APPENDIX-A

A.1 SI Units
SI Base Unit
Base Quantity Name Symbol
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Temperature kelvin K
Amount of substance mole mol
Luminous intensity candela cd

A.2 Some Derived SI Units

Quantity Name Symbol Expression in Terms Expression in
of Base Units Terms of SI Units
Plane angle radian ω m/m
Frequency hertz Hz s–1
Force newton N kg · m/s2 J/m
Pressure pascal Pa kg/m · s2 N/m2
Energy joule J kg · m2/s2 N·m
Power watt W kg · m2/s3 J/s
Electric charge coulomb C A·s
Electric potential volt V kg · m2/A · s3 W/A
Capacitance farad F A2 · s4/kg · m2 C/V
Electric resistance ohm Ω kg · m2/A2 · s3 V/A
Magnetic flux weber φ kg · m2/A · s2 T· m
Magnetic field tesla B kg /A · s2 Nb/m2 or tesla
Inductance henry L kg · m2/A2 · s2 T · m2/A

APPENDIX-B
B.1 Conversion Factors
Length
m cm km in. ft mi
2 –3
1 meter 1 10 10 39.37 3.281 6.214 × 10–4
1 centimeter 10–2 1 10–5 0.3937 3.281 × 10–2 6.214 × 10–6
1 kilometer 103 105 1 3.937 × 104 3281 × 103 0.6214
1 inch 2.540 × 10–2 2.540 2.540 × 10–5 1 8.333 × 10–2 1.578 × 10–5
1 foot 0.3048 30.48 3.048 × 10–4 12 1 1.894 × 10–4
1 mile 1609 1.609 × 105 1.609 6.336 × 104 5280 1

Mass
kg g slug u
1 kilogram 1 103 6.854 × 10–2 6.024 × 1026
1 gram 10–3 1 6.852 × 10–5 6.024 × 1023
1 slug 14.59 1.459 × 104 1 8.789 × 1027
1 atomic mass unit 1.660 × 10–27 1.660 × 10–24 1.137 × 10–28 1
Note : 1 metric ton = 1000 kg.
2 Oswaal JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers (Chapter-wise & Topic-wise) PHYSICS

Time
s min h day yr
–2 –4 –5
1 second 1 1.667 × 10 2.778 × 10 1.157 × 10 3.169×10–8
1 minute 60 1 1.667 × 10–2 6.944 × 10–4 1.901×10–6
1 hour 3600 60 1 4.167×10–2 1.141×10–4
1 day 8.640 × 104 1440 24 1 2.738×10–5
1 year 3.156 × 107 5.259 × 105 8.766 × 103 365.2 1

Speed
m/s cm/s ft/s mi/h
2
1 meter per second 1 10 3.281 2.237
1 centimeter per second 10–2 1 3.281 ×10–2 2.237 ×10–2
1 foot per second 0.3048 30.48 1 0.6818
1 mile per hour 0.4470 44.70 1.467 1
Note : 1 mi/min = 60 mi/h = 88 ft/s.

Force
N lb
1 newton 1 0.2248
1 pound 4.448 1

Energy, Energy Transfer

J ft · lb eV
1 joule 1 0.7376 6.242 × 1018
1 foot-pound 1.356 1 8.464 × 1018
1 electron volt 1.602 × 10–19 1.182 × 10–19 1
1 calorie 4.186 3.087 2.613 × 1019
1 British thermal unit 1.055 × 103 7.779 × 102 6.585 × 1021
1 kilowatt-hour 3.600 × 106 2.655 × 106 2.247 × 1025

cal Btu kWh

1 joule 0.2389 9.481 × 10–4 2.778 × 10–7
1 foot-pound 0.3239 1.285 × 10–3 3.766 × 10–7
1 electron volt 3.827 × 10–20 1.519 × 10–22 4.450 × 10–26
1 calorie 1 3.968 × 10–3 1.163 × 10–6
1 British thermal unit 2.520 × 102 1 2.930 × 10–4
1 kilowatt-hour 8.601 × 105 3.413 × 102 1

Pressure
Pa atm
1 pascal 1 9.869 × 10–6
1 atmosphere 1.013 × 105 1
1 centimeter mercurya 1.333 × 103 1.316 × 10–2
1 pound per square inch 6.895 × 103 6.805 × 10–2
1 pound per square foot 47.88 4.725 × 10–4

cm Hg lb/in.2 lb/ft2
–4 –4
1 pascal 7.501 × 10 1.450 × 10 2.089 × 10–2
1 atmosphere 76 14.70 2.116 × 103
1 centimeter mercurya 1 0.1943 27.85
1 pound per square inch 5.171 1 144
1 pound per square foot 3.591 × 10–2 6.944 × 10–3 1
At 0°C and at a location where the free-fall acceleration has its “standard” value, 9.80665 m/s2.
APPENDIX 3
B.2 Conversions of useful physical quantities
Length Acceleration
1 in. = 2.54 cm (exact) 1 m/s2 = 3.28 ft/s2 = 100 cm/s2
1 m = 39.37 in. = 3.281 ft 1 ft/s2 = 0.3048 m/s2 = 30.48 cm/s2
1 ft = 0.3048 m
12 in. = 1 ft
Pressure
3 ft = 1 yd 1 bar = 105 N/m2 = 14.50 lb/in.2
1 yd = 0.9144 m 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 76.0 cm Hg
1 km = 0.621 mi 1 atm = 14.7 lb/in.2 = 1.013 × 105 N/m2
1 mi = 1.609 km 1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 1.45 × 10–4 lb/in.2
1 mi = 5280 ft
1 μm = 10–6 m = 103 nm
Time
1 light-year = 9.461 × 1015 m 1 yr = 365 days = 3.16 × 107 s
Area 1 day = 24 h = 1.44 × 103 min = 8.64 × 104 s
2 4 2 2
1 m = 10 cm = 10.76 ft Energy
1 ft2 = 0.0929 m2 = 144 in.2 1 J = 0.738 ft · lb
1 in.2 = 6.452 cm2
1 cal = 4.186 J
Volume
1 Btu = 252 cal = 1.054 × 103 J
1 m3 = 106 cm3 = 6.102 × 104 in.3
1 eV = 1.602 × 10–19 J
1 ft3 = 1 728 in.3 = 2.83 × 10–2 m3
1 L = 1000 cm3 = 1.0576 qt = 0.0353 ft3 1 kWh = 3.60 × 106 J
1 ft3 = 7.481 gal = 28.32 L = 2.832 × 10–2 m3 Power
1 gal = 3.786 L = 231 in.3 1 hp = 550 ft · lb/s = 0.746 kW
Mass 1 W = 1 J/s = 0.738 ft · lb/s
1000 kg = 1 t (metric ton) 1 Btu/h = 0.293 W
1 slug = 14.59 kg
1 u = 1.66 × 10–27 kg = 931.5 MeV/c2
Some Approx imations Useful for Estimation
Problems
Force
1 m ≈ 1 yd 1 m/s ≈ 2 mi/h
1 N = 0.2248 lb
1 lb = 4.448 N 1 kg ≈ 2 lb 1 yr ≈ π × 107 s
Velocity 1
1N≈ lb 60 mi/h ≈ 100 ft/s
1 mi/h = 1.47 ft/s = 0.447 m/s = 1.61 km/h 4
1 1
1 m/s = 100 cm/s = 3.281 ft/s 1 L ≈ gal 1 km ≈ mi
4 2
1 mi/min = 60 mi/h = 88 ft/s

APPENDIX-C
C.1 Important Constants
Symbol Meaning Best Value Approximate Value
8 8
c Speed of light in vacuum 2.99792458 × 10 m/s 3.00 × 10 m/s
G Gravitational constant 6.67408(31) × 10–11 N . m2 /kg2 6.67 × 10–11 N . m2 /kg2
NA Avogadro’s number 6.02214129(27) × 1023 6.02 × 1023
k Boltzmann’s constant 1.3806488(13) × 10–23 J/K 1.38 × 10–23 J/K
8.31 J/ mol · K = 1.99 cal / mol . K
R Gas constant 8.3144621(75) J/ mol . K
= 0.0821 atm . L/mol . K
Stefan-Boltzmann constant 5.670373(21) × 10–8 W/m2 . K 5.67 × 10–8 W/m2 · K
s
k Coulomb force constant 8.987551788… × 109 N . m2/ C2 8.99 × 109 N . m2/ C2
–19
qe Charge on electron –1.602176565(35) × 10 C –1.60 × 10–19 C
ε0 Permittivity of free space 8.854187817… × 10–12 C2/N . m2 8.85 × 10–12 C2/N . m2
–7
µ0 Permeability of free space 4π × 10 T . m/A 1.26 × 10–6 T . m/A
h Planck’s constant 6.62606957(29) × 10–34 J . s 6.63 × 10–34 J . s
4 Oswaal JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers (Chapter-wise & Topic-wise) PHYSICS

C.2 Submicroscopic Masses

Symbol Meaning Best Value Approximate Value

–31
me Electron mass 9.10938291(40) × 10 kg 9.11 × 10–31 kg

mp Proton mass 1.672621777(74) × 10–27 kg 1.6726 × 10–27 kg

mn Neutron mass 1.674927351(74) × 10–27 kg 1.6749 × 10–27 kg

u Atomic mass unit 1.660538921(73) × 10–27 kg 1.6605 × 10–27 kg

C.3 Solar System Data

Sun mass 1.99 × 1030 kg

average radius 6.96 × 108 m
Earth-sun distance (average) 1.496 × 1011 m
Earth mass 5.9736 × 1024 kg
average radius 6.376 × 106 m
orbital period 3.16 × 107 s
Moon mass 7.35 × 1022 kg
average radius 1.74 × 106 m
orbital period (average) 2.36 × 106 s
Earth-moon distance (average) 3.84 × 108 m

C.4 Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols

Prefix Symbol Value Prefix Symbol Value
12
tera T 10 deci d 10–1
9
giga G 10 centi c 10–2
mega M 106 milli m 10–3
3
kilo k 10 micro µ 10–6
hecto h 102 nano n 10–9
1
deka da 10 pico p 10–12
– – 100 ( = 1 ) femto f 10–15

C.5 Selected British Units Volume 1 liter (L) = 10–3 m3

1 U.S. gallon (gal) = 3.785 ×10–3 m3
Length 1 inch (in.) = 2.54 cm (exactly) Mass 1 solar mass = 1.99 × 1030 kg
1 foot (ft) = 0.3048 m 1 metric ton = 103 kg
1 mile (mi) = 1.609 km 1 atomic mass unit (u) = 1.6605 × 10–27 kg
Force 1 pound (ld) = 4.448 N Time 1 year (y) = 3.16 × 107 s
3
Energy 1 British thermal unit (Btu) = 1.055 × 10 J 1 day (d) = 86,400 s
Power 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W Speed 1 mile per hour (mph) = 1.609 km/h
Pressure 1 lb / in2 = 6.895 × 103 Pa 1 nautical mile per hour (naut) = 1.852 km/h
Angle 1 degree (°) = 1.745 × 10–2 rad
C.6 Other Units
1 minute of arc (‘) = 1 / 60 degree
Length 1 light year (ly) = 9.46 × 1015 m
1 second of arc (“) = 1 / 60 minute of arc
1 astronomical unit (au) = 1.50 ×1011m
1 grad = 1.571 × 10–2 rad
1 nautical mile = 1.852 km
Energy 1 kiloton TNT (kT) = 4.2 × 1012 J
–10
1 angstrom (Å) = 10 m
1 kilowatt hour (kW . h) = 3.60 × 106 J
Area 1 acre (ac) = 4.05 × 103 m2
1 food calorie (kcal) = 4186 J
1 square foot (ft2) = 9.29 ×10–2 m2
1 calorie (cal) = 4.186 J
1 barn (b) = 10–28 m2
APPENDIX 5
1 electron volt (eV) = 1.60 × 10-19J C.7 Useful Formulae
Pressure 1 atmosphere (atm) = 1.013 × 105 Pa Circumference of a circle with radius r
C = 2πr = πd
or diameter d
1 millimeter of mercury (mm Hg) = 133.3 Pa
Area of a circle with radius r or A = πr2= πd2/ 4
1 torricelli (torr) = 1 mm Hg = 133.3 Pa
diameter d
Nuclear
1 curie (Ci) = 3.70 × 1010 Bq Area of a sphere with radius r A = 4πr2
decay rate
Volume of a sphere with radius r V = (4 / 3) (πr3)

C.8 The Greek Alphabet

Alpha A a Eta H η Nu N ν Tau T τ
Beta B b Theta Θ θ Xi Ξ ξ Upsilon ϒ υ

Gamma Γ g Iota I ι Omicron O o Phi Φ φ

Delta ∆ d Kappa K κ Pi Π p Chi X χ

Epsilon E e Lambda Λ l Rho P ρ Psi ψ ψ
Zeta Z z Mu M m Sigma Σ s Omega Ω ω

APPENDIX-D
Symbols, Dimensions, and Units of Physical Quantities
Common Unit in Terms of
Quantity Unit Dimensions
Symbol Base SI Units
→
Acceleration a m/s2 L/T2 m/s2

Amount of substance n MOLE mol

Angle θ, φ radian (rad) 1
Angular acceleration  rad/s2 T–2 s–2
α

Angular frequency ω rad/s2 T–1 s–1

Angular momentum  kg.m /s 2
ML /T 2
kg . m2/s
L
Angular velocity  rad/s T–1 s–1
ω

Area A m2 L2 m2
Atomic number Z
Capacitance C farad (F) Q2T2/ML2 A2.s4/kg.m2
Charge q, Q, e coulomb (C) Q A.s
Line Charge density C/m Q/L A⋅s/m
l
Surface Charge density C/m2 Q/L2 A⋅s/m2
s
Volume Charge density ρ C/m3 Q/L3 A⋅s/m3
2 3
Conductivity 1/Ω⋅ m Q T/ML A2⋅s3/kg⋅m3
s
Current I AMPERE Q/T A
Current density J A/m2 Q/TL2 A/m2
Density ρ kg/m3 M/L3 kg/m3
Dielectric constant κ
6 Oswaal JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers (Chapter-wise & Topic-wise) PHYSICS

Electric dipole moment  C⋅m QL A⋅s⋅m

P
Electric field  V/m ML/QT2 kg⋅m/A⋅s3
E
Electric flux ΦE V⋅m ML3/QT2 kg⋅m3/A⋅s3
Electromotive force volt (V) ML2/QT2 kg⋅m2/A⋅s3
e
Energy E, U, K joule (J) ML2/T2 kg⋅m2/s2
Entropy S J/K ML2/T2K kg⋅m2/s2⋅K
Force  newton (N) ML/T 2
kg⋅m/s2
F
Frequency f/ν hertz (Hz) T-1 s-1
Heat Q joule (J) ML2/T2 kg⋅m2/s2
2 2
Inductance L henry (H) ML /Q kg⋅m2/A2⋅s2
Length ,L Meter L m

Displacement 
∆x , ∆r
Distance d, h
Position 
x, y, z, r
Magnetic dipole moment  N ⋅ m/T QL2/T A⋅m2
µ
Magnetic field  tesla (T) (=Wb/m2) M/QT kg/A⋅s2
Β

Magnetic flux ΦB weber (Wb) ML2/QT kg⋅m2/A⋅s2

Mass m, M Kilogram M kg
Molar specific heat C J/mol ⋅ K kg⋅m2/s2⋅mol⋅K
2 2
Moment of inertia I kg ⋅ m ML kg⋅m2
Momentum  kg ⋅ m/s ML/T kg⋅m/s
P
Time Period T S T s
Permeability of free space m0 N/A2 (=H/m) ML/Q2 kg⋅m/A2⋅s2
Permittivity of free space ε0 C2/N ⋅ m2 (=F/m) Q2T2/ML3 A2⋅s4/kg⋅m3
2 2
Potential V volt (V) (=J/C) ML /QT kg⋅m2/A⋅s3
Power P watt (W)(=J/s) ML2/T3 kg⋅m2/s3
2 2
Pressure P pascal (Pa)(=N/m ) M/LT kg/m⋅s2
Resistance R ohm (Ω)(=V/A) ML2/Q2T kg⋅m2/A2⋅s3
Specific heat c J/kg ⋅ K L2/T2K m2/s2⋅K
Speed v m/s L/T m/s
Temperature T Kelvin K K
Time t Second T s
Torque  N⋅m ML2/T2 kg⋅m2/s2
τ

Velocity v m/s L/T m/s

Volume V m3 L3 m3
Wavelength l m L m

Work W joule (J) (=N⋅ m) ML2/T2 kg⋅m2/s2

 APPENDIX 7

APPENDIX-E
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) - - - - [1975 to 2020]
India has been successfully launching satellites of many types since 1975.
Satellites have been launched from various vehicles, including those launched by American, Russian and European rockets, as
well as those launched indigenously by India.
The organization responsible for India’s satellite program is the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

Satellites Launch Date Launch Vehicle

Aryabhata 19-Apr-75 u-11 Interkosmos
Bhaskara-I 07-Jun-79 C-1 Interkosmos
Rohini Technology Payload 10-Aug-79 SLV-3
Rohini RS-1 18-Jul-80 SLV-3
Rohini RS-D1 31-May-81 SLV-3
Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment 19-Jun-81 Ariane-1 (V-3)
Bhaskara-II 20-Nov-81 C-1 Intercosmos
INSAT-1A 10-Apr-82 Delta 3910 PAM-D
Rohini RS-D2 17-Apr-83 SLV-3
INSAT-1B 30-Aug-83 Shuttle [PAM-D]
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-1) 24-Mar-87 ASLV
IRS-1A 17-Mar-88 Vostok
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-2) 13-Jul-88 ASLV
INSAT-1C 21-Jul-88 Ariane-3
INSAT-1D 12-Jun-90 Delta 4925
IRS-1B 29-Aug-91 Vostok
INSAT-2DT 26-Feb-92 Ariane-44L H10
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C) 20-May-92 ASLV
INSAT-2A 10-Jul-92 Ariane-44L H10
INSAT-2B 23-Jul-93 Ariane-44L H10+
IRS-1E 20-Sep-93 PSLV-D1
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS-C2) 04-May-94 ASLV
IRS-P2 15-Oct-94 PSLV-D2
INSAT-2C 07-Dec-95 Ariane-44L H10-3
IRS-1C 29-Dec-95 Molniya
IRS-P3 21-Mar-96 PSLV-D3
INSAT-2D 04-Jun-97 Ariane-44L H10-3
IRS-1D 29-Sep-97 PSLV-C1
INSAT-2E 03-Apr-99 Ariane-42P H10-3
Oceansat-(IRS-P4) 26-May-99 PSLV-C2
INSAT-3B 22-Mar-2000 Ariane-5G
GSAT-1 18-Apr-01 GSLV-D1
Technology Experiment Satellite (TES) 22-Oct-01 PSLV-C3
INSAT-3C 24-Jan-02 Ariane-42L H10-3
Kalpana-1(METSAT) 12-Sep-02 PSLV-C4
INSAT-3A 10-Apr-03 Ariane-5G
GSAT-2 08-May-03 GSLV-D2
INSAT-3E 28-Sep-03 Ariane-5G
RESOURCESAT-1(IRS-P6) 17-Oct-03 PSLV-C5
EDUSAT 20-Oct-04 GSLV-F01
HAMSAT 05-May-05 PSLV-C6
CARTOSAT-1 05-May-05 PSLV-C6
INSAT-4A 22-Dec-05 Ariane-5GS
INSAT-4C 10-Jul-06 GSLV-F02
CARTOSAT-2 10-Jan-07 PSLV-C7
Space Capsule Recovery Experiment(SRE-1) 10-Jan-07 PSLV-C7
INSAT-4B 12-Mar-07 Ariane-5ECA
INSAT-4CR 02-Sep-07 GSLV-F04
CARTOSAT-2A 28-Apr-08 PSLV-C9
8 Oswaal JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers (Chapter-wise & Topic-wise) PHYSICS

