INTRODUCTION

GATE: A gate is defined as a digital circuit which follows some logical relationship
between the input and output voltages. It is a digital circuit which either allows a
signal to pass through or stop it.
The logic gates are building blocks at digital electronics. They are used in digital
electronics to change one voltage level into another according to some logic
statement relating to them.
TRUTH TABLE: A logic gate may have one or more than one inputs, but it has only
one output. The relationship between the possible values of input and output
voltages are expressed in the form of a table called truth table.
Truth table of a logic gate is a table that shows all the inputs and outputs that are
possible for the logic gates.
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA: The algebra which is based on binary nature of the logic
gates.

BOOLEAN EXPRESSION: They are the logical statement which is followed by logic
gates.

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 Theory

Truth table of a Logic Gates is a is a table that shows all the input and output
possibilities for the logic gate.
George Boole in 1980 invented a different kind of algebra based on binary nature
at the logic, this algebra of logic called BOOLEAN ALGEBRA. A logical statement
can have only two values, such as HIGH/LOW, ON/OFF, CLOSED/OPEN, YES/NO,
RIGHT/WRONG, TRUE/FALSE, CONDUCTING/NON- CONDUCTING etc. The two
values of logic statements one denoted by the binary number 1 and 0. The binary
number 1 is used to denote the high value. The logical statements that logic gates
follow are called Boolean expressions.

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 PRINCIPLE
Any Boolean algebraic operation can be associated with the input and output,
which represents the statement of Boolean algebra. Although these circuits may
be complex, they may all be constructed from three basic devices like
• A P-N junction diode
• A resistance and
• An N-P-N transistor
We have three different types of logic gates and they are
• The AND gate
• The OR gate and
• The NOT gate
LOGICAL STATEMENTS:

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 BASIC GATES
The OR gate: It is a device that combines A and B to give Y as the result. The OR
gate has two or more inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra, addition symbol
(+), is referred as the OR.
The Boolean expression: A + B = Y
This indicates that Y equals to A or B

Y = A+B

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The AND gate: It is a device that combines A with B to give Y as the result. The
AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. In Boolean algebra,
multiplication sign is referred as the AND.
The Boolean expression: A. B = Y
This indicates that Y equals to A and B

AND

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The NOT gate: It is a device that inverts the inputs. The NOT gate has one input
and has one output. In Boolean algebra, bar symbol is referred as the NOT. The
Boolean expression: A = Y This indicates that Y equals to not A.

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The NAND gate: A variation on the idea of the AND gate is called the NAND gate.
The word "NAND" is a verbal contraction of the words NOT and AND. The output
is "true" if any of the inputs are "false".
The symbol is an AND gate with a small circle on the output to illustrate this
output signal inversion. This is also shown as (A.B) with a bar over the top. The
truth table for a NAND gate is, as one might expect, exactly the opposite as that of
an AND gate.

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The NOR gate: As you might have suspected, the NOR gate is an OR gate with its
output inverted. Its output is "true" if both inputs are "false". Otherwise, the
output is "false".
The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle
represents inversion. This is also shown as (A+B) with a bar over the top.

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The XOR gate: The previous gates are all fairly direct variations on three basic
functions: AND, OR, and NOT. The XOR gate, however, is something quite different.
The XOR (Exclusive-OR) gate's output is "true" if either, but not both, of the inputs
are "true". The output is "false" if both inputs are "false" or if both inputs are
"true". Another way of looking at this circuit is to observe that the output is "true"
if the inputs are different and "false if the inputs are the same.
An encircled plus sign (+) is used to show the XOR operation

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On the whole, it can be said as
AND: Output is "true" only if all inputs are "true".
OR: Output is "true" if either or both inputs are "true".
NOT: Output is inverted.
Buffer: Output is the same.
NAND: Output is "true" if either or both inputs are "false".
NOR: Output is "true" only if all inputs are "false".
XOR: Output is "true" if inputs are different.
XNOR: Output is "true" if inputs are the same.

• Making of logic gates was started by binary numbers.

• Logic gates can also store inform

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 Some Common Applications of Logic Gates

During the course of discussion about various digital logic gates, we have mainly
discussed about the design, property and operation of them. In this article we will
look at various applications of logic gates. Their applications are determined
mainly based upon their truth table i.e. their mode of operations. In the following
discussion we will look at the applications of basic logic gates as well as many
other normal logic gates as well

Application of or gate
S Wherever the occurrence of any one or more than one event is needed to be
detected or some actions are to be taken after their occurrence, in all those cases
OR gates can be used. It can be explained with an example. Suppose in an
industrial plant if one or more than one parameter exceeds the safe value, some
protective measure is needed to be done. In that case OR gate is used. We are
going to show this with the help of a diagram. The above figure is a typical
schematic diagram where an OR gate is used to detect exceed of temperature or
pressure and produce command signal for the system to take required actions,

Application of and gate

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There are mainly two applications of AND gate as Enable gate and Inhibit gate.
Enable gate means allowance of data through a channel and Inhibit gate is just the
reverse of that process le, disallowance of data through a channel. We are going
to show an enabling operation to understand it in an easier way. Suppose in the
measurement of frequency of a pulsed waveform. For measurement of frequency
a gating pulse of known frequency is sent to enable the passage of the waveform
whose frequency is to be measured. The diagram below shows the arrangement
of the above explained operation

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Application of not gate
NOT gates are also known as inverter because they invert the output given to
them and show the reverse result. Now the CMOS inverters are commonly used to
build square wave oscillators which are used for generating clock signals. The
advantage of using these is they consume low power and their interfacing is very
easy compared to other logic gates.

The above figure shows the most fundamental circuit made of ring configuration
to generate square wave oscillator. The frequency of this type generator is given
by

Wherein represents the number of inverters shows the propagation delay per gate

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