑖 7
−8 = −4 ∙ 2 = 2𝑖 2
−45 = −9 ∙ 5 = 3𝑖 5
−48 = −16 ∙ 3 = 4𝑖 3
Find the zeros of 𝑃 𝑥 = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 1).
𝑥2 + 1 = 0
𝑥 2 = −1
𝑥 = ± −1
𝑥 = ±𝑖
Complex Conjugate Theorem
2𝑖 → −2𝑖 −2 + 𝑖 3 → −2 − 𝑖 3
3 + 2𝑖 → 3 − 2𝑖 −3 − 2𝑖 5 → −3 + 2𝑖 5
1 − 3𝑖 2 → 1 + 3𝑖 2 −1 + 3𝑖 → −1 − 3𝑖
4 − 5𝑖 11 → 4 + 5𝑖 11 −4 − 5𝑖 → −4 + 5𝑖
Example:
1
If is the only real number zero of a function with a
2
degree of 3,
a. describe the other zeros of the function.
Imaginary Numbers or Complex Numbers
b. and −3 − 𝑖 2 is also a zero, find the other zero of
the function.
−3 + 𝑖 2
Example:
If −3, 1, and−1 + 𝑖 5 are the zeros of a polynomial function,
what is the other zero if its degree is 4?
−1 − 𝑖 5
Descartes’ Rule of Signs
René Descartes
René Descartes (1596–1650) was a creative mathematician of the
first order, an important scientific thinker, and an original
metaphysician. During the course of his life, he was a
mathematician first, a natural scientist or “natural philosopher”
second, and a metaphysician third. In mathematics, he developed
the techniques that made possible algebraic (or “analytic”)
geometry. In natural philosophy, he can be credited with several
achievements: the first to publish the sine law of refraction;
developer of an important empirical account of the rainbow; and
proposer of a naturalistic account of the formation of the earth
and planets (a precursor to the nebular hypothesis, that the planets
formed from loose matter orbiting the sun). More importantly, he
offered a new vision of the natural world, which shaped modern
physics: a world of matter possessing a few fundamental
properties and interacting according to a few universal laws.
Descartes’ Rule of Signs
The signs of the coefficients of 𝑃(−𝑥) change only once. Thus, the
number of negative zeros is 1.
Example: For the given function 𝑃 𝑥 = 2𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3,
determine the following:
The signs of the coefficients of 𝑃(−𝑥) change only once. Thus, the
number of negative zeros is 1.
Example: For the given function 𝑃 𝑥 = −𝑥 4 + 5𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 20𝑥 +
24, determine the following:
a. Number of positive zeros
b. Number of negative zeros
c. Possible combinations of zeros
1. 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 6 2. 𝑃 𝑥 = −2𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 4