IMS-1 (Third World Satellite – TWsat) 28-Apr-08 PSLV-C9

Chandrayaan-1 22-Oct-08 PSLV-C11
RISAT-2 20-Apr-09 PSLV-C12
ANUSAT 20-Apr-09 PSLV-C12
Oceansat-2(IRS-P4) 23-Sep-09 PSLV-C14
GSAT-4 15-Apr-10 GSLV-D3
CARTOSAT-2B 12-Jul-10 PSLV-C15
StudSat 12-Jul-10 PSLV-C15
GSAT-5P /INSAT-4D 25-Dec-10 GSLV-F06
RESOURCESAT-2 20-Apr-11 PSLV-C16
Youthsat 20-Apr-11 PSLV-C16
GSAT-8 / INSAT-4G 21-May-11 Ariane-5VA-202
GSAT-12 15-Jul-11 PSLV-C17
Megha-Tropiques 12-Oct-11 PSLV-C18
Jugnu 12-Oct-11 PSLV-C18
RISAT-1 26-Apr-12 PSLV-C19
SRMSAT 26-Apr-12 PSLV-C18
GSAT-10 29-Sep-12 Ariane-5VA-209
SARAL 25-Feb-13 PSLV-C20
IRNSS-1A 01-Jul-13 PSLV-C22
INSAT-3D 26-Jul-13 Ariane-5
GSAT-7 30-Aug-13 Ariane-5
Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) 05-Nov-13 PSLV-C25
GSAT-14 05-Jan-14 GSLV-D5
IRNSS-1B 04-Apr-14 PSLV-C24
IRNSS-1C 16-Oct-14 PSLV-C26
GSAT-16 07-Dec-14 Ariane-5
IRNSS-1D 28-Mar-15 PSLV-C27
GSAT-6 27-Aug-15 GSLV-D6
Astrosat 28-Sep-15 PSLV-C30
GSAT-15 11-Nov-15 Ariane 5 VA-227
IRNSS -1E 20-Jan-16 PSLV-C31
IRNSS -1F 10-Mar-16 PSLV-C32
IRNSS-1G 28-Apr-16 PSLV-C33
Cartosat-2C 22-Jun-16 PSLV-C34
CartoSat-2E 8 September 2016, INSAT-3DR
Pratham 26 September 2016, PSLV-C35
GSAT-18 6 October 2016, Ariane-5 ECA
ResourceSat-2A 7 December 2016, PSLV-C36
CartoSat-2D 15 February 2017, PSLV-C37
South Asia Satellite (GSAT-9) 5 May 2017, GSLV Mk.II[3
GSAT-19 05-Jun-17 GSLV Mk.III-D1
NIUSat[ 23-June 2017, PSLV-C38
GSAT-17 29 June 2017, Ariane-5 ECA
IRNSS-1H 02-Sep-17 PSLV–C39
CartoSat-2F 10-January 2018, PSLV-C40
GSAT-6A 29-Mar-18 GSLV-F08
IRNSS-11 12-Apr-18 GSLV-F08, PSLV-C41
GSAT-29 01-Nov-18 GSLV Mk III D2
HySIS 29-Nov-18 PSLV-C43
GSAT-7A 19-Dec-18 GSLV Mk.II-F11
Microsat-R 23-Jan-19 PSLV-C44
EMISAT 01-Apr-19 PSLV-C45
PS4 Stage attached with ExseedSat-2, AMSAT, 01-Apr-19 PSLV-C45
ARIS and AIS payloads
Risat-2B 21-May-19 PSLV-C46
Chandrayaan-2 22-Jul-19 Chandrayaan-2

•••
 APPENDIX-A
A Table of Greek letters mn
Neutron-electron mass
Upper case Lower case In English 1838.68
ratio me
A α alpha
B β beta mn
Γ g gamma Neutron-proton mass ratio 1.0014
mp
∆ δ delta
Permeability of a vacuum µ0 4π × 10-7NA-2
Ε ε epsilon
Permittivity of a vacuum ε0 8.854 × 10-12 F m–1
Z ζ zeta
Planck constant h 6.626 × 10-34 J s
H η eta
Proton mass energy mpc 2
1.503 × 10-10 J or
Θ θ theta
938.272 MeV
I ι iota
Proton rest mass mp 1.6726 × 10-27 kg
Κ κ kappa
mp
Λ λ lambda Proton-electron mass ratio 1836.15
Μ µ mu me
N υ nu Rydberg constant Re 1.0974 × 107 m-1
Ξ ξ csi Speed of light in vacuum c 2.9979 × 108 m/s
O ο omicron
Π
P
π
ρ
pi
rho
APPENDIX-C
Σ σ sigma
Most Popular Chemists and their Contributions
T τ tau
AMEDEO AVOGADRO 1776 – 1856
ϒ υ upsilon The first scientist to realize that elements could exist in the
Φ φ phi form of molecules rather than as individual atoms; originator
Ψ ψ psi of Avogadro’s law.
Χ χ chi
JACOB BERZELIUS 1779 – 1848
A founder of modern chemistry : the first person to measure
Ω ω omega accurate atomic weights for the chemical elements; discov-
ered three elements: cerium, thorium and selenium; devised

APPENDIX-B the modern symbols for elements; described how chemical

bonds form by electrostatic attraction.
NIELS BOHR 1885 – 1962
Useful Physical Constant in Chemistry Founded quantum mechanics when he remodeled the atom
that electrons occupied ‘allowed’ orbits around the nucleus
Constant Symbol Value while all other orbits were forbidden; architect of the Copen-
Acceleration due to gravity g 9.8 m s–2 hagen interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Atomic mass unit amu, mu or u 1.66 × 10-27 kg ROBERT BOYLE 1627 – 1691
Avogadro’s Number N, NA 6.022 × 1023mol-1 Transformed chemistry from a field bogged down in alchemy
and mysticism into one based on measurement. He defined
Bohr radius ro 0.529 × 10-10m
elements, compounds, and mixtures; and he discovered the
Boltzmann constant k 1.38 × 10–23 J K-1 first gas law – Boyle’s Law.
−e LAWRENCE BRAGG 1890 – 1971
Electron charge to mass
-1.7588 × 1011 C kg-1 Discovered how to locate the positions of atoms in solids us-
ratio me ing X-ray diffraction, enabling scientists to build 3D models of
Electron classical radius re 2.818 × 10-15 m the atomic arrangements in solids. The discovery was argu-
ably the most significant experimental breakthrough of twen-
Electron mass energy(J) mec 2
8.187 × 10-14 J tieth century science.
2
Electron mass energy mec 0.511 MeV HENNIG BRAND 1630 – 1710
(MeV) Discovered phosphorus, becoming the first named person in
Electron rest mass me 9.109 × 10-31 kg history to discover a chemical element.
Faraday constant F 9.649 × 104 Cmol-1 GEORG BRANDT 1694 – 1768
-3 The first named person in history to discover a new metal –
Fine-structure constant α 7.297 × 10
cobalt; was one of the first scientists to condemn alchemy, pub-
Gas constant R 8.314 J mol-1 K-1 licly demonstrating tricks used by alchemists to make people
Gravitational constant G 6.67 × 10-11 Nm2 Kg-2 think they could make gold.
Neutron mass energy mnc2 1.505 × 10-10 J or
ROBERT BUNSEN 1811 – 1899
939.565 MeV Discovered cesium and rubidium; discovered the antidote to
arsenic poisoning; invented the zinc-carbon battery and flash
Neutron rest mass mn 1.675 × 10-27 kg photography; discovered how geysers operate.
2 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers CHEMISTRY

ERWIN CHARGAFF 1905 – 2002 JANE MARCET 1769 – 1858.

Chargaff ’s rules paved the way to the discovery of DNA’s 
Author of Conversations on Chemistry, a unique textbook for
structure. its time written for people with little formal education, such
MARIE CURIE 1867 – 1934 as girls and the poor. The book inspired Michael Faraday to
Co-discovered the chemical elements radium and polonium; overcome his poor origins to become a great scientist.
made numerous pioneering contributions to the study of DMITRI MENDELEEV 1834 – 1907
radioactive elements; carried out the first research into the Discovered the periodic table in a dream. Utilized the organ-
treatment of tumors with radiation. izing principles of the periodic table to correctly predict the
JOHN DALTON 1766 – 1844 existence and properties of six new chemical elements.

Dalton’s Atomic Theory is the basis of chemistry; discovered HENRY MOSELEY 1887 – 1915
Gay-Lussac’s Law relating gases’ temperature, volume, and Proved that every element’s identity is uniquely determined
pressure; discovered the law of partial gas pressures. by its number of protons, establishing this is the true organ-
DEMOCRITUS (C. 460 — C. 370 BC) izing principle of the periodic table; correctly predicted the
Devised an atomic theory featuring tiny particles always in existence of four new chemical elements; invented the atomic
motion interacting through collisions; advocated a universe battery.
containing an infinity of diverse inhabited worlds governed GIULIO NATTA 1903 – 1979
by natural, mechanistic laws rather than gods; deduced that Discovered how to produce polymer chains with orderly spa-
the light of stars explains the Milky Way’s appearance; dis- tial arrangements – i.e. stereoregular polymers.
covered that a cone’s volume is one-third that of the cylinder ALFRED NOBEL 1833 – 1896
with the same base and height. Invented dynamite, the blasting cap, gelignite, and ballistite;
EMPEDOCLES (C. 490 – C. 430 BC) grew enormously wealthy manufacturing explosives; used
An ancient theory of natural selection; mass conservation; his wealth to bequeath annual prizes in science, literature,
and the four elements which are now often misattributed to and peace.
Aristotle. HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED 1777 – 1851
MICHAEL FARADAY 1791 – 1867 Discovered electromagnetism when he found that electric

Discovered electromagnetic induction; devised Faraday’s current caused a nearby magnetic needle to move; discov-
laws of electrolysis; discovered the first experimental link ered piperine and achieved the first isolation of the element
between light and magnetism; carried out the first room- aluminum.
temperature liquefaction of a gas; discovered benzene. LOUIS PASTEUR 1822 – 1895
ROSALIND FRANKLIN 1920 – 1958 
The father of modern microbiology; transformed chemistry

Provided much of the experimental data used to establish and biology with his discovery of mirror-image molecules;
the structure of DNA; discovered that DNA can exist in two discovered anaerobic bacteria; established the germ theory of
forms; established that coal acts as a molecular sieve. disease; invented food preservation by pasteurization.
WILLARD GIBBS 1839 – 1903 LINUS PAULING 1901 – 1994

Gibbs invented vector analysis and founded the sciences of 
Maverick giant of chemistry; formulated valence bond theory
modern statistical mechanics and chemical thermodynamics. and electronegativity; founded the fields of quantum chem-
GEORGE DE HEVESY 1885 – 1966 istry, molecular biology, and molecular genetics. Discovered
Discovered element 72, hafnium. Pioneered isotopes as trac- the alpha-helix structure of proteins; proved that sickle-cell
ers to study chemical and biological processes; discovered anemia is a molecular disease.
how plants and animals utilize particular chemical elements MARGUERITE PEREY 1909 – 1975
after they are taken in as nutrients. Discovered francium, the last of the naturally occurring
FRED HOYLE 1915 – 2001 chemical elements to be discovered – all elements since have

Established that most of the naturally occurring elements been produced artificially.
in the periodic table were made inside stars and distributed WILLIAM PERKIN 1838 – 1907
through space by supernova explosions. At age 18 started the synthetic dye revolution when his dis-
IRENE JOLIOT-CURIE 1897 – 1956 covery of mauveine brought the once formidably expensive
Co-discovered how to convert stable chemical elements into color purple to everyone. Perkins’ revolution took the world
‘designer’ radioactive elements; these have saved millions of by storm, transforming textiles, foods and medicine.
lives and are used in tens of millions of medical procedures C. V. RAMAN 1888 – 1970
every year. Discovered that light can donate a small amount of energy to
MARTIN KLAPROTH 1743 – 1817 a molecule, changing the light’s color and causing the mol-
Discovered the chemical elements uranium, zirconium, and ecule to vibrate. The color change acts as a ‘fingerprint’ for the
cerium – naming the first two of these elements; verified the molecule that can be used to identify molecules and detect
discoveries of titanium, tellurium and strontium, again nam- diseases such as cancer.
ing the first two. WILLIAM RAMSAY 1852 – 1916
STEPHANIE KWOLEK 1923 – 2014 Predicted the existence of the noble gases and discovered or
Invented kevlar, the incredibly strong plastic used in applica- was first to isolate every member of the group; created the
tions ranging from body armor to tennis racquet strings. world’s first neon light.
ANTOINE LAVOISIER 1743 – 1794 ERNEST RUTHERFORD 1871 – 1937
A founder of modern chemistry; discovered oxygen’s role in The father of nuclear chemistry and nuclear physics; discov-
combustion and respiration; discovered that water is a com- ered and named the atomic nucleus, the proton, the alpha
pound of hydrogen and oxygen; proved that diamond and particle, and the beta particle; discovered the concept of nu-
charcoal are different forms of the same element, which he clear half-lives; achieved the first laboratory transformation
named carbon. of one element into another.
ERNEST LAWRENCE 1901 – 1958 GLENN SEABORG 1912 TO 1999
Invented the cyclotron, used by scientific teams in his labo- Took part in the discovery of ten of the periodic table’s chemi-
ratories to discover large numbers of new chemical elements cal elements. His work on the electronic structure of elements
and isotopes. Founded big science. led to the periodic table being rewritten.
 


Appendix

1
Periodic Table of the Elements
1IA 18
1A
1 2
H 2 He
Hydrogen IIA 13 14 15 16 17 Helium
1.008 2A 4.003
J.J. THOMSON 1856 – 1940

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
HAROLD UREY 1893 – 1981

Li Be B C N O F Ne
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
6.941 9.012 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
12 13 14 15 16
covered pyrethroid natural insecticides.

11 8 9 10 11 12 17 18
3 4 5 6 7 Al Si P S Cl Ar
Na Mg IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII IB IIB
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon
22.99 24.305 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8 1B 2B 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.056 35.453 39.948
HERMANN STAUDINGER 1881 – 1965

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
39.098 40.078 45.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.5 65.38 69.723 72.631 74.922 78.971 79.904 83.789
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
tained the first evidence for isotopes of stable elements.

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.95 98.907 101.07 102.906 106.42 107.9 112.414 114.818 118.711 121.760 127.6 126.904 131.3
reveal past Earth climates; founded modern planetary sci-
Discovered deuterium; showed how isotope ratios in rocks
tools in analytical chemistry – the mass spectrometer; ob-
Discovered the electron; invented one of the most powerful
similar to natural fibers; discovered polyoxymethylene; dis-
ist; demonstrated that synthetic polymers can make fibers
that molecules made of hundreds of thousands of atoms ex-
Founded macromolecular chemistry when he established

55 56 57-71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn
Cesium Barium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.905 137.328 178.49 180.948 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.217 195.085 197.0 200.592 204.383 207.2 208.980 208.982 209.987 222.018

87 88 89-103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118



Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh FI Mc Lv Ts Og
Francium Radium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
223.020 226.025 (26.1) (262) (266) (264) (269) (278) (281) (280) (285) (286) (289) (286) (293) (294) (294)
APPENDIX-D
tion engine.

Lanthanide 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Series Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
ing blocks of life.

138.905 140.116 140.908 144.243 144.913 160.36 151.964 157.25 158.925 162.500 164.9 167.259 168.934 173.055 174.967

89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103

Actinide
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Series Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Califomium Einstenium Femium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawerncium
227.028 232.038 231.036 238.029 237.064 244.064 243.061 247.070 247.070 251.080 (254) 257.095 258.1 259.101 (262)

Alkali Alkaline Transition Basic Semi- Non- Halogen Noble Lantha-

Actinide
Metal Earth Metal Metal metal metal Gas nide
ALESSANDRO VOLTA 1745 – 1827

that make nitrates available to green plants.

