ABSTRACT

We present an approach to basic arithmetic between abstract matrices, i.e., matrices of symbolic
dimension with underspecified components. We define a simple basis function that enables the
representation of abstract matrices composed of arbitrary regions in a single term that supports
matrix addition and multiplication by regular arithmetic on terms. This can, in particular, be
exploited to obtain general arithmetic closure properties for classes of structured matrices. We
also describe an approach using alternative basis functions that allow more compact expressions
and admit additional arithmetic simplifications.

INTRODUCTION
The matrix has a long history of application in solving linear equations. They were known as
arrays until the 18001800‘s. The term “matrix” (Latin for “womb”, derived from mater—
mother) was coined by James Joseph Sylvester in 18501850, who understood a matrix as an
object giving rise to a number of determinants today called minors, that is to say, determinants of
smaller matrices that are derived from the original one by removing columns and rows. An
English mathematician named Cullis was the first to use modern bracket notation for matrices
in 19131913 and he simultaneously demonstrated the first significant use of the
notation A=ai,jA=ai, j to represent a matrix where ai,jai, j refers to the element found in the ith
row and the jth column. Matrices can be used to compactly write and work with multiple linear
equations, referred to as a system of linear equations, simultaneously. Matrices and matrix
multiplication reveal their essential features when related to linear transformations.

OBJECTIVITY
The main objectives of study
1.to find out cost of product
2. to find out the marginal profit

MEANING OF MATRIX
In, a matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions
mathematics, arranged in rows and columns. Matrices are commonly written in box brackets.
The horizontal and vertical lines of entries in a matrix are called rows and columns, respectively.
The size of a matrix is defined by the number of rows and columns that it contains. A matrix
with m rows and n columns is called an m × n matrix or mm-by-nn matrix, while m and n are
called its dimensions.The dimensions of the following matrix are 2×32×3 up(read “two by
three”), because ther are two rows and three column.

TYPES OF MATRIX
Different types of Matrices and their forms are used for solving numerous problems. Some of them
are as follows:

1) Row Matrix

A row matrix has only one row but any number of columns. A matrix is said to be a row matrix if it
has only one row. For example,

A = (1 2 3)
is a row matrix of order 1 × 4. In general, A = [aij]1 × n is a row matrix of order 1 × n.

2) Column Matrix

A column matrix has only one column but any number of rows. A matrix is said to be a column
matrix if it has only one column. For example,

A= 1
2
3

is a column matrix of order 4 × 1. In general, B = [bij]m × 1 is a column matrix of order m × 1.

3) Square Matrix

A square matrix has the number of columns equal to the number of rows. A matrix in which the
number of rows is equal to the number of columns is said to be a square matrix. Thus an m × n
matrix is said to be a square matrix if m = n and is known as a square matrix of order ‘n’. For
example,

. 123
A= 456
789

4) Rectangular Matrix

A matrix is said to be a rectangular matrix if the number of rows is not equal to the number of
columns. For example,

123
A = 567
789
279
is a matrix of the order 4 × 3

5) Diagonal matrix

A square matrix B = [bij] m × m is said to be a diagonal matrix if all its non-diagonal elements are
zero, that is a matrix B =[bij]m×m is said to be a diagonal matrix if bij = 0, when i ≠ j. For exampl.

6) Scalar Matrix

A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if all the elements in its principal diagonal are equal
to some non-zero constant. A diagonal matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if its diagonal elements
are equal, that is, a square matrix B = [bij]n × n is said to be a scalar matrix if

 bij = 0, when i ≠ j

 bij = k, when i = j, for some constant k

7) Zero or Null Matrix

A matrix is said to be zero matrix or null matrix if all its elements are zero.
For Example,

A=[0]

8) Unit or Identity Matrix

If a square matrix has all elements 0 and each diagonal elements are non-zero, it is called identity
matrix and denoted by I.
Equal Matrices: Two matrices are said to be equal if they are of the same order and if their
corresponding elements are equal to the square matrix A = [aij]n × n is an identity matrix if

 aij = 1 if i = j
 aij = 0 if i ≠ j
We denote the identity matrix of order n by In. When the order is clear from the context, we simply
write it as I. For ex

9) Upper Triangular Matrix

A square matrix in which all the elements below the diagonal are zero is known as the upper
triangular matrix. For example,

10) Lower Triangular Matrix

A square matrix in which all the elements above the diagonal are zero is known as the upper
triangular matrix.