SERGEI WINOGRADSKY 1856 – 1953

forms which obtain energy from chemical reactions rather

Pioneer of electrical science; invented the electric battery;

than from sunlight; discovered nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil

Founded microbial ecology; discovered chemosynthetic life
ed using an electric spark – the basis of the internal combus-
wrote the first electromotive series; isolated methane for the
first time; discovered a methane-air mixture could be explod-
cally sparking simple gases produces amino acids – the build-
ence; the Miller-Urey experiment demonstrated that electri-
3
4 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers CHEMISTRY

— —X — —R
APPENDIX-E
Ether
+ Na +RX + NaX

—
— —
Fittig Reaction
Important Organic Chemical Reactions Aryl halides prepared with sodium in dry ether to give analo-
Sandmeyer Reaction gous compounds where two aryl groups joined.
The Sandmeyer reaction is a chemical reaction which is used — —X Ether
—— —
2 + Na + 2NaX

—
to synthesize aryl halides from aryl diazonium salts. This
reaction is a method for substitution of an aromatic amino — — —
group by preparing diazonium salt that is followed by its dis- Friedel-Crafts Alkylation Reaction
placement and copper salts often catalyze it. Benzene is prepared with an alkyl halide in the presence of
anhydrous aluminum chloride to give alkylbenzene.
CuCl/HCl
ArCl+N2 CH3

—
—
+ – CuBr/HBr Anhyd.AlCl3
ArBr+N2 + CH 3Cl + HCl

—
ArN2 X
—
Toluene (13.75)
CuCN/KCN
ArCN+N2

Gattermann Reaction
Anhyd.AlCl3
— —C 2 H 5
Bromine and Chlorine can be present in the benzene ring by + C2H5Cl + HCl

—
preparing the benzene diazonium salt solution with similar —
halogen acid present with copper powder. This is the Gat- Ethylbenzene
termann Reaction. Friedel-Crafts Acylation Reaction
Cu/HCl We get acyl benzene when an acyl halide is reacted with ben-
ArCl+N2 +CuX
zene in the presence of Lewis acids.
+ – COCH3
ArN2 X

—
Cu/HBr —
ArBr+N2 +CuX Anhyd.AlCl3
+ CH3COCl + HCl

—
∆ —
Balz-Schiemann Reaction
Acetophenone
When arene-diazonium chloride is prepared with fluorobo-
(13.77)
ric acid, arene diazonium fluoroborate is precipitated and de-
composes to yield aryl fluoride which on heating. COCH3
 

—
 
Ar N 2 Cl  HBF4 
 Ar  N 2 BrF  Heat
 Ar  F  BF3  N 2 —
Fluoro boric
4 Anhyd.AlCl3
+ (CH3CO)2O — + CH3COOH
acid
Acetic anhydride ∆ —
Finkelstein Reaction
In the Finkelstein Reaction Alkyl iodides are prepared easily
by the reaction of alkyl chlorides with Nal in dry acetone. Cl Cl O Cl
O
—

—
—
——
—

R  X  NaI  R  I  NaX — — —
—
—

( X  Cl , Br ) Anhyd.AlCl3 CH3 +
+ H3C–C–Cl
—

— — —
Swarts Reaction
—

2- Chloroacetophenone ——
When alkyl chloride is heated in the presence of a metallic (Minor) O CH3
fluoride like AgF, Hg2F2, SbF3 or CoF2, we get alkyl fluoride 4- Chloroaceto
The reaction is specifically used to prepare alkyl fluorides. phenone(Major)

H 3C  X  AgF  H 3C  F  AgX
( X  Cl , Br )

Wurtz Reaction OCH3 OCH3 OCH3

—

—
—

When Alkyl halides get reacted with sodium with dry ether, — — —COCH3 —
we get hydrocarbons that include the double number of car- Anhyd.AlCl2
+ CH3COCl +
—

bon atoms present in the halide. This is known as the Wurtz — — —

Ethanoyl
—

Reaction. 2-Methoxy-
chloride COCH3
acetophenone
CH 3 Br  2 Na  BrCH 3 dry
 ether
 CH 3  CH 3  2 NaBr (Minor) 4-Methoxy -
Bromomethane Ethane acetophenone
(Major)
CH 3 Br  2 Na  BrC 2 H 5 dry
 ether
 C2 H5  C2 H5
Reimer-Tiemann Reaction
Bromoethane n  Bu tan e
When preparing phenol with chloroform in the presence of
Wurtz-Fittig Reaction sodium hydroxide, –CHO group is present at the ortho posi-
tion of the benzene ring which results into salicylaldehyde.
When a mixture of alkyl halide and aryl halide gets treated
with sodium in dry ether, we get an alkyl arene.
Appendix 5

OH hydrochloric acid reduced to CH2 group.

−
ONa+ Zn-Hg
—

—
— CHCl 3+aq NaOH

—
CHCl 2 NaOH C=O CH2 + H2 O
— HCl

—
—

—
—

—
— Wolff Kishner Reduction
Intermediate Carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones on treatment with
− hydrazine produces hydrazone which on heating with po-
ONa+ OH
tassium hydroxide in a high boiling solvent (ethylene glycol)
—

—
— — CHO — — CHO and reduce to –CH2– group.
H+
NH2NH2
—

—
KOH/ethylene glycol

—
— — C=O C=NNH2
–H2O heat

—
Salicylaldehyde

—
Kolbe’s Reaction CH2 +N2

—
Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide to give sodium phe-
noxide which then reacts with carbon dioxide in acidic me- Tollens’ test
dium to give 2-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Heating an aldehyde with fresh prepared ammoniacal silver
OH ONa OH
nitrate solution produces a bright silver mirror due to the for-
—

— — — COOH mation of silver metal.

—

NaOH (i) CO2

−
—

(ii) H+ RCHO+2[Ag(NH 3 )]2+3OH– RCOO +2Ag + 2H2O+4NH3

— — —
Silver mirror
2-Hydroxybenzoic acid
(Salicylic acid) Fehling’s test
Rosenmund Reduction Fehling’s solution A (aqueous copper sulfate) and Fehling
When Acyl chloride is hydrogenated to an aldehyde over a solution B (alkaline sodium potassium tartrate) are mixed in
catalyst, known as Rosenmund catalyst which is either pal- equal amounts before the test. A reddish brown precipitate is
ladium or barium sulfate. The catalyst is poisoned with either obtained when an aldehyde is heated with Fehling’s reagent.
−
sulphur or quinoline in order to prevent further reduction of R-CHO + 2Cu2+ +5OH RCOO− +Cu2O+3H2O
aldehyde to alcohol. Reddish-brown ppt
O
Aldol reaction
—
—

C CHO Aldehydes and ketones having one α-hydrogen undergo a

— —
—

H2
—
—

reaction in the presence of dilute alkali as the catalyst to pro-

Cl
—

— Pd–BaSO4 — duce α-hydroxy aldehydes or b-hydroxy ketones.

Benzoyl chloride Benzaldehyde (i) Aldol condensation
Stephen Reaction Aldol and Ketol lose water to provide α,β-unsaturated car-
bonyl compounds which are aldol condensation products.
Nitriles with stannous chloride in the presence of hydrochlo-
dil. NaOH
ric acid reduced to the corresponding imine and give the cor- 2 CH3 — CHO CH3 — CH — CH2 — CHO
responding aldehyde after hydrolysis. Ethanal
OH
H 3 O+
RCN + SnCl2 + HCl RCH = NH RCHO 3 –Hydroxybutanal
(Aldol)
Etard Reaction
∆
Chromyl chloride oxidizes methyl group to get chromium CH3 — CH — CH — CHO
–H2O
complex which on hydrolysis provides corresponding benza- But – 2 –enal
ldehyde.
(Aldol condensation
CH3 CH[OCrOHCl 2] 2
— CS2 — product)
—

+ CrO2Cl2
—

— —
Toluene Chromium complex
CH3
CHO Ba(OH)2
H 3 O+ — 2 CH3 — CO — CH3 CH3 — C — CH2CO — CH3
—
—

— Propanone OH
Benzaldehyde (Ketol)
Gatterman – Koch Reaction 4-Hydroxy- 4 - methylpentan - 2 - one
Benzene is prepared with carbon monoxide and hydrogen
chloride in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride to CH3
give benzaldehyde.
∆
CHO CH3 — C — CH — CO — CH3
— — –H2O
CO. HCl
—

4 - Methylpent -3 -en - 2 -one

—

— Anhyd. AlCl3/ CuCl — (Aldol condensation product)

Benzene Benzaldehyde
(ii) Cross aldol condensation
Clemmensen Reduction
Aldol condensation is carried out between two different
In Clemmensen reduction, Carbonyl group of aldehydes and aldehydes and ketones. It gives a mixture of four prod-
ketones on treatment with zinc amalgam and concentrated
 O O O

—
—

—
—

—
—
— —C— — —C— — —C—
KOH – R–X
N NK N–R

—
— —C— — —C— — —C—
6

—
—

—
—

—
—
O JEE (MAIN)
O Solved Papers CHEMISTRY
O
Phthalimide N-Alkylphthalmide
ucts if both of them includes α-hydrogen atoms.
CH3 –CH=CH–CHO + CH3CH2 –CH=CHCHO O
O

—
—

—
—
CH3 — C —
—
— —C— − +
NaOH(aq) O Na
N–R + R–NH2

—
2-Methylbut-2-enal Pent-2-enal —— C — — — C — O Na (1° amine)
− +

—
—
—
—
O
CH 3 CHO O
1. NaOH
+ CH3– CH=CH–CHO
2. ∆ Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation Reaction
CH 3 CH 2 CHO But-2-enal An amide upon heating with bromine in presence of sodium
hydroxide produces primary amine. Migration of an alkyl or
+ CH3 – CH 2 –CH = C–CHO aryl group takes place from carbonyl carbon of the amide to
the nitrogen atom. The amine so produced includes one car-

—
CH3 bon less than that present in the amide.

Cannizzaro Reaction O
Aldehydes without α-hydrogen atom undergo self-oxidation

—
—
and reduction reaction when prepared with concentrated alkali. R–C–NH2 +Br2 +4NaOH R–NH2+Na2CO3+2NaBr+2H2O
The reaction is known as disproportionation reaction.
H H Carbylamine Reaction
Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines when heated with
—

C=O + C = O + Conc. KOH

chloroform and ethanolic potassium hydroxide produc-
—

H H es isocyanides or carbyl amines which are foul smelling

H
Formaldehyde O substances.
—

—
—

H—C—OH + H—C Heat

R–NH 2 +CHCl3 +3KOH R–NC + 3KCl + 3 H2O
—
—

OK
H Hinsberg’s Test
Methanol Potassium formate
Benzenesulfonyl chloride (C6H5SO2Cl) reacts with primary
— —
and secondary amines to produce sulphonamides.
2 — CHO+Conc. NaOH — CH 2OH
—

(i) The reaction of benzene-sulfonyl chloride with primary

—

Benzaldehyde amine yields N-ethyl benzene-sulfonyl amide. The hy-

Benzyl alcohol drogen attached to the nitrogen in sulphonamide is
— strongly acidic due to the presence of strong electron
+ — COONa withdrawing sulfonyl group. Hence, it is soluble in al-
—

kali.
—

O O
Sodium benzoate
—
—

—
—
Kolbe electrolysis —S—Cl + H—N—C 2H 5 —S—N—C2H 5+HCl
—
—

—
—
—
In Kolbe electrolysis, An aqueous solution of sodium or potas-
O H O H
sium salt of a carboxylic acid gives alkane containing an even
number of carbon atoms on electrolysis. N-Ethylbenzenesulphonamide
Electrolysis (Soluble in alkali)
2CH3COONa+2H2O CH3– CH3+2CO2+H2+2NaOH
Sodium acetate (ii) In the reaction with a secondary amine, N, N-diethyl-
benzenesulfonamide is formed. Since N,N-diethyl ben-
Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ) Reaction
zene sulphonamide does not contain any hydrogen
Carboxylic acids having a α-hydrogen are halogenated at atom attached to a nitrogen atom, it is not acidic and
the α-position give α-halo carboxylic acids on treatment with hence insoluble in alkali.
chlorine or bromine in the presence of small amount of red O O
phosphorus.
—
—

—
—

(i) X2/Red phosphorus —S—Cl +H—N—C2 H5 H3C— —S—N—C2H5+HCl

R–CH 2 –COOH R–CH–COOH
—
—

—
—
—

(ii) H2O
—

O C2 H5 O C 2H 5
X N.N-Diethylbenzenesulphonamide
X=Cl, Br
α – Halocarboxylic acid (iii) 
Tertiary amines do not react with benzenesulphonyl
chloride.
Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis
Coupling Reactions
Phthalimide prepared with ethanolic potassium hydroxide
Benzene diazonium chloride gets reacted with phenol in
produces potassium salt of phthalimide when heated with
which the phenol molecule at its para position is mixed with
alkyl halide followed by alkaline hydrolysis forms the corre-
the diazonium salt to give p-hydroxyazobenzene.
sponding primary amine.
O O O + – –
OH
N — NCl + H OH
—
—

—
—

—
—

— —C— — —C— — —C—

KOH – R–X
N NK N–R
—

— —C— — —C— — —C—

—
—

—
—

—
—

–
O O O N— N OH + Cl + H2O
Phthalimide N-Alkylphthalmide
p – Hydroxyazobenzene (orange dye)
O
O
—
—

—
—

— C —
—
— —C— − +
NaOH(aq) O Na
N–R + R–NH2
—

—— C — — — C — O Na (1° amine)
− +
—
—
—
—

O
Appendix 7

APPENDIX-F
Important Reagents
List of Organic Reagents
Aqueous NaOH Reflux Nucleophilic substitution, converts haloalkanes to alcohols.
Mg in dry ether Reflux Used to make Grignard reagents with haloalkanes.
Chlorinating agent, reacts with OH group in alcohols and car-
PCl5 Room temperature boxylic acids.
HNO3 and H2SO4 55°C Adds NO2 group into benzene ring.
Cl2 and AlCl3 Warm gently Adds Cl group into benzene ring.
CH3CH2Cl and AlCl3 Warm gently Adds CH3CH2 group into benzene ring.
HCl and NaNO2 Below 5°C Forms diazonium salts with phenylamine.

Name of Reagent Conditions Example of its Use

Oxidising agent, used commonly for oxidising secondary alcohols to
K2Cr2O7 with conc. H2SO4 Warm gently ketones.
Excess conc. H2SO4 Heat to 170°C Dehydrating agent, used to dehydrate alcohols to alkenes.
Cl2(g) Ultra violet light Free radical reaction, used to convert alkanes to haloalkanes.
Room temperature, in
Br2 in CCl4 the dark Electrophilic addition, converts alkenes to dihaloalkanes.

Nickel catalyst, 300°C

H2(g) and 30 atmospheric Hydrogenating agent, used to convert benzene to cyclohexane.
pressure
H2(g) Nickel catalyst, 150°C Reducing agent, used to convert alkenes to alkanes
Tin in hydrochloric acid Reflux Reducing agent for converting nitrobenzene to phenylamine.
Acidified KMnO4 Room temperature Oxidising agent, converts alkenes to diols.
NaOH in ethanol Reflux Elimination reaction, converts haloalkanes to alkenes.
O
–
—
—

H2C—O
NaOH C—H
— —

50%
C—OH
—

(Intramolecular Cannizaro) NaOH

—

reaction C—H
O
—
—

O
CH3
——

CH3 —— O Al
CH 3
——

CH3
(i) Aluminium isobutoxide
(ii) Acetone (Oppenaur
H3C ——
C OH
3
H3C —
Oxidation) —C O
||

H H 3C — H3C
—C O
||

H 3C

O O
O
—
—

—
—

— —— RO – — —— ——
—
—

RO-(Claisen Schmidt H
H3C—C—H + H
—

Reaction)
— —
Cinnamaldehyde

O H 3C–CH 2 O
—
—
—
—
—

—
— O — —CH=CH—C—OH
— H
—

(i) Acetic anhydride H 3C–CH 2

Cinnamic acid
—

(ii) Sodium acetate (Perkin’s — —

reaction) O
—
—

H3 C—C—ONa

Reduces ketone to alcohol

(i) Aluminium isobutoxide
Aluminium iso butoxide
—

(ii) Propan-2 ol (MPV Reduc- C=O C–OH

—

tion)
—

propan-2-ol
H
8 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers CHEMISTRY

This is reaction of compounds which don’t have alpha hydrogen.

O O
Cannizzaro Reaction 50 %

—
—

—
—
— +H3C–OH
—— — –
H H NaOH H O

O OH

——
—
—
Cross Cannizaro reaction — O O —

—
—

—
—
+ — 50 % — +

—
— — NaOH — – —
H H H O
CH3 CH3

——

——C
Anhydrous HI contains no CH3 —— Hl
C — O — CH3 CH3 —— — I + CH3OH
water

—
CH3 CH3

OH

—
CHO

—
—

—
(i) CHCl3 - Alc KOH — Salicyldehyde
(ii) H3O+ OH
(Riemann Tiemann reaction)

—
— —

O–Na OH O
—

—
—
—
(i) CO2 — — ——
High Pressure
(ii) H3O+ (Kolbe’s reaction) OH
—

—
— —
O
—
—

—
— CH
O 3 OH O OH
—

—
—
—

—
AlCl3 (Fries rearrangement) Heat — — —— —
CH
—

+
—
3
— — —
—
—

—
— O
H 2C

OH OH
—

(i) K2S2O8 — —
—

(ii) H3O+ (Elb’s persulphate

oxidation) — —
—

OH
Cl OH
—

(i) Fused NaOH — —

High Pressure
(ii) H3O+ (Dow’s process)
—

— —
KMnO4, H+ (or) K2Cr2O7, H+ Oxidises alcohol to acid
(or) H2CrO4
PCC (Pyridinium chloro chro- Solvent CS2 Restricted oxidation of alcohol. Forms aldehyde.
mate)
OH C=O

MnO2 special oxidising agent

for alcohol
OH
OH
MnO2 selectively oxidizes primary or secondary allylic or benzylic al-
cohols to carbonyl compounds.
HI
H 3C O
CH3 + HI H 3C + H3C-I
For 1 degree carbon
OH
Appendix 9

For 3 degree carbon CH3-O-C(CH3)3 + HI = (CH3)3C-I + CH3OH

CH 3
H 3C

——
Hl

——
Conc HI contains very less O——CH 3
H 3 C —— H3 C —— I +H3C-OH

——
water
CH 3
CH 3

Cl Cl

(i) Alc KOH H H HC CH

(ii) NaNH2

H H

X2 / CCI4 Adds both X on compound having double or triple bond

R ———— R—————
——— R R
— —
Cold Dil KMnO4

—
—

—
—
O O

O
—— R — —— O

——
Hot KMnO4/OH- R —
— 1
R + R1

—
– –
O O

CF3SO3– Super Leaving Group

LiAlH4–ether Reduces ester to alcohol
NaBH4– ROH (protic solvent) Reduces aldehydes and ketones to alcohol but cannot act on ester
Causes cleavage and reduction of ester
Cr2O3-Cu2O Heat, High pressure
——
——
—
—

RCOOR1 = RCH O1-OH

R 2OH + R —R 1 R OH +R 1 —OH
Gives syn vicinal diol from alkene
OsO4 + H2O-NaHSO3 HO OH
— —

or Cold Dilute KMnO4

—
—

—
—

(Hydroxylation) C—C C—C

—
—

Gives anti vicinal diol

HO
Per-formic acid
— —
—

C—
—

(Anti Hydroxylation) —C C—C

—
—

OH

Anti Markovnikov’s
HBr in presence of
— — Br
R — — —
H2O2 (Only for HBr)
CH 2 R

Replaces “=” with either C = O or COOH

——
— —
O
——
—O
——

R R1
—

Hot Alkaline KMnO4 R + R1

—

R1 R1
OH

Adds methyl group in cyclic manner

R R
— R R
—
—

—
—

CH2-I2, ZnCu — —
—
—
10 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers CHEMISTRY

Causes dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides to form alkenes. HX

Alcoholic KOH Heat from compound and adds double bond

Zn dust Convert vicinal dihalides to alkenes.

H2 Pd/BaSO4 or S-Quinoline
(Lindlar’s catalyst) or BH3- Reduces alkyne to cis-alkene. It also reduces acid halides to aldehydes.
THF

Converts aldehyde or ketones to alkene. The reaction is known as

Wittig Reaction.
Ph3P = CH2 Ph3P=CH2

—
—
C=O C=CH2

—
—
H3 C H 3C N=O

NOCl
CH 2
NOX

O
Check the reaction. The final product should be CH3CH(X)CH2N=O

OMDM (Oxymercuration — H3C

— CH
HC —
3
demercuration)
—

—
CH
(i) Hg (OAc)2 + THF-H2O 3 2

(ii) NaBH4-OH- OH

Substitutes allyic carbon with aldehyde

CH3 — Br
—

NBS — —
NBS
—

— —

(i) NH2-NH2
heat Reduces carbonyl group to ketone or aldehyde
(ii) RO–

Removes diazo group

+— _
N — N–Cl
H3PO2 Heat
—

— H3PO2 —
—

— —

LiAH4 or NaBH4 or Ph3 SnH Reduction

Removes halogen from RX and adds R. The reaction is

R2CuLi (Lithium known as Corey-House synthesis. The reaction is used to
dialkylcuprate) produce an alkane. The R- from R2CuLi displaces -X from R-X
to produce an alkane.

Mg-ether Adds Mg between R & X

Red P + HI Reduces alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids to

alkanes.

Name Condition Example

Causes mono-bromination of phenol to produce

Br2 + CS2
p-bromophenol.

Produces 2,4,6-Tribromophenol from phenol.

OH OH
—

Compound should be more activated — Br2 /H 2O —

Br2 + H2O
—

than benzene
— —
—

Br
Appendix 11

Reduces nitro group

O—— O
N NH 2
Sn + HCl or Fe + HCl

—
— Sn+HCl —

—
— —

Removes Diazo group

+— _
N —N–Cl
CuCl + HCl

—
— CuCl
—

—
HCl
— —

Special regents which reduce only -NO2 group

NH4SH or Na2S
to -NH2

CrO2Cl2 + H3O+ Converts toluene to benzaldehyde

APPENDIX-G
Important Minerals, Compositions & their Chemical Formula

Mineral Composition Remarks

Apatite Calcium phosphate Ca10(PO4)6X2 (X is F, Cl, or (OH).] Main mineral in phosphate rock

Asbestos Hydrated magnesium silicate Mg6(Si4O12)(OH)3 In form of long fibres

Baryte Barium sulphate BaSO4 Filler for pigments

Betonies A clay mineral (Al.Mg)8(Si4O10)3(OH)10•12H2O Agglomeration additive

Borax Sodium borate Na2B4O7•10H2O

Clay Hydrated aluminium silicates Used in paper making

Cryolite Sodium aluminium fluoride Na3AlF6 Low melting point

Diamond - industrial Crystalline carbon C The hardest mineral

Diatomite Hydrated silica SiO2(H2O)n Marine fossils, large surface area

Feldspar A mineral group K, Al silicates

Fluorspar Calcium fluoride CaF2 Main source of fluorine

Garnet A group of silicates that crystal- Mg3Fe2Si3O12 Abrasives, gemstones

lize in the cubic system

Graphite Carbon (crystalline) C

Gypsum Calcium sulphate CaSO4•2H2O

Kaolinite A clay mineral Al4(Si4O10)(OH)8

Limestone Calcium carbonate CaCO3

Magnetite Magnesium carbonate MgCO3

Marble Calcium carbonate CaCO3 crystalline

Mica K, Al silicates

Nepheline syenite Sodium aluminium silicate

12 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers CHEMISTRY

Potash Potassium chloride and carbonate KCl, K2CO3 Fertilizer

Pumice Silicate Porous, light, volcanic rock, large

surface area

Quartz Silica SiO2

Salt Sodium chloride NaCl

Sand and gravel Silica SiO2

Sulfur Sulfur S

Talc Hydrated magnesium silicate Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2 Also known as soapstone

Trona Sodium carbonate Na2CO3•NaHCO3•2H2O

Vermiculite Hydrated silicates (Mg,Fe 2+ ,Fe 3+ ) 3 [(Al,Si) 4 O 10 ] Expands and swells on heat-
(OH)2·4H2O ing

Zeolite Hydrated alkali alumino silicates Na2(AlO2)x(SiO2)y•nH2O Ion exchanger

APPENDIX-H
Important Metals & their Ores

S.No Metal Ores

1 Aluminium(Al) Bauxite, Corundum, Feldspar, Cryolite, Alunite, Kaolin

2 Antimony(Sb) Stibnite

3 Barium(Ba) Barytes

4 Bismuth(Bi) Bismuthate

5 Cadmium(Cd) Greenockite

6 Calcium(Ca) Dolomite, Calcite, Gypsum, Fluorspar, Asbestos

7 Cobalt(Co) Smelite

8 Copper(Cu) Cuprite, Copper glance ,Copper pyrites

9 Gold(Au) Calaverite, Sylvenites

10 Iron(Fe) Hematite, Limonite, Magnetite, Siderite, Iron pyrite, Copper pyrites

11 Lead(Pb) Galena

12 Magnesium(Mg) Magnesite, Dolomite, Epsom salt, Kieserite, Carnalite

13 Manganese(Mn) Pyrolusite, Magnate

14 Mercury(Hg) Cinnabar

15 Nickel(Ni) Millerite

16 Potassium(K) Nitrate(saltpetre), Carnallite

17 Silver(Ag) Ruby silver, Horn silver

18 Sodium(Na) Chile saltpetre , Trona, Borax, Common salt

19 Strontium(Sr) Strontianite, Silestone

20 Tin(Sn) Cassiterite

21 Uranium(U) Carnallite, Pitch blende

22 Zinc(Zn) Zinc blende, Zincite, Calamine


 APPENDIX-A
Conversion Factors
Conversion factors may be read directly from these tables. For example, 1 degree = 2.778 × 10–3 revolutions, so 16.7°
= 16.7 × 2.778 × 10–3 rev. The SI units are fully capitalized.
Plane Angle

° ‘ “ RADIAN rev
–2
1 degree = 1 60 3600 1.745 × 10 2.778 × 10–3

1 minute = 1.667× 10–2 1 60 2.909 × 10–4 4.630 × 10–5

1 second = 2.778 × 10–4 1.667 × 10–2 1 4.848 × 10–6 7.716 × 10–7

1 RADIAN = 57.30 3438 2.063 × 105 1 0.1592

4 6
1 revolution = 360 2.16 ×10 1.296 × 10 6.283 1

Solid Angle

1 sphere = 4π steradians = 12.57 steradians

Length

cm m km In. ft mi

1 centimeter = 1 10–2 10–5 0.3937 3.281 × 10–2 6.214 × 10–6

1 meter = 100 1 10–3 39.374 3.281 6.214 × 10–4

1 kilometer = 105 1000 1 3.937 × 104 3281 0.6214

–2 –25 –2
1 inch = 2.540 2.540 × 10 2.540 × 10 1 8.333 × 10 1.578 × 10–5

1 foot = 30.48 0.3048 3.048 × 10–4 12 1 1.894 × 10–4

1 mile = 1.609 × 105 1609 1.609 6.336 × 104 5280 1

1 angstrom = 10–10 m 1 fermi = 10–15 m 1 fathom = 6 ft 1 rod = 16.5 ft

12 –11
1 nautical mile = 1852 m 1 light-year = 9.460 × 10 km 1 Bohr radius = 5.292 × 10 m 1 mil = 10–3 in.
= 1.151 miles = 6076 ft 1 parsec = 3.084 × 1013 km 1 yard = 3 ft 1 nm = 10–9 m

Area

m2 cm2 ft2 In.2

1 SQUARE METER = 1 104 10.76 1550

1 square centimetre = 10–4 1 1.076 × 10–3 0.1550
1 square foot = 9.290 × 10–2 929.0 1 144
–4 –3
1 square inch = 6.452 × 10 6.452 6.944 × 10 1

1 square mile = 2.788 × 107 ft2 = 640 acres 1 acre = 43 560 ft2
–28 2
1 barn = 10 m 1 hectare = 104 m2 = 2.471 acres
226 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers MATHEMATICS

Volume
m3 cm3 L ft3 in3

1 CUBIC METER = 1 106 1000 35.31 6.102 × 104

1 cubic centimeter =10–6 1 1.000 × 10–3 3.531 × 10–5 6.102 × 10–2
1 liter = 1.000×10–3 1000 1 3.531 × 10–2 61.02
1 cubic foot = 2.832 × 10–2 2.832 × 10–4 28.32 1 1728
1 cubic inch = 1.639 × 10–5 16.39 1.639 × 10–2 5.787 × 10–4 1

1 U.S. fluid gallon = 4 U.S. fluid quarts = 8 U.S. pints = 128 U.S. fluid ounces = 231 in.3
1 British imperial gallon = 277.4 in.3 = 1.201 U.S. fluid gallons
Mass
Quantities in the colored ares are not mass units but are often used as such. For example, when we write 1 kg “=” 2.205 lb, this
means that a kilogram is a mass that weighs 2.205 pounds at a location where g has the standard value of 9.80665 m/s2.

g Kg slug u oz lb ton
–5 23 –2 –3
1 gram = 1 0.001 6.852×10 6.022×10 3.527×10 2.205×10 1.102×10–6
1 KILOGRAM = 1000 1 6.852×10–2 6.022×1026 35.27 2.205 1.102×10–3
4 27
1 slug = 1.459×10 14.59 1 8.786×10 514.8 32.17 1.609×10–2
–27 –28 –26 –27
1 atomic mass unit = 1.661×10 1.138× 10 1 5.857× 10 3.662×10 1.830×10–30
1.661×10–24
2.835×10–2 1.943×10–3 1.718×1025 1 6.250×10–2 3.125×10–5
1 ounce = 28.35 –2 26
0.4536 3.108×10 2.732×10 16 1 0.0005
1 pound=453.6 29 4
907.2 62.16 5.463×10 3.2×10 2000 1
1 ton = 9.072×105

1 metric ton = 1000 kg

Density
Quantities in the colored areas are weight densities and, as such, are dimensionally different from mass densities. See the note for
the mass table.
slug/ft3 KILOGRAM/METER3 g/cm3 lb/ft3 lb/in.3
3
1 slug per foot = 1 515.4 0.5154 32.17 1.862×10-2
1 KILOGRAM Per METER3 = 1.940 × 10–3 1 0.001 6.243×10–2 3.613×10–5
3
1 gram per centimeter = 1.940 1000 1 62.43 3.613×10–2
1 pound per foot3=3.108×10–2 16.02 16.02×10–2 1 5.787×10–4
3 4
1 pound per inch =53.71 2.768×10 27.68 1728 1

Time

y d h min s
1 year = 1 365.25 8.766×103 5.259×105 3.156×107
1 day = 2.738×10–3 1 24 1440 8.640×104
–4 –2
1 hour = 1.141×10 4.167×10 1 60 3600
1 minute = 1.901×10–6 6.944×10–4 1.667×10–2 1 60
–8 –5 –4 –2
1 SECOND =3.169×10 1.157×10 2.778×10 1.667×10 1

Speed

ft/s km/h m/s mi/h cm/s

1 foot per second = 1 1.097 0.3048 0.6818 30.48
1 kilometer per hour = 0.9113 1 0.2278 0.6214 27. 78
1 METER per SECOND = 3.281 3.6 1 2.237 100
1 mile per hour = 1.467 1.609 0.4470 1 44.70
–2 –2 –2
1 centimeter per second = 3.281 × 10 3.6 × 10 0.01 2.237 × 10 1
 APPENDIX 227

APPENDIX-B

The Greek Alphabet

Alpha A α Iota I ι Rho Ρ ρ
Beta B β Kappa K κ Sigma Σ σ
Gamma Ʈ γ Lambda Λ λ Tau Τ τ
Delta ∆ δ Mu Μ μ Upsilon Υ υ
Epsilon E ε Nu Ν ν Phi φ φ
Zeta Z ζ Xi Ξ ξ Chi Χ χ
Eta H η Omicron Ο ο Psi Ψ ψ
Theta Θ θ Pi Π π Omega Ω ω

APPENDIX-C
Concept Base Mathematical Formula
ALGEBRA – 1 16. Complement of intersection and Union
U, A ∩ A ' =
A ∪ A ' = ∅
1.1 Set Identities 17. De - Morgan’s Laws
Sets : A, B, C, Universal set : U, Complement : A’, Proper
subset : A ⊂ B, Empty set : ∅, Union of sets : A ∪ B,
( A ∪ B ) ' =A '∩ B ', ( A ∩ B ) ' =A '∪ B '
Intersection of sets : A ∩ B, Difference of sets : A – B 18. Difference of Sets
1. A⊂U C =B − A ={x x ∈ B and x ∉ A}
2. A⊂A
– A B – ( A ∩ B)
19. B=
3. A = B if A ⊂ B and B ⊂ A.
4. Empty set ∅ ⊂ A 20. B – A= B ∩ A '
5. Union of Sets 21. A – A = ∅
C = A ∪ B {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
22. A – B =A iff A ∩ B =∅.
6. Commutativity A ∪ B = B ∪ A
7. Associativity A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C 23. ( A − B) ∩ C = ( A ∩ C ) − (B ∩ C )
8. Intersection of Sets 24. A =' U − Α
C = A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B} 25. Cartesian Product
9. Commutativity A ∩ B = B ∩ A
C = A × B = {( x , y ) x ∈ A and y ∈ B}
10. Associativity A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C
11. Distributivity 1.2 Sets of Numbers
A ∪ ( B ∩ C ) = ( A ∪ B ) ∩ ( A ∪ C ) ,  atural numbers : N, Whole numbers : W, Integers : Z,
N
Positive integers : Z+, Negative integers : Z–, Rational
numbers : Q, Real numbers : R, Complex numbers : C
A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( A ∩ C ) .
1. Natural Numbers
12. Idempotency A ∩ A =
A, A ∪ A =
A
Counting numbers : N = {1, 2, 3, . . .}.
2. Whole Numbers
13. Domination A ∩ ∅ = ∅ A ∪ U =
U
Counting numbers and zero : W={0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}.
14. Identity A ∪ ∅ = A , A ∩ U =
A
3. Integers
15. Complement A ' ={x ∈ U x ∉ A} Whole number and their opposites and zero :
228 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers MATHEMATICS

Z+ = N = {1, 2, 3,. . .} , 1.4 Complex Numbers

Z = {. . ., − 3, − 2, − 1} ,
-
Natural number : n, Imaginary unit : i, Complex number : z,
Z = Z − ∪ {0} ∪ Z+ = { . ., − 3, − 2, − 1,0,1, 2, 3, . . .} . Real part : a, c, Imaginary part : bi, di, Modulus of a complex
number : r, r1, r2, Argument of a complex number: ϕ ,ϕ1, ϕ2
4. Rational numbers
1. i1 = i i5 = i i4n+1 = i
Repeating or terminating decimals:
i2 = –1 i6 = –1 i4n+2 = –1
 a 
Q=
x x =and a ∈ Z and b ∈ Z and b ≠ 0  .
 b  i3 = –i i7 = –i i4n+3 = –i
5. Irrational Numbers i4 = –1 i8 = 1 i4n = 1
Nonrepeating and nonterminating decimals.
6. Real Numbers 2. z = a + bi
3. Complex Plane
Union of rational and irrational numbers : R.
4. (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
7. Complex Numbers
5. (a + bi) – (c + di) = (a – c) + (b – d)i
C ={x + iy x ∈ R and y ∈ R} ,
6. (a + bi) (c + di) = (ac – bd) + (ad + bc)i
where i is the imaginary unit.
a + bi ac + bd bc − ad
8. N ⊂W ⊂Z⊂Q⊂R⊂C 7. = 2 + .i
c + di c + d 2 c 2 + d 2
8. Conjugate Complex Numbers : a  bi  a  bi
9. a = r cos ϕ, b = r sin ϕ
2 + 3i 10. Polar Presentation of Complex Numbers
1 – 4i a + bi = r(cos ϕ + i sin ϕ)
π
11. Modulus and Argument of a Complex Number
If a + bi is a complex number, then
–7 2 b
5 r = a 2 + b 2 (modulus), and ϕ =arctan (argument).
a
5 Natural 17 12. Product in Polar Representation
Irrational –83 Numbers 37
1 23 z1· z2 = r1 (cos ϕ1 + i sin ϕ1) · r2 (cos ϕ2 + i sin ϕ2)
Numbers 0
= r1 r2 [cos(ϕ1 + ϕ2) + i sin(ϕ1 + ϕ2)]
3
2 13. Conjugate Numbers in Polar Representation

(
ϕ ) r cos ( −ϕ ) + i sin ( −ϕ ) 
r cos ϕ + i sin =
2i
14. Inverse of a Complex Number in Polar Representation
1 1
= cos ( −ϕ ) + i sin ( −ϕ ) 
r ( cos ϕ + i sin ϕ) r 
1.3 Basic Identities 15. Quotient in Polar Representation
Real numbers: a, b, c
z1 r1 ( cos ϕ1 + i sin ϕ1 )
1. Additive Identity : a + 0 = a =
z2 r2 ( cos ϕ2 + i sin ϕ2 )
2. Additive Inverse : a+(–a)=0 r
= 1 cos ( ϕ1 − ϕ2 ) + i sin ( ϕ1 − ϕ2 ) 
3. Commutative of Addition : a + b = b + a r2

4. Associative of Addition : ( a + b ) + c =a + ( b + c ) 16. Power of a Complex Number

Definition of Subtraction : a − b = a + ( −b ) z n r ( cos ϕ + i sin ϕ=

) r n cos ( nϕ ) + i sin ( nϕ )
n
5. =

6. Multiplicative Identity : a .1 = a 17. Formula “De Moivre”

( cos ϕ + i sin ϕ=
) cos(nϕ) + i sin(nϕ)
n
1
7. Multiplicative Inverse a=
. 1, a ≠ 0
a
18. nth Root of a Complex Number
8. Multiplication times 0 a.0=0.
9. Commutative of Multiplication : a.b = b.a
n
z = n r ( cos ϕ + i sin ϕ )
 ϕ + 2 πk ϕ + 2 πk 
10. Associative of Multiplication : ( a ⋅ b ) ⋅ c =a ⋅ ( b ⋅ c ) = n
r  cos + i sin
 n n  ,
11. Distributive Law : a(b + c) = ab + ac
where k = 0, 1, 2, …., n – 1.
a 1
12. Definition of Division : = a⋅ e ix cos x + i sin x
19. Euler’s Formula=
b b
 APPENDIX 229

1.5 Basic Algebra a + a2 − b a − a2 − b

12. =
a± b ±
Real numbers: a, b, c, Natural number: n 2 2
1. a 3 − b 3 = ( a − b ) a 2 + ab + b 2 ( )
13. 1 a b
=
2. a 3 + b 3 = ( a + b ) a 2 − ab + b 2 ( ) a± b a−b

3. (
a 5 − b 5 = ( a − b ) a 2 + a 3 b + a 2 b 2 + ab 3 + b 4 ) 1.7 Concept of Logarithms
Positive real numbers: x, y, a , c, k, Natural number: n
4. (
a 5 + b 5 = ( a + b ) a 4 − a 3 b + a 2 b 2 − ab 3 + b 4 ) 1. Definition of Logarithm
5. If n is odd, then y = loga x if and only if x = ay, a > 0, a ≠ 1.
a n + b n = ( a + b ) ( a n−1 − a n−2 b + a n−3 b 2 − ... − ab n−2 + b n−1 ) . 2. loga 1 = 0
6. If n is even, then 3. loga a = 1

a − b = (a − b)(a
n n n −1
+a n−2
b+a n −3 2
b + ... + ab n−2
+b n −1
), −∞ if a > 1
4. log a 0 = 
+∞ if a < 1
(
a n + b n = ( a + b ) a n−1 − a n−2 b + a n−3 b 2 − ... − ab n−2 − b n−1 . )
7. Binomial Formula 5. log =
a ( xy ) log a x + log a y

(a + b) =
n

n
C0 a n + n C1 a n−1b + n C2 a n−2 b 2 + ... x
6. =
log a log a x − log a y
n
+ Cn−1 ab n−1 n
+ Cn b n y

n! 7. log a ( x n ) = n log a x
where n Ck = are the binomial coefficients.
k !(n − k )!
1
8. log a n x = log a x
8. ( a + b + c + ... + u + v ) = a2 + b 2 + c 2 + ... + u2 + v 2 +
2 n

+ 2 ( ab + ac + ... + au + av + bc + ... + bu + bv + ... + uv ) log c x

9. log a x= = log c x ⋅ log a c , c > 0, c ≠ 1, a ≠ 1
log c a
1.6 Properties of Powers and Roots
Base (positive real numbers): a, b, Powers (rational num- 1
bers): n, m 10. log a c =
log c a
Powers
11. x = a log a x
1. a m a n = a m+n 6. a 0 1, a ≠ 0
=
12. Logarithm to Base 10 log10 x = log x
am 13. Natural Logarithm
2. = a m −n 7. a1 = a
an k
 1
1 loge x = ln x, where e= lim  1 +  = 2.718281828...
( ab )
m −m
3. =a b m m
8. a = m k →∞
 k
a
a am
m m 1
a n = n am =
14. log x = ln x 0.434294 ln x
4.  b  = bm 9. ln 10
 
1
(a ) =
15. ln x = log x 2.302585 log x
n
5. m
= a mn log e

Roots 1.8 Concept of Equations

Bases: a, b, Powers (rational numbers): n, m, a, b ≥ 0 for even
roots (n = 2k, k ∈ N) Real numbers: a, b, c, p, q, u, v, Solutions : x1, x2, y1, y2, y3
1. Linear Equation in One Variable
( a)
n
1. n
ab = n a n b 6. n
=a b
ax + b =0, x =− .
a
np
2. n
a m b = nm a m b n 7. n
am = a mp
2. Quadratic Equation
m
a n
a −b ± b 2 − 4ac
3. =
n ,b ≠ 0 8. n
am = a n
ax 2 + bx =
+ c 0, x= .
b n
b 12
2a
n
a nm
am am 3. Discriminant D= b 2 − 4ac
4. = = nm ,b ≠ 0 9. m n
a = mn a
m
b nm
bn bn 4. Viete’s Formulas

If x 2 + px + q =0, then
( ) ( )
p m
5. n
am = n a mp 10. n
a = n am
x1 + x 2 = −p
 .
 x1x 2 = q
1 n
an−1
11.
= ,a ≠ 0 .
n
a a b
5. ax 2 + bx =
0, x1 =
0, x 2 =
− .
a
230 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers MATHEMATICS

c 1
6. ax 2 + c =0, x1,2 =± − . 10. a + ≥ 2, where a > 0; an equality takes place only at
a a
a = 1.
7. Cubic Equation. Cardano’s Formula.

y + py + q =
3
0, a1 + a2 + ... + an
11. n a1a2 ... an ≤ , where a1 , a2 ,. . . , an > 0.
n
1 3
y1 =+ − (u + v ) ±
u v , y 2 ,3 = (u + v ) i, b
2 2 12. If ax + b > 0 and a > 0, then x > − .
a
where
b
q q p
2
q q p
2 2 2
13. If ax + b > 0 and a < 0, then x < .
u= 3 − +   +  , v = 3 − −   +  . a
2 2  3 2 2  3
14. If x 2 < a , then x < a , where a > 0.
1.9 Inequalities
15. If x > a , then x > a , where a > 0.
2
Variables: x, y, z

a, b , c , d f (x)  f ( x ). g ( x ) > 0

Real numbers :  , m, n 16. If > 0, then 
a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., an g( x )  g( x ) ≠ 0
Determinants : D, Dx, Dy, Dz
f (x)  f ( x ). g ( x ) < 0
1. Inequalities, Interval Notations and Graphs 17. If < 0, then 
g( x )  g( x ) ≠ 0
Inequality Interval Graph
Notation SERIES – 2
a≤x≤b [a, b]
a
X 2.1 Arithmetic Series
b
Initial term: a1, nth term : an, Difference between successive
terms : d, Number of terms in the series : n, Sum of the first
a<x≤b (a, b] X n terms : Sn
a b
1. an = an−1 + d = an−2 + 2d = . . . = a1 + ( n − 1)d

a≤x<b [a, b) X 2. a1 + an = a2 + an−1 =. . . = ai + an+1−i

a b
ai −1 + ai +1
3. ai =
a<x<b (a, b) X 2
a b

=
4. Sn
a1 + an
= .n
( 2a1 + (n − 1)d ) .n
–∞ < x ≤ b, (–∞, b) X 2 2
x≤b b

2.2 Geometric Series

–∞ < x < b, (–∞, b) X
x<b b Initial term: a1, nth term: an, Common ratio: r, Number of

terms in the series: n, Sum of the first n terms: Sn, Sum to
a ≤ x < ∞, [a, ∞) infinity: S
x≥a a X
1. =
an ra=
n −1 a1r n−1
a < x < ∞, (a, ∞)
x>a a X 2. a1 .a= a2 .an= .=
. . ai . an+1−i
n −1

2. If a > b and m > 0, then ma > mb. 3. ai = ai −1 . ai +1

3. If a > b and m > 0, then a > b .

4.=Sn
an r − a1 a1 r − 1
=
n
( )
m m
r −1 r −1
4. If a > b and m< 0, then ma < mb.
a1
a b 5.= =
S lim Sn
5. If a > b and m < 0, then < . n →∞ 1− r
m m
6. If 0 < a < b and n > 0, then an < bn. For r < 1, the sum S converges as n → ∞.

n n
7. If 0 < a < b and n < 0, then a > b .
2.3 Some Finite Series
8. If 0 < a < b , then n
a < n b. Number of terms in the series : n
a+b n( n + 1)
9. ab ≤ , where a > 0, b > 0 ; an equality is valid 1. 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n =
2 2
only if a = b. 2 + 4 + 6 + ... + 2n= n( n + 1)
2.
 APPENDIX 231
∞ ∞
3. 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n − 1) =n2
• If ∑b
n=1
n is convergent then ∑a
n=1
n is also convergent.
n(2 k + n − 1)
4. k + ( k + 1) + ( k + 2) + ... + ( k + n − 1) =
2 ∞ ∞
• If ∑a n is divergent then ∑b
n=1
n is also divergent.
n=1
n( n + 1)(2n + 1)
5. 2 2
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = 2 2

6 2. The Limit Comparison Test

2
 n( n + 1)  ∞ ∞
6. 13 + 2 3 + 33 + ... + n3 =
 2 
 
Let ∑a n
and ∑b
n=1
n be series such that an and bn are
n=1

positive for all n.

n(4 n 2 − 1)
7. 12 + 2 2 + 3 2 + ... + (2n − 1)2 =
3 an
∞ ∞
• If 0 < lim < ∞ then ∑ an and ∑b n are either both
n→∞ b n=1 n=1
n
8. 3 3 3
1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n −=
1) n (2n − 1) 3 2 2
convergent or both divergent.
1 1 1 1
9. 1+ + + + .... + n + ... =
2 an ∞ ∞
2 4 8 2 • If lim = 0 then ∑ bn convergent implies that ∑a n
n→∞ bn n=1 n=1

1 1 1 1 n is also convergent.
10. + + + ... + + ... =
1.2 2.3 3.4 n( n + 1) ( n + 1)
∞ ∞
an
• If lim
n→∞ b
= ∞ then ∑b n divergent implies that ∑a n
1 1 1 1 n n=1 n=1
11. 1 + + + + ... + + ... =
e
1! 2! 3! ( n − 1)! is also divergent.
3. p – series
2.4 Infinite Series ∞
1
Sequence : {an}, First term : a1, Nth term : an p – series ∑n
n=1
p converge s for p > 1 and diverges for
1. Infinite Series
0 < p ≤ 1.
∞

∑a n = a1 + a2 + ... + an + ... 4. The Integral Test

n=1 Let f(x) be a function which is continuous, positive, and
2. nth Partial Sum decreasing for all x ≥ 1. The series
∞ ∞
S =
n
∑a n = a1 + a2 + ... + an ∑ f (n)= f (1) + f (2) + f (3) + ... + f ( n) + ...
n=1 n=1

3. Convergence of Infinite Series ∞

∞
Converges if ∫ f ( x ) dx converges, and diverges if
1

∑a n=1
n = L , if lim Sn = L
n→∞
n

th
∫ f ( x ) dx → ∞ as n → ∞ .
4. n Term Test 1
∞
• If the series ∑a
n=1
n is convergent, then lim an = 0 .
n→∞
5. The Ratio Test
∞

• If lim an ≠ 0 , then the series is divergent.

Let ∑a
n=1
n be a series with positive terms.
n→∞

∞
an+1
2.5 Properties of Convergent Series • If lim
n→∞ a
< 1 then ∑a
n=1
n is convergent.
n

∞ ∞
: ∑ an A=
Convergent Series = , ∑ bn B , Real number : c ∞
an+1
=n 1=n 1 • If lim
n→∞ a
> 1 then ∑a
n=1
n is divergent.
n
∞ ∞ ∞

1. ∑(a n + bn ) =∑ an + ∑ bn =A + B
an+1 ∞

∑a
=n 1 =n 1=n 1
• lim = 1 then n may converge or diverge and
n→∞ an n=1
∞ ∞
the ratio test is inconclusive; some other test must be
=
2.n
n 1=
∑
=
n 1
∑a
ca c= n cA .
used.
6. The Root Test
2.6 Convergence Tests ∞

1. The Comparison Test

Let ∑a
n=1
n be a series with positive terms.
∞

∑a
∞ ∞
• If lim n an < 1 then is convergent.
Let ∑ an and
n=1
∑ bn be series such that 0 < an ≤ bn for
n=1
n→∞ n=1
n

all n. ∞
• If lim n an > 1 then
n→∞ ∑a
n =1
n
is divergent.
232 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers MATHEMATICS

∞
x 3 1.3x 5 1.3.5...(2n − 1)x 2 n+1
• If lim n an = 1 then
n→∞
∑a
n=1
n may converge or 10. sin −1 x = x + +
2.3 2.4.5
+ ... +
2.4.6...(2n)(2n + 1)
diverge, but no conclusion can be drawn from + ...,| x |< 1.
this test.
2.7 Power Series  x 3 1.3x 5 
∞ ∞ x + + + ... 
π  2.3 2.4.5
∑ a x , ∑ a (x − x )
n
Real numbers: x, x0, Power series : n
n
n 0 ,
−1
11. cos x =−  , | x |< 1
=n 0= n 0 2  1.3.5...(2n − 1)x 2 n+1

Whole number : n, Radius of Convergence : R.  + 2.4.6...(2n)(2n + 1) + ... 
 

1. Power Series in x x3 x3 x7 ( −1)n x 2 n+1

−1
12. tan x = x − + − + ... + ...,| x |< 1.
∞ 3 5 7 2n + 1
∑a x n
n
= a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + ... + an x n + ...
n =0
x2 x4 x6 x 2n
2. Power Series in (x – x0) 13. cos hx =1 + + + + ... + + ...
2! 4 ! 6! (2n)!
∞

∑ a (x – x ) a0 + a1 ( x – x 0 ) + a2 ( x – x 0 ) + ...
n 2
= x3 x 5 x7 x 2 n+1
14. sin hx =x + + + + ... + + ...
n 0
n =0
3! 5! 7 ! (2n + 1)!
+ an ( x – x 0 ) + ...
n

3. Interval of Convergence 2.9 Binomial Series
The set of those value of x for which the function Whole numbers: n, m, Real number : x Combinations : n Cm
∞
f ( x ) = ∑ an ( x – x 0 )
n
is convergent is called the 1. (1 + x )n =1 + n C1 x + n C2 x 2 + ... + m Cn x m + ... + x n
n =0
interval of convergence.
4. Radius of Convergence n( n − 1)... [ n − ( m − 1)]
= 2.
n
Cm ,| x |< 1.
If the interval of convergence is ( x 0 − R , x 0 + R ) for m!
some R ≥ 0, the R is called the radius of convergence. It
is given as 1
3. = 1 − x + x 2 − x 3 + ...,| x |< 1.
1+ x
1 a
R = lim or R = lim n 1
n→∞ n a n→∞ a 4. = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + ...,| x |< 1.
n n +1
1−x

2.8 Power Series Expansions for Some x x2 1 ⋅ 3x 3 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5x 4

5. 1 + x =1 + − + −.
Functions 2 2⋅4 2⋅4 ⋅6 2⋅4 ⋅6⋅8
Whole number: n, Real number : x + ..,| x |≤ 1.

x2 x3 xn x 1.2 x 2 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5x 3 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 8 x 4
1. ex = 1 + x + + + ... + + ... 3
1 + x =1 + − + −
2! 3! n! 6.
3 3⋅6 3⋅6⋅9 3 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 12
+ ....,| x |≤ 1.
xln a ( xln a ) ( xln a ) ( xln a ) + ...
2 3 n

2. a x =1 + + + + ... +
1! 2! 3! n!
TRIGONOMETRY – 3
x2 x3 x4 ( −1)n x n+1
3. ln ( 1 + x ) =x − + − + ... + ± ..., −1 < x ≤ 1. 3.1 Periodicity of Trigonometric Functions
2 3 4 n+1
1. sin(α ± 2 πn)= sin α , period 2π or 360°.
1+ x  x3 x 5 x7 
4. ln = 2  x + + + + ...  , x < 1.
1−x  3 5 7  2. cos( α ± 2 πn=
) cos α , period 2π or 360°.

 x − 1 1  x − 1 3 1  x − 1  5  3. tan ( α ± πn=
) tan α , period π or 180°.
5. ln x =
2 +   +   ... , x > 0.
 x + 1 3  x + 1  5  x + 1   4. cot ( α ± πn=
) cot α , period π or 180°.

x2 x4 x6 ( −1)n x 2 n 3.2 Relations between Trigonometric

6. cos x =1 − + − + ... + ± ...
2! 4! 6! (2n)!
Functions
x3 x 5 x7 ( −1)n x 2 n+1
7. sin x = x − + − + ... + ± ... 1
3! 5! 7 ! (2n + 1)! 1. sin α = ± 1 − cos2 α = ± (1 − cos 2α )
2

x 3 2 x 5 17 x 7 62 x 9 π α
8. tan x =x + + + + + ..., x < . 2 tan
3 15 315 2835 2 α π 2
= 2 cos  − =
 −1
2

2 4 2 α
1 + tan
1  x x 3 2x 5 2x 7  2
9. cot x = −  + + + + ...  , 0 <| x |< π .
x  3 45 945 4725 
APPENDIX 233

1 9. 4 α 4 sin α cos α(1 − 2 sin 2 α )

sin =
2. cos α = ± 1 − sin 2 α = ± (1 + cos 2α )
2
=
10. cos 4 α 8 cos4 α − 8 cos2 α + 1
α
1 − tan 2
2 α 2
= 2 cos = −1 4 tan α − 4 tan 3 α
2 α 11. tan 4 α =
1 + tan 2 1 − 6 tan 2 α + tan 4 α
2

sin α sin 2α 1 − cos 2α 1 − 6 tan 2 α + tan 4 α

tan α = = ± sec 2 α − 1 = = 12. cot 4 α =
3. 4 tan α − 4 tan 3 α
cos α 1 + cos 2α sin 2α

α 5α 5 sin α − 20 sin 3 α + 16 sin 5 α

13. sin=
2 tan
1 − cos 2α 2
=
± =
1 + cos 2α 1 + tan 2 α =
14. cos 5α 16 cos5 α − 20 cos3 α + 5 cos α
2
tan 5 α − 10 tan 3 α + 5 tan α
cos α 1 + cos 2α sin 2α 15. tan 5α =
4. cot α = = ± csc 2 α − 1 = = 1 − 10 tan 2 α + 5 tan 4 α
sin α sin 2α 1 − cos 2α
1 − 10 tan 2 α + 5 tan 4 α
α 16. cot 5α =
1 + tan 2
tan 5 α − 10 tan 3 α + 5 tan α
1 + cos 2α 2
=
± =
1 − cos 2α α
2 tan 3.5 Half Angle Formulas and Identifiers.
2

α α 1 − cos α
1 + tan 2 1. sin = ±
1 2 2 2
5. sec α = = ± 1 + tan 2 α =
cos α α
1 − tan 2 α 1 + cos α
2 2. cos = ±
2 2
α
1 + tan 2 α 1 − cos α sin α 1 − cos α
1 2 tan =
± ==
6. cosec α = 2
= ± 1 + cot α = 3. 2 1 + cos α 1 + cos α sin α
sin α α
2 tan 2
2 = cosec α − cot α

3.3 Addition and Substitution Formulas α 1 + cos α sin α 1 + cos α

4. cot =
± ==
2 1 − cos α 1 − cos α sin α
1. sin ( α ± β=
) sin α cos β ± sin β cos α
= cosec α + cot α

2. cos ( α ± β=
) cos α cos β  sin α sin β α
2 tan
5. sin α = 2
tan α ± tan β α
3. tan ( α ± β ) = 1 + tan 2
1  tan α tan β 2

1  tan α tan β cot α cot β  1 

cot ( α ± β )
4. = = 1  tan 2
tan α ± tan β cot β ± cot α 6. cos   2
2 
1  tan
2
3.4 Multiple Angle Formulas
α
sin=
2α 2 sin α ⋅ cos α 2 tan
1. 2
7. tan α =
α
cos 2α = cos2 α − sin 2 α = 1 − 2 sin 2 α = 2 cos2 α − 1 1 − tan 2
2. 2

2 tan α 2 α α
3. =
tan 2α = 1 − tan 2 cot 2 − 1
1 − tan 2 α cot α − tan α 8.=
cot α = 2 2
α α
2 tan 2 cot
cot 2 α − 1 cot α − tan α 2 2
4. =
cot 2α =
2 cot α 2
3.6 Transforming of Trigonometric Expressions
5. sin= 3
3α 3 sin α − 4 sin= α 3 cos2 α ⋅ sin α − sin 3 α to Product
6. 3α 4 cos3 α − 3 cos=
cos = α cos3 α − 3 cos α ⋅ sin 2 α α+β α −β
1. sin α + sin β = 2 sin cos
2 2
3 tan α − tan 3 α
7. tan 3α = α+β α −β
1 − 3 tan 2 α 2. sin α − sin β = 2 cos sin
2 2
cot 3 α − 3 cot α α+β α −β
8. cot 3α = cos α + cos β = 2 cos cos
3 cot 2 α − 1 3.
2 2
234 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers MATHEMATICS

α+β α −β cos 4 α + 4 cos 2α + 3

4. cos α − cos β = −2 sin sin 6. cos4 α =
2 2 8

sin ( α ± β ) 10 sin α − 5 sin 3α + sin 5α

5. tan α ± tan β = 7. sin 5 α =
cos α ⋅ cos β 16

sin ( β ± α ) 10 cos α + 5 cos 3α + cos 5α

cot α ± cot β = 8. cos5 α =
6. 16
sin α ⋅ sin β
10 − 15 cos 2α + 6 cos 4 α − cos 6α
π  π  9. sin 6 α =
7. cos α=
+ sin α 2 cos=
 4 − α 2 sin  + α  32
  4 
10 + 15 cos 2α + 6 cos 4 α + cos 6α
10. cos α =
6
π  π 
8. cos α=
− sin α 2 sin=
 4 − α 2 cos  + α  32
  4 
3.9 Relations between Inverse Trigonometric
cos ( α − β )
9. tan α + cot β =
cos α ⋅ sin β
Functions

α 1. sin −1 ( −x ) =− sin −1 x
10. 1 + cos α =2 cos2
2
π
2. sin −1 x= − cos−1 x
α 2
11. 1 − cos α =2 sin 2
2 −1
3. =
sin x cos−1 1 − x 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
π α
+ sin α 2 cos2  − 
12. 1=
4 2 4. sin −1 x =− cos−1 1 − x 2 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 0.

π α x
− sin α 2 sin 2  − 
13. 1= 5. sin −1 x tan −1
= , x 2 < 1.
4 2 1 − x2

3.7 Transformation of Trigonometric = −1

6. sin x cot
−1 1 − x2
, 0 < x ≤ 1.
Expression to Sum x

cos ( α − β ) − cos ( α + β ) −1 −1 1 − x2
=
7. sin x cot − π, −1 ≤ x ≤ 0.
1. sin α ⋅ sin β = x
2
cos ( α − β ) + cos ( α + β ) 8. cos−1 ( −x ) = π − cos−1 x
2. cos α ⋅ cos β =
2 π
9. cos−1 x= − sin −1 x
sin ( α − β ) + sin ( α + β ) 2
3. sin α ⋅ cos β =
2 −1
=
10. cos x sin −1 1 − x 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
tan α + tan β
4. tan α ⋅ tan β =
cot α + cot β 11. cos−1 x = π − sin −1 1 − x 2 , −1 ≤ x ≤ 0 .

cot α + cot β 1 − x2
5. cot α ⋅ cot β = 12. cos−1 x tan −1
= , 0 < x ≤ 1.
tan α + tan β x

tan α + cot β 1 − x2
6. tan α ⋅ cot β = 13. cos−1 x = π + tan −1 , −1 ≤ x < 0
co t α + tan β x

3.8 Powers of Trigonometric Functions 14. cos−1 x cot −1 x

=
x
, −1 ≤ x < 1.
1 − x2
1 − cos 2α
1. sin 2 α = 15. tan −1 ( −x ) =
2 − tan −1 x

1 + cos 2α −1 π
2. cos2 α = 16. tan x= − cot −1 x
2 2

3 sin α − sin 3α x
3. sin 3 α = 17. tan −1 x = sin −1
4 1 + x2

3 cos α + cos 3α 1
4. cos3 α = 18. tan −1 x cos−1
= , x ≥ 0.
4 1 + x2

cos 4 α − 4 cos 2α + 3 1
5. sin 4 α = = −1
19. tan x cos
−1
, x ≤ 0.
8 1 + x2
APPENDIX 235

−1 π 1 4.1 Determinants
20. tan x = − tan −1 , x > 0.
2 x 1. 3rd Order Determinant

−1 π 1 a11 a12 a13

21. tan x =− − tan −1 , x < 0.
2 x det A = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
1
tan −1 x cot −1
22. = , x > 0.
x = a11 a22 a33 + a12 a23 a31 + a13 a21 a32 − a11 a23 a32 − a12 a21 a33 − a13 a22 a31
1 2. nth Order Determinant
−1
23. tan = x cot −1 − π , x < 0.
x
a11 a12 ... a1 j ... a1n
−1 −1
24. cot ( −x ) = π − cot x a21 a22 ... a2 j ... a2 n
... ... ... ... ... ...
−1 π det A =
25. cot x= − tan −1 x ai 1 ai 2 ... aij ... ain
2
... ... ... ... ... ...
−1 −1 1 an 1 an 2 ... anj ... anm
=
26. cot x sin , x > 0.
1 + x2
3. Minor : The minor Mij associated with the element aij
1 of nth order matrix A is the (n – 1)th order determinant
π − sin
−1
27. cot x =
−1
, x < 0.
1 + x2 derived from the matrix A by deletion of its ith row and
jth column.
−1 −1 x 4. Cofactor Cij = (–1)i+j Mij
28. cot x = cos
1 + x2 5. Laplace Expansion of nth Order Determinant
Laplace expansion by elements of the ith row
1
cot −1 x tan −1
29.= , x > 0. n
x =

det A ∑=
a C ,i
j =1
ij ij 1, 2,..., n.

1
−1
30. cot x = π + tan
−1
, x < 0. Laplace expansion by elements of the jth column
x
n

3.10 Trigonometric Equations =

det A ∑=
aC ,j
i =1
ij ij 1, 2,..., n.

Whole number : n
4.2 Properties of Determinants
1. sin x = ( −1)n sin −1 a + π n
a, x =
1. 
The value of a determinant remains unchanged if rows
2. cos x = ± cos−1 a + 2π n
a, x = are changed to column and columns to rows.
a1 a2 a1 b1
3. tan= , x tan −1 a + π n
x a= =
b
1 b2 a 2 b2
4. cot= , x cot −1 a + π n
x a= 2. If two rows (or two columns) are interchanged, the
sign of the determinant is changed.
3.11 Relations to Hyperbolic Functions a1 b1 a b2
= − 2
Imaginary unit : i a
2 b2 a1 b1
1. sin(ix ) = i sin hx 4. sec(ix ) = sec hx 3. If two rows (or two columns) are identical, the value of
the determinant is zero.
2. tan(ix ) = i tan hx 5. cosec(ix ) = −i cosec hx
a1 a1
3. cot(ix ) = −i cot hx =0
a2 a2

4. If the elements of any row (or column) are multiplied

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS – 4 by a common factor, the determinant is multiplied by
Matrices: A, B, C Transpose of a Inverse of a that factor.
Elements of a matrix : AT, A matrix: A–1
ka1 kb1 a b
matrix : ai, bi, aij, Adjoint of a Real number: k =k 1 1
bij, cij matrix : adj A a 2 b2 a 2 b2
Real variable: xi
Determinants of a Trace of a matrix : Natural numbers: 5. If the elements of any row (or column) are increased
matrix : det A tr A m, n (or decreased) by equal multiples of the corresponding
Minor of an elements of any other row (or column), the value of the
element aij : Mij determinant is uncharged.
Cofactor of an a1 + kb1 b1 a1 b1
=
element aij : Cij a2 + kb2 b2 a 2 b2
236 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers MATHEMATICS

4.3 Matrices  c11 c12  c1k 

1. Definition : An m × n matrix A is a rectangular array of  
c c 22  c 2 k 
elements (numbers or functions ) with m rows and n Then AB=C=  21 ,
    
columns.  
bm1 cm 2  cmk 
a11 a12 ... a1n
n

=
A [ a=
a21 a22 ... a2 n where, cij = ai1b1j + ai2 b2j +…+ ain bnj = ∑ aiλ bλ j
ij ]
   λ =1

am1 am 2 ... amn

(i = 1, 2 , . . . ,m ; j = 1, 2 ,. . .,k ) .

2. Square matrix is a matrix of order n × n.  b1 
 a11 a12 a13   
A square matrix  aij  is symmetric if aij = a ji , i.e. it is

=Thus if A=  aij  =  , B=[ bi ] b2  ,
 a21 a22 a23 
symmetric about the leading diagonal.  b3 
b 
A square matrix  aij  is skew-symmetric if aij = −a ji . a a12 a13   1   a11b1 + a12 b2 + a13b3 
Then AB=  11  .  b2  =  .
3. Diagonal matrix is a square matrix with all elements  a21 a22 a23  a b + a22 b2 + a23b3 
 b3   21 1
zero except those on the leading diagonal.
4. Unit matrix is a diagonal matrix in which the elements 5. Transpose of a Matrix
on the leading diagonal are all unity. The unit matrix is If the rows and columns of a matrix are interchanged,
denoted by I. then the new matrix is called the transpose of the
5. Null matrix A null matrix is one whose elements are all original matrix. If A is the original matrix, its transpose
zero. is denoted AT or A'.
• The matrix A is orthogonal if AAT=I.
4.4 Operations with Matrices • If the matrix product AB is defined, then (AB)T = BT AT.
1. Two matrices A and B are equal if, and only if, they 6. Adjoint of Matrix : If A is a square n × n matrix, its
are both of the same shape m × n and corresponding adjoint, denoted by adj A, is the transpose of the matrix
elements are equal. T
of cofactors Cij of A : adj A= Cij  .
2. Two matrices A and B can be added (or subtracted) if,
and only if, they have the same shape m × n. If 7. Trace of Matrix : If A is a square n × n matrix, its trace,
denoted by tr A, is defined to be the sum of the terms
a11 a12 ... a1n on the leading diagonal : tr A = a11 + a22 + . . . + ann .
a21 a22 ... a2 n
=
A [ a=
ij ] , and 8. Inverse of a Matrix : If A is a square n × n matrix with
   a nonsingular determinant det A, then its inverse A-1 is
am 1 am 2 ... amn given by
adj A
b11 b12 ... b1n A −1 = .
det A
b21 b22 ... b2 n
=
B [b=
ij ] , • If the matrix product AB is defined, then
  
( AB ) = B−1 A −1 .
−1
bm1 bm 2 ... bmn
9. If A is square n × n matrix, the eigen vectors X satisfy
a11 + b11 a12 + b12 ... a1n + b1n the equation AX = λX, While the eigen values λ satisfy
a21 + b21 a22 + b22 ... a1n + b2 n the characteristic equation A − λI = 0.
then A + B = .
  
am1 + bm1 am 2 + bm 2 ... amn + bmn 4.5 Systems of Linear Equations

Variables: x, y, z, x1, x2, . . . , Real numbers: a1, a2, a3, b1, a11,
3. If k is a scalar, and A =  aij  is a matrix, then a12, . . .
Determinants: D, Dx, Dy, Dz, Matrices: A, B, X
 ka11 ka12 ... ka1n 
   a1x + b1 y + c1z =
d1
ka ka22 ... ka2 n  
= kA =kaij   21 1. a2 x + b2 y + c 2 z = d2 ,
     a x + b y + c z =
   3 3 3 d 3

 kam1 kam 2 ... kamn  .

Dx Dy Dz
4. Multiplication of Two Matrices : Two matrices can be 2.=x = ,y = ,z (Cramer'srule),
multiplied together only when the number of columns D D D
in the first is equal to the number of rows in the second. a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
a11 a12 ... a1n where D= a2 b2 c 2 , Dx = d2 b2 c2 ,
a21 a22 ... a2 n a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
If =
A [ a=
ij ] , and
  
a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
am 1 am 2 ... amn
Dy = a 2 d2 c 2 , Dz = a2 b2 d2 .
b11 b12 ... b1k a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3

b21 b22 ... b2 k 3. If D ≠0, then the system has a single solution:
=
B [b=
ij ] ,
  
Dx Dy Dz
bn1 bn 2 ... bnk x= = ,y = ,z .
D D D
 APPENDIX 237
If D = 0 and Dx≠0 (or Dy≠0 or Dz≠0), then the system 3.
Angle Between Two Vectors
has no solution.  
If D = Dx= Dy = Dz = 0, then the system has infinitely If u = ( X 1 , Y1 , Z1 ) , v = ( X 2 , Y2 , Z2 ) , then
many solutions.
4. Matrix Form of a System of n Linear Equations in n X 1 X 2 + Y1Y2 + Z1 Z2
cos θ = .
Unknowns. The set of linear equations X 12 + Y12 + Z12 X 22 + Y22 + Z22

 a11x1 + a12 x 2 + . . . + a1n x n = b1    
 4. Commutative Property u ⋅ v = v ⋅ u
 a21x1 + a22 x 2 + . . . + a2 n x n = b2
    
.................................................
 an1x1 + an 2 x 2 + . . . + ann x n =
5. ( )( )
Associative Property λu ⋅ µ v = λµu ⋅ v
bn
      
Can be written in matrix form
6. ( )
Distributive Property u ⋅ v + w = u ⋅ v + u ⋅ w

     π
 a11 a12 . . . a1n   x1   b1  7. u⋅v =0 if u , v are orthogonal  θ =  .
      2
 a21 a22 . . . a2 n  .  x 2  =  b2  ,
       

        π   π
 an1 an 2 . . . ann   x n   bn 
8. u ⋅ v > 0 if 0 < θ < and u ⋅ v < 0 if < θ < π.
2 2
i.e. A.X = B,          
9. u ⋅ v ≤ u ⋅ v and u ⋅ v = u ⋅ v if u , v are parallel (θ = 0).
 a11 a12 . . . a1n   x1   b1 
     
a a22 . . . a2 n  x2   b2  .    2  2
=
Where A  21 = ,X = ,B 10. If u = ( X 1 , Y1 , Z1 ) , then u ⋅ u = u = u = X 12 + Y12 + Z12 ⋅
        
 a an 2 . . . ann 

  x   b 
 n1  n  n           
11. i ⋅ i = j ⋅ j = k ⋅ k = 1 and i ⋅ j = j ⋅ k = k ⋅ i = 0
5. Solution of a Set of Linear Equations n × n
X = A–1. B, where A–1 is the inverse of A. 5.3 Vector Product
    
VECTORS – 5 1. Vector Product of Vectors u and v u × v =w , where

       
Vectors : u, v , w , r , AB, . . . Coordinates of vector • w = u ⋅ v ⋅ sin θ, where 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ;
 2
  u : X1 , Y1 , Z1
Vector length : u , v ,. . .     
   Coordinates of vector v : X22,,YY22,,Z
Z22 • w ⊥ u and w ⊥ v ;
Unit vectors : i , j , k Scalars : λ, µ   
 • Vectors u , v , w form a right – handed screw.
Null vector : 0 Direction cosines: cosα, cosβ,   
cosγ. i j k
  
Angle between two vectors : θ 2. w = u × v = X 1 Y1 Z1
X 2 Y2 Z2
5.1 Vector Coordinates
1.
Unit Vectors     Y Z1 X Z1 X 1 Y1 
  w = u × v =  1 ,− 1 , 
=(1,
i 0, 0), k = (0, 0,1),  Y2 Z2 X2 Z2 X 2 Y2 
       
j=(0, 1, 0), i = j= k= 1. 3. S = u × v = u ⋅ v ⋅ sin θ
 
    
2. r = AB = ( x1 − x 0 ) i +( y1 − y0 ) j + ( z1 − z0 ) k 4.
u× v
Angle Between Two Vectors sin θ =  
u⋅v
 
r = AB = ( x1 − x 0 ) +( y1 − y0 ) + ( z1 − z0 )
2 2 2
   
3.
5. Non commutative Property u × v =− v × u ( )
   
4. If AB=r , then BA= − r .    
6. ( ) ( )
Associative Property λu × µ v = λµu × v
  
5. X = r cos α , Y= r cos β, Z= r cos γ ,       
 
7. ( )
Distributive Property u × v + w = u × v + u × w
6. If r (X, Y, Z) = r 1 (X1 ,Y1 , Z1) then X=X1 , Y=Y1 , Z=Z1
    
8. u× v =0 if u and v are parallel (θ = 0).
5.2 Scalar Product
                     
Scalar Product of Vectors u and v u ⋅ v = u ⋅ v ⋅ cos θ ,
1. 9. i × i = j × j = k × k = 0 and i × j =k , j×k =i , k × i =j
 
Where θ is the angle between vectors u and v .
5.4. Triple Product
2.
Scalar product in Coordinate Form
  1.
Scalar Triple Product
If u = ( X 1 , Y1 , Z1 ) , v = ( X 2 , Y2 , Z2 ) , then           
 
( )
uvw  =u ⋅ v × w =v ⋅ w × u =w ⋅ u × v
  ( ) ( )
u⋅v =X 1 X 2 + Y1Y2 + Z1 Z2 .
 238 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers MATHEMATICS

         

uvw  =    vwu  =   −  wvu  =   x1 x12 + y12 1
2.    wuv  =   −  vuw  =   − uwv  x12 + y12 y1 1
x 22 + y 22 y 2 1 x2 x 22 + y 22 1
    
3. (
ku ⋅ v × w = )
k uvw 
=x0
x 32 + y32 y3 1
= , y0
x3 x 32 + y32 1
x 1 y1 1 x1 y1 1
4. Scalar Triple Product Coordination Form 2 x2 y2 1 2 x2 y2 1
X1 Y1 Z1 x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1
  
u⋅ v×w =X2 ( ) Y2 Z2 , 7. Orthocentre (Intersection of Altitudes) of a Triangle
X3 Y3 Z3
y1 x 2 x 3 + y12 1 x12 + y 2 y3 x1 1
   y 2 x 3 x1 + y 22 1 x 22 + y3 y1 x 2 1
=
Where u (=
X 1 ,Y1 , Z1 ) , v ( X=
2 ,Y2 , Z2 ) , w ( X 3 ,Y3 , Z3 ) .
y3 x1 x 2 + y32 1 x 32 + y1 y 2 x 3 1
=x0 = , y0
   x 1 y1 1 x 1 y1 1
5. Volume of Parallelepiped V = u ⋅ v × w ( ) x2 y2 1 x2 y2 1
x3 y3 1 x3 y3 1
1   
6. Volume of Pyramid V =
6
(
u⋅ v×w ) 8. Area of a Triangle
x1 y1 1
1 x − x1 y 2 − y1
      1 =1 2
7. If u ⋅ v × w = ( )
0 , then the vectors u , v , and w are

A=
2
x2
x3
y2
y3 1
2 x 3 − x1 y 3 − y1
  
linearly dependent, so w = λu + µ v for some scalars λ
and µ . 9. Area of a Quadrilateral

      1 ( x1 − x 2 )( y1 + y 2 ) + ( x 2 − x 3 )( y 2 + y3 ) + 
( )
8. If u ⋅ v × w ≠ 0 , then the vectors u , v , and w are A= 
2  ( 3 4 )( 3 4 ) ( 4 1 )( 4 1 )
x − x y + y + x − x y + y


linearly independent.
10. Distance Between Two Points in Polar Coordinates
        
9. (
Vector Triple Product u × v × w = u ⋅ w v − u ⋅ v w ) ( ) ( )
= =
d AB r12 + r22 − 2r1r2 cos ( ϕ2 − ϕ1 )

11. 
Converting Rectangular Coordinates to polar
COORDINATE SYSTEM – 6 Coordinates x = r cos ϕ , y = r sin ϕ.
6.1 Two – Dimensional Coordinate System 12. 
Converting Polar Coordinates to Rectangular
y
=
Coordinates r x + y , tan ϕ = .
2 2

Point coordinates : Positive real number: a, b, c, x

x 0 , x1 , x2 , y 0 , y 1 , y 2 Distance between two points : d 6.2 Straight Line in Plane

Polar coordinates: r, ϕ Area : A
Point coordinates : Angle between two lines : ϕ
Real number : λ 
X, Y, x, x0, x1, y0, y1, a1, a2, ... Normal vector : n
1. Distance Between Two Points Real numbers:   
Position vectors : r , a , b
d = AB = ( x 2 − x 1 ) + ( y 2 − y1 )
2 2 k, a, b, p, t, A, B, C, A1, A2, . . .

Angles : α, β
2. Dividing a Line Segment in the Ratio λ : 1
1. General Equation of a Straight Line
x1 + λx 2 y + λy 2
x0 = , y0 = 1 . Ax + By + C = 0
1+λ 1+λ
2. Normal vector to a Straight Line
3. Midpoint of a Line Segment 
The vector n ( A , B ) is normal to the line Ax + By + C =
0.
x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2
=
x0 =, y0 = , λ 1. 3.  xplicit Equation of a Straight Line (Slope – Intercept
E
2 2 Form) y = kx + b.
4. Centroid (Intersection of Medians) of a Triangle y 2 − y1
4. =
Gradient of a Line =
k tan α
x1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y 3 x 2 − x1
=
x0 = , y0 ,
3 3 5.  quation of a Line Given a Point and the Gradient
E
Where A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), and C(x3, y3) are vertices of the y =y0 + k ( x − x 0 ) ,
triangles ABC.
Where k is the gradient, P(x0, y0) is a point of the line.
5. Incenter (Intersection of Angle Bisectors) of a Triangle 6. Equation of a Line That Passes Through Two Points
ax1 + bx 2 + cx 3 ay1 + by 2 + cy3 x y 1
= x0 = , y0 ,
a+b+c a+b+c ( x 2 − x1 )( y − y1 ) =( y 2 − y1 )( x − x1 ) or, x1 y1 1 = 0.
where a = BC, b = CA, c = AB are the sides of ∆ABC x2 y2 1
6. Circumcentre (Intersection of the Side Perpendicular
Bisectors) of a Triangle
 APPENDIX 239

x y 2. Equation of a Circle Centred at Any Point (a, b)

7. Intercept Form + =1 (x – a)2+(y – b)2 = R2
a b
3. Three Point Form
8. Normal Form x cos β + y sin β − p = 0
x2 + y2 x y 1
x − x 1 y − y1 x12 + y12 x1 y1 1
9. Point Direction Form = , =0
X Y x 22 + y 22 x 2 y 2 1
where (X, Y) is the direction of the line and P1 ( x1 , y1 ) x 2 + y32 x3 y3 1
3
lies on the line. 4. Parametric Form
10. Vertical Line x = a
11. Horizontal Line y = b  x = R cos t
    , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
12. Vector Equation of a Straight Line r= a + tb ,  y = R sin t
where 5. General Form
O is the origin of the coordinates, X is any variable point
 Ax2+Ay2+Dx+Ey +F = 0 (A nonzero, D2 + E2 > 4AF).

on the line, a is the position vector of a known point A
 The centre of the circle has coordinates (a, b), where
on the line, b is a known vector of direction, parallel to
 
the line, t is a parameter, r = OX is the position vector D E
a= − , b= − .
of any point X on the line. 2 A 2 A

13. Straight Line in Parametric Form
The radius of the circle is R = D + E − 4 AF .
2 2

x= a1 + tb1 and y =
a2 + tb2
2A
where
(x, y) are the coordinated of any unknown point on the
line,
6.4 Ellipse
(a1, a2) are the coordinates of a known point on the line, Semimajor axis : a, Semiminor axis: b, Foci : F1(–c, 0), F2(c, 0),
(b1, b2) are the coordinates of a vector parallel to the Distance between the foci : 2c, Eccentricity : e, Real numbers :
line, t is a parameter. A, B, C, D, E, F, t, Perimeter : L, Area : A.
14. Distance Form a Point To a Line x2 y2
1. Equation of an Ellipse (Standard Form) + =
1
The distance from the point P(a, b) to the line a2 b 2
Aa + Bb + C 2. r1 + r2 = 2a,
Ax + By + C = 0 is d = . where r1, r2 are distances from any point P(x, y) on the
A +B 2 2
ellipse to the two foci.
15. Parallel Lines
3. a2 = b2 + c2
Two lines y = k1x + b1 and y = k2 x + b2 are parallel,
If k1 = k2. c
4. Eccentricity e= <I
Two lines A1x + B1y + C1 = 0 and A2x + B2y + C2 = 0 a

A1 B1 a a2
are parallel if = . 5. Equations of Directrices x =± =±
A2 B2 e c

16. Perpendicular Lines 6. Parametric Form

Two lines y = k1x + b1 and y = k2 x + b2 are perpendicu-
x = a cos t
1  , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
lar if k 2 = − or, equivalently, k1k2 = –1.
k1  y = b sin t
7. General Form
Two lines A1x + B1y + C1 = 0 and A2x + B2y + C2 = 0
are perpendicular if A1A2 + B1B2 = 0. Ax + Bxy + Cy + Dx + Ey + F =
2 2
0,
17. Angle Between Two Lines
where B2 − 4 AC < 0.
k 2 − k1 A1 A2 + B1B2
= tan ϕ = , and cos ϕ . 8. 
General Form with Axes Parallel to the Coordinate
1 + k1 k 2 A12 + B12 ⋅ A22 + B22
Axes
18. Intersection of Two Lines
Ax + Cy + Dx + Ey + F =
0, Where AC > 0.
2 2

If two lines A1x + B=

1 y + C1 0 and A2 x + B2=
y + C2 0 9. Circumference
intersect, the intersection point has coordinates L = 4aE(e),
where the function E is the complete elliptic integral of
−C1B2 + C2 B1 − A1C2 + A2C1 the second kind.
= x0 = , y0
A1B2 − A2 B1 A1B2 − A2 B1
10. Approximate Formulas of the Circumference

6.3 Circle L= (
π 1.5( a + b ) − ab , )
Radius : R, Centre of circle: (a,b), Point coordinates : x, y, x1,
y1, . . . , Real numbers: A, B, C, D, E, F, t. L=
π 2 a2 + b 2 . ( )
1. Equation of a circle Centred at the Origin (Standard
Form) x2 + y2= R2 11. Area of Ellipse A=πab
240 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers MATHEMATICS

6.5 Hyperbola
 p
 Coordinates of the focus F  0,  ,
Transverse axis : a, Conjugate axis : b, Foci : F1(–c, 0), F2(c, 0),  2
Distance between the foci : 2c, Eccentricity : e,  Coordinates of the vertex M(0,0).
Asymptotes : s, t, Real numbers : A, B, C, D, E, F, t, k.
4. General Form, Axis Parallel to the y – axis
1. Equation of a Hyperbola (Standard Form) Ax2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 (A, E nonzero),

x2 − y2 =
2 2
1 y = ax 2 + bx + c , p = 1 .
a b 2a

r1 − r2 =
2.  2a , where r1, r2 are distances from any point p
 Equation of the directrix =
y y0 − ,
2
P(x, y)on the hyperbola to the two foci.
 p
b  Coordinates of the focus F  x 0 , y0 + 
3. Equations of Asymptotes y = ± x  2
a
 Coordinates of the vertex
4. c2 = a2 + b2
b 4 ac − b 2
c x0 = − , y0= ax 02 + bx 0 + c= .
5. Eccentricity e= >1 2a 4a
a

6.7 Three – Dimensional Coordinate

a a2
6. Equations of Directrices x =± =
e
±
c System
7. Parametric Equations of the Right Branch of a Point coordinates: x0, y0, z0, x1, y1, z1,..., Real number : λ,
Hyperbola Distance between two points : d, Area : S, Volume: V
1. Distance Between Two Points
x = a cosh t
 , 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
( x 2 − x 1 ) + ( y 2 − y 1 ) + ( z 2 − z1 )
2 2 2
d = AB =
 y = b sinh t

8. General Form 2. Dividing a Line Segment in the Ratio λ : 1

x1 + λx 2 y + λy 2 z + λz 2
0, where B2 - 4AC > 0
Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = x0 = , y0 = 1 , z0 = 1 ,
1+λ 1+λ 1+λ
9.  eneral Form with Axes Parallel to the Coordinate
G 3. Midpoint of a Line Segment
Axes
x + x2 , y + y2 , z + z2 ,
Ax 2  Cy 2  Dx  Ey  F  0, x0 = 1 y0 = 1 z0 = 1 λ =1
2 2 2
where AC < 0. 4. Area of a Triangle
10. Asymptotic Form  The area of a triangle with vertices P1 (x1, y1, z1),
P2 (x2, y2, z2), and P3 (x3, y3, z3), is given by
e2 k e2
=xy = , or y =
, where k .
4 x 4 y1 z1 1
2
z1 x1 1
2
x1 y1 1
2

In this case, the asymptotes have equations x = 0 and 1

=
A y2 z2 1 + z2 x2 1 + x2 y2 1 .
y= 0. 2
y3 z3 1 z3 x3 1 x3 y3 1

6.6 Parabola
5. Volume of a Tetrahedron

Focal parameter : p, Focus : F, Vertex : M(x0, y0), The volume of a tetrahedron with vertices P1 (x1, y1, z1),
Real numbers : A, B, C, D, E, F, p, a, b, c. P2 (x2, y2, z2), P3 (x3, y3, z3), and P4 (x4, y4, z4) is given by
1. Equation of a Parabola (Standard Form)
x1 y1 z1 1
y2=2px
1 x2 y2 z2 1
p V= ± , or
 Equation of the directrix x = − , 6 x3 y3 z3 1
2
x4 y4 z4 1
p 
 Coordinates of the focus F  , 0  , x1 − x 4 y1 − y 4 z1 − z 4
2  1
V=
± x2 − x4 y2 − y4 z2 − z4
 Coordinates of the vertex M(0,0). 6
x3 − x4 y3 − y 4 z3 − z 4
2. General Form
Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Note : We choose the sign (+) or (–) so that to get a

Where B2 – 4AC = 0. positive answer for volume.

1
3.= =
y ax 2
,p . 6.8. Plane
2a
Point coordinates: x, y, z, x0, y0, z0, x1, y1, z1, . . .
p
 Equation of the directrix y = − Real numbers: A, B, C, D, A1, A2, a, b, c, a1, a2, λ, p, t, ...
2
 APPENDIX 241
  
Normal vectors : n , n 1 , n 2 , Direction cosines: cosα, cosβ, A1 B1 C1
= = .
cosγ, Distance from point to plane: d A2 B2 C2
1. General Equation of a Plane 11. Perpendicular Planes
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 Two planes A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 =
0 and
2. Normal Vector to a Plane
 A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 =
0 are perpendicular if
The vector n (A, B, C) is normal to the plane
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0. A1A2 + B1B2 + C1C2 = 0.
3. Particular cases of the Equation of a Plane 12. Equation of a Plane Through P(x1, y1, z1) and Parallel to
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 the Vectors (a1, b1, c1) and (a2, b2, c2)
 If A = 0, the plane is parallel to the x-axis. x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
 If B = 0, the plane is parallel to the y-axis. a1 b1 c1 = 0
 If C = 0, the plane is parallel to the z-axis. a2 b2 c2

 If D = 0, the plane lies on the origin.
13. 
Equation of a Plane Through P1(x1, y1, z1) and
 If A = B = 0, the plane is parallel to the xy-axis. P2(x2, y2, z2), and Parallel to the Vector (a, b, c).
 If B = C = 0, the plane is parallel to the yz-axis.
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
 If A = C = 0, the plane is parallel to the xz-axis.
x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1 =
0
4. Point Direction Form a b c

A(x – x0) + B(y – y0) + C(z – z0) = 0,
14. Distance From a Point To a Plane
Where the point P(x0, y0, z0 ) lies in the plane, and the
vector (A, B, C) is normal to the plane. The distance from the point P1(x1, y1, z1) to the plane
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 is
5. Intercept Form

x y z Ax1 + By1 + Cz1 + D

+ + =1 d= .
a b c A 2 + B2 + C 2

6. Three Point Form 15. Intersection of Two Planes

If two planes A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 =
0 and
x y z 1
x − x 3 y − y 3 z − z3
x1 y1 z1 1 A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 =
0 intersect, the intersection
x1 − x 3 =y1 − y3 z1 − z3 0, or,= 0.
x 2 y2 z2 1 straight line is given by
x 2 − x 3 y 2 − y 3 z 2 − z3
x 3 y 3 z3 1 x= x1 + at
 − x 1 y − y 1 z − z1
7. Normal Form =y y1 + bt , or, x= = ,
= + a b c
x cosα + y cos β + z cos γ – p = 0,  z z 1 ct
where p is the perpendicular distance from the origin where
to the plane, and cosα, cos β, cos γ are the direction
cosines of any line normal to the plane. B1 C1 C1 A1 A1 B1
= a = ,b = ,c
8. Parametric Form B2 C2 C 2 A2 A2 B2

x =x1 + a1 s + a2 t D1 C1 D B1
 b −c 1
 y = y1 + b1 s + b2 t , D2 C2 D2 B2
 z =z + c s + c t x1 = ,
 1 1 2 a2 + b 2 + c 2

where (x, y, z) are the coordinates of any unknown D1 A1 D C1

c −a 1
point on the line, the point P(x1, y1, z1) lies in the plane, D2 A2 D2 C2
the vectors (a1, b1, c1) and (a2, b2, c2) are parallel to the y1 = ,
a2 + b 2 + c 2
plane.
9. Dihedral Angle Between Two Planes D1 B1 D A1
If the planes are given by a −b 1
D2 B2 D2 A2
z1 = .
 A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 =0 and A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0, a2 + b 2 + c 2
then the dihedral angle between them is
6.9 Straight Line in Space
 
n1 ⋅ n2 A1 A2 + B1B2 + C1C2
= cos ϕ =  . Point coordinates: x, y, z, x1, y1, z1, . . .
n1 ⋅ n2 A12 + B12 + C12 × A22 + B22 + C22
Direction cosines: cos α, cos β, cos γ
10. Parallel Planes Real numbers : A, B, C, D, a, b, c, a1, a2, t, . . .
  
Direction vectors of a line : s , s1 , s2
Two planes A1 x + B1 y + C1 z + D1 = 0 and

Normal vector to a plane : n
A2 x + B2 y + C2 z + D2 = 0 are parallel if Angle between two lines: ϕ
242 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers MATHEMATICS

1. Point Direction Form of the Equation of a Line lim  f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) = lim f ( x ) ⋅ lim g ( x )
2.
x →a x →a x →a
x − x 1 y − y 1 z − z1
= = ,
a b c f ( x ) lim f (x)
3. lim = x →a , if lim g ( x ) ≠ 0.
where the point P1(x1, y1, z1) lies on the line, and (a, b, c) x →a g ( x ) lim g ( x ) x →a
x →a
is the direction vector of the line.
2. Two Point Form 4. lim  kf ( x )  = k lim f ( x )
x →a x →a

x − x1 y − y1 z − z1

= =
x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z2 − z1 5.
x →a
(
lim f ( g ( x ) ) = f lim g ( x )
x →a
)
3. Parametric Form 6. lim f ( x ) = f ( a ) , if the function f(x) is continuous at x = a.
x →a

x= x1 + t cot α sin x

 7. lim =1 14. lim a x = 1
=y y1 + t cos β , x →0 x x →0

=z z1 + t cos γ tan x

 8. lim =1 15. lim(1 + x ) =
1
x →0 x x →0
where the point P1(x1, y1, z1) lies on the straight line, −1
sin x
cos α, cos β, cos γ are the direction cosines of the 9. lim =1 16. lim e x = 1
direction vector of the line, the parameter t is any real
x →0 x x →0

number.
4. Angle Between Two Straight Lines tan −1 x ex − 1
10. lim =1 17. lim
  x →0 x x →0 x
s1 ⋅ s2 a1 a2 + b1b2 + c1 c 2
=cos ϕ =  .
s1 ⋅ s2 a12 + b12 + c12 ⋅ a22 + b22 + c 22 ln ( 1 + x ) ax − 1
11. lim =1 18. lim =l
x →0 x x →0 x
5. Parallel Lines
1
x
x x − an

 
Two lines are parallel if s1 || s2 , or, a= b1 c1 12. lim  1 +  =
e 19. lim = na
1
= . x →∞
 x x →0 x−a
a 2 b2 c 2
x
6. Perpendicular Lines  k
  13. lim ek
1 + x  =
Two lines are perpendicular if s1 ⋅ s2 =
0, or, x →∞
 
a1 a2 + b1b2 + c1 c 2 =
0.
7.2 Definition and Properties of the Derivative
7. Intersection of Two Lines Functions : f, g, y, u, v, Independent variable : x,
x − x 1 y − y 1 z − z1 Real constant : k, Angle: α
Two lines = = and
a1 b1 c1 f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x ) ∆y dy
y′ ( x ) lim
1. = = lim =
∆x →0 ∆x ∆x →0 ∆x dx
x − x 2 y − y2 z − z2
= = intersect if dy
a2 b2 c2 2. = tan α
dx
x 2 − x1 y 2 − y1 z 2 − z1 d ( u + v ) du dv
3. = +
a1 b1 c1 = 0 . dx dx dx
a2 b2 c2 d ( u − v ) du dv
4. = −
dx dx dx
8. Parallel Line and Plane
d ( ku ) du
− x1 y − y1 z − z1 and the plane 5. =k
The straight line x= = dx dx
a b c
  d ( u ⋅ v ) du dv
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 are parallel if n ⋅ s =0, 6. Product Rule = ⋅v + u⋅
dx dx dx
or, Aa + Bb + Cc = 0.
9. Perpendicular Line and Plane du dv
⋅v −u⋅
d  u  dx dx
7. Quotient Rule =

x − x 1 y − y 1 z − z1
The straight line = = and the plane dx  v  v2
a b c
8. Chain Rule
 
Ax + By + Cz + D = 0 are perpendicular if n || s , y = f (g(x)) , u = g (x),
dy dy du
or A= B= C . =
dx du dx
⋅ .
a b c
9. Derivative of Inverse Function
dy 1
= ,
DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS - 7 dx dx
dy
7.1 Limits of Functions Where x(y) is the inverse function of y(x).
10. Reciprocal Rule
Function : f(x), g(x), Argument: x, Real constants: a, k
dy
 
1. lim  f ( x ) ± g ( x ) = lim f ( x ) ± lim g ( x ) d  1  = − dx2
x →a x →a x →a
dx  y  y
 APPENDIX 243
11. Logarithmic Differentiation y = f(x), ln y = ln f(x), d 1
dy d
22.
dx
(
tan −1 x =
1 + x2
)
= f ( x ) .  lnf ( x )  .
dx dx
d −1
7.3 Table of Derivatives
23.
dx
(
cot −1 x =
1 + x2
)
Independent variable : x, Real constants : C, a, b, c, Natural
d 1
number : n 24.
dx
(
sec −1 x = )
d x x2 − 1
1. (C ) = 0
dx d −1
25.
dx
(
cosec −1 x = )
d x x2 − 1
2. (x) = 1
dx
d
26. ( sin h x ) = cos h x
d dx
3. ( ax + b ) =
a
dx d
27. ( cos h x ) = sin h x
dx
d
4.
dx
( )
ax 2 + bx + c = 2 ax + b d
( tan
= h x) =
1
sec h 2 x
28.
dx cosh 2 x
d n d 1
5.
dx
( )
x = nx n−1 29.
dx
( cot h x ) =
−
sin h 2 x
− cosec h 2 x
=

d −n n d
6. ( )
x = − n+1 30. ( sec h x ) =
− sec h x ⋅ tan h x
dx x dx
d
7.
d 1 1
= − 2
31. ( cosec h x ) =− cosec h x ⋅ cot h x
dx
dx  x  x
d 1
32.
dx
(
sin h −1 x = )
8.
d
dx
( x ) = 2 1x d
x2 + 1
1
33.
dx
(
cos h −1 x = )
2
x −1
9.
d
dx
( x)= n
n 1
x n−1 d 1
( )
n
34. =
tan h −1 x , x <1 .
dx 1 − x2
d 1
10. ( ln x ) = d
=
(sech −1
x)
−1
0<x <1
dx x 35.
dx x 1 − x2
d 1 d −1
11. ( log a x ) = , a > 0, a ≠ 1. 36. =(cosech −1 x ) , x≠0
dx x ln a
dx x 1 + x2
d x
12.
dx
( )
a = a x ln a , a > 0, a ≠ 1. 37.
d
(
cot h −1 x =
− 2
1
, x >1. )
dx x −1
d v du dv
13.
d x
( )
e = ex 38.
dx
( )
u = vuv−1 ⋅
dx
+ uv l n u.
dx
dx
7.4 Higher Order Derivatives
d
14. ( sin x ) = cos x Functions: f,y,u,v, Independent variable : x, Natural
dx
number: n
d 1. Second derivative
15. ( cos x ) = − sin x
dx
 dy ′ d  dy  d y
2
f ′ )′  =
f ′′ (=
=   = 
d 1  dx  dx  dx  dx
2
16.  tan x   2  sec2 x
dx cos x 2. Higher – Order derivative

17.
d
( cot x ) =
−
1
− cosec 2 x
=
f= (n) dn y
= y=
dx n
(n) n−1 ′
f( ) ( )
dx sin 2 x
( u ± v )( ) =u(n) ± v(n)
n
3.
d
18. ( sec=
x ) tan x ⋅ sec x
dx 4. Leibnitz’s Formulas

d ( uv )′′ =u′′v + 2u′v′ + uv′′

19. ( cosec x ) =
− cot x ⋅ cosec x
dx ( uv ) '"= u "' v + 3u " v '+ 3u ' v "+ uv '"

d 1
20.
dx
(
sin −1 x = ) (uv )(n) = u(n) v + nu(n −1) v '+
n( n − 1) (n −2 )
u v "+ . . . + uv(n)
1 − x2 1. 2
d −1
21.
dx
(
cos−1 x = ) 5. (x )
m
(n)
=
m!
x m −n
1 − x2 ( m − n)!
244 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers MATHEMATICS

11. Second derivative Test for Concavity.

(x )
(n)
n
6. = n!
If f ”(x0)>0, then f(x) is concave upward at x0 .
( −1)n−1 ( n − 1)! If f ”(x0)<0, then f(x) is concave downward at x0 .
( log a x )
(n)
7. =
x n ln a If f ”(x) does not exist or is zero, then the test fails.
n −1
( −1) ( n − 1)! 12. Inflection Points
( ln x )
(n)
8. =
xn If f ’(x3) exists and f ”(x) changes sign at x = x3, then the
point (x3, f(x3)) is an inflection point of the graph of f(x).
(a )
(n)
9. x
= a x ln n a If f ”(x3) exists at the inflection point, then f ”(x3) = 0.
13. L ‘Hopital’s Rule
(n)
10. (e )
x
= ex
f (x) f '( x )
(n)
lim= lim
x →c g ( x ) x →c g '( x )
=
if lim =
f ( x ) lim g(x ) { 0
∞ .
(a )
x →c x →c
mx
11. = m a ln a n mx n

( )  nπ  7.6 Differential
( sin=
x)
n
12. sin  x +
 2  Functions: f, u, v, Independent variable: x, Derivative of
a function: y’(x), f ’(x), Real constant: C, Differential of
( )  nπ 
( cos=
x)
n
13. cos  x + function y=f(x): dy, Differential of x: dx, Small change
 2  in x: ∆x, Small change in y: ∆y

7.5 Applications of Derivative 1. dy = y ' dx

Functions : f, g, y, Position of an object : s, Velocity : v, 2. f ( x + ∆=

x ) f ( x ) + f '( x )∆x
Acceleration : a, Independent variable : x, Time : t, Natural 3.
Small Change in y
number: n
∆=
y f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x )
1. 
Velocity and Acceleration s=f(t) is the position of an
object relative to a fixed coordinate system at a time t, 4. d(u ± v)=du ± dv
v=s’=f’(t) is the instantaneous velocity of the object, 5. d(Cu)=Cdu
a=v’=s”=f”(t) is the instantaneous acceleration of the 6. d(uv)=vdu+udv
object.
2. Tangent Line y – y0 = f ’(x0) (x – x0) 7.  u  vdu − udv
d  =
v v2
1
3. Normal Line y − y0 =
− ( x − x0 )
f '( x 0 )
INTEGRAL CALCULUS – 8
4. Increasing and Decreasing Functions.
Functions : f, g, u, v , Independent variables: x, t, ξ
If f ’(x0)>0, then f(x) is increasing at x0. (x<x1, x2,< x),
If f ’(x0)<0, then f(x) is decreasing at x0. (x1< x < x2),
Indefinite integral of a function : ∫ f ( x )dx , ∫ g( x )dx , . . .
If f ’(x0) does not exist or is zero, then the test fails. Derivative of a function : y '( x ), f '( x ), F'( x ), . . .
5. Local extrema Real constants: C, a, b, c, d, k, Natural numbers: m, n, i, j
A function f(x) has a local maximum at x1 if and only if
there exists some interval containing x1 such that f(x1)≥ 8.1 Indefinite Integral
f(x) for all x in the interval.
1
A function f(x) has a local minimum at x2 if and only
if there exists some interval containing x2 such that
1. ∫ f (=
ax )dx
a
F( ax ) + C
f(x2)≤f(x) for all x in the interval.
1 2
6. Critical Points 2. ∫ f (x) f =
'( x )dx
2
f (x) + C
A critical point on f(x) occurs at x0 if and only if either
f ‘(x0) is zero or the derivative doesn’t exist. f '( x )
3. ∫ =
f (x)
dx ln f ( x ) + C
7. First Derivative Test for Local Extrema.
If f(x) is increasing (f ‘(x)>0) for all x in some interval 4. Method of Substitution
(a, x1] and f(x) is decreasing (f ‘(x)<0) for all x in some
interval [x1, b), then f(x) has a local maximum at x1. ∫ f ( x )dx
= f ( u ( t ) ) u ' ( t ) dt if x
∫= u(t).
8. 
If f(x) is decreasing (f ‘(x)<0) for all x in some interval
(a, x2] and f(x) is decreasing (f ‘(x)>0) for all x in some x p+1
∫x=
p
interval [x2, b), then f(x) has a local minimum at x2. 5. dx + C , p ≠ −1.
p +1
9. Second Derivative Test for Local Extrema.
( ax + b )
n +1
If f ’(x1)= 0 and f “(x1)<0, then f(x) has a local maximum
∫ ( ax=
+ b ) dx
n
6. + C , n ≠ −1.
at x1. a(n + 1)
If f ’(x2)= 0 and f “(x2)>0, then f(x) has a local minimum
at x2. dx
7. ∫=
x
ln x + C
10. Concavity.
If f'(x) is concave upward at x0 if and only if f ’(x) is dx 1
increasing at x0, x3< x.
8.
∫ ax=
+b a
ln ax + b + C

If f(x) is concave downward at x0 if and only if f ’(x) is

decreasing at x0, x< x3. ax + b a bc − ad
9. ∫ cx + d dx = c
x+
c2
ln cx + d + C
 APPENDIX 245

dx 1 x+b dx 1 ax + b − b − ac
10. ∫ ( x + a)(=
x + b)
ln
a−b x+a
+ C , a ≠ b. = 5. ∫ ln +C ,
( x + c ) ax + b b − ac ax + b − b − ac
 b – ac > 0.
xdx
11. ∫ a + bx=
1
b2
( a + bx − a ln a + bx ) + C dx 1 ax + b
=
6. ∫ ( x + c ) ax + b ac − b
tan −1
ac − b
+ C , b – ac < 0.

x 2 dx 1 1 
12. ∫ a + bx
=
b 3  2
( a + bx )2 − 2a( a + bx ) + a 2 ln a + bx  + C ax + b 1
( ax + b )( cx + d )
 7. ∫ cx + d
dx =
c
dx 1 a + bx ad − bc
13. ∫ x( a + bx ) =
− ln
a x
+C −
c ac
ln a( cx + d ) + c( ax + b ) + C , a > 0.

dx 1 b a + bx ax + b 1
14. ∫ x ( a + bx ) =
− + ln +C 8. ∫ dx = ( ax + b )( cx + d )
2
ax a 2
x cx + d c
ad − bc a( cx + d )
15. xdx 1 a  − tan −1 + C , ( a < 0, c > 0 ) .
∫ ( a + bx=
) 2
b 2 
ln a + bx +
a + bx 
+C c ac c( ax + b )

x 2 dx 1 a2  (
2 8 a 2 − 12 abx + 15b 2 x 2 )
∫ ( a + bx ) 9. ∫ x ax + b dx
= 2
16. = 3 
a + bx − 2 a ln a + bx − +C ( a + bx )3 + C
2
b  a + bx  105b 3

dx 1 1 a + bx 10. ∫
=
(
x 2 dx 2 8 a 2 − 4 abx + 3b 2 x 2 ) a + bx + C
17. ∫ x ( a + bx ) 2
= + ln
a ( a + bx ) a 2 x
+C
a + bx 15b 3
dx 1 a + bx − a
dx 1 a+x
=
11. ∫ x a + bx a
ln
a + bx + a
+ C , a > 0.
∫ a2 − x 2 2a ln a − x + C
18. =
dx 2 a + bx
dx 1 x−a
∫ x a + bx
12. =
−a
tan −1
−a
+ C , a < 0.
∫ x 2 − a2 2a ln x + a + C
19. =
a−x x+b
13. ∫ b+x
dx = ( a − x )( b + x ) + ( a + b )sin −1
a+b
+C
dx 1 x
20. ∫= tan −1 + C a+x b−x
a +x ∫
2 2
a a 14. dx =− ( a + x )( b − x ) − ( a + b )sin −1 +C
b−x a+b
xdx 1 1+ x
21. ∫x 2
=
+ a2 2
ln x 2 + a 2 + C ( ) 15. ∫ 1−x
− 1 − x 2 + sin −1 x + C
dx =

dx 1  b dx x−a
∫ a + bx 2
22.= tan −1  x  + C , ab > 0. 16. ∫ = 2 sin −1
b−a
+C
ab  a ( x − a )( b − a )

xdx 1 a 2 cx − b
23. ∫ a += 2
ln x 2 + + C 17. ∫ a + bx − =
cx 2 dx
4c
a + bx − cx 2 +
bx 2b b
dx 1 x2 b 2 − 4 ac 2 cx − b
∫ x a + bx 2 2a ln a + bx 2 + C
24. =
( )
 +
8 c3
sin −1
b 2 + 4 ac
+C

dx 1 a + bx dx 1
∫ a2 − b 2 x 2 2ab ln a − bx + C
25. = 18. ∫ =
ax 2 + bx + c a
ln 2 ax + b + 2 a( ax 2 + bx + c ) + C ,

dx 1 2 ax + b − b 2 − 4 ac a > 0.
26. ∫ 2
= ln +C ,
ax + bx + c b 2 − 4 ac 2 ax + b + b 2 − 4 ac dx 1 2 ax + b 2
 b2 – 4ac > 0.
19. ∫ 2
ax + bx + c
=
−
a
sin −1
4a
b − 4 ac + C , a < 0.

dx 2 2 ax + b
=27. ∫ 2 tan −1 +C , x 2 a2
ax + bx + c 4 ac − b 2 4 ac − b 2
20. ∫ x 2 + a 2 dx
=
2
x + a 2 + ln x + x 2 + a 2 + C
2
b2 – 4ac < 0.
1 2
( )
3
8.2 Integral of Irrational Functions 21. ∫x x 2 + a 2 dx = x + a2 2
+C
3
dx 2
1. ∫ =
ax + b a
ax + b + C
x
22. ∫x
2
x 2 + a 2 dx =
8
(
2x 2 + a2 ) x 2 + a2
2 3
2. ∫ ax + b dx= ( ax + b ) 2 + C
3a a4
 − ln x + x 2 + a 2 + C
8
xdx 2 ( ax − 2b )
∫ ax + b
3. =
3a 2
ax + b + C
x 2 + a2 x 2 + a2
2 ( 3ax − 2b ) 3
23. ∫ x 2
dx =
−
x
+ ln x + x 2 + a 2 + C
4. ∫x =
ax + b dx ( ax + b ) 2 + C
15a 2
246 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers MATHEMATICS

dx a2 − x 2 x
24. ∫ x 2 + a2
= ln x + x 2 + a 2 + C 45. ∫ x
dx = a 2 − x 2 + a ln +C
a + a2 − x 2

x 2 + a2 x a2 − x 2 a2 − x 2 x
25. ∫ x
dx = x 2 + a 2 + a ln
a + x 2 + a2
+C 46. ∫ x
dx =
−
x
− sin −1 + C
a

xdx dx
26. ∫ = x 2 + a2 + C 47. ∫ = sin −1 x + C
1 − x2
x +a 2 2

dx x
x 2 dx
x 2 a2 48. ∫ = sin + C
27. ∫ 2
x +a
=
2 2
x + a 2 − ln x + x 2 + a 2 + C
2
a2 − x 2 a

xdx
dx 1 x
49. ∫ a2 − x 2
− a2 − x 2 + C
=
=
28. ∫ x x 2 + a2 a ln a + x 2 + a2 + C
x 2 dx x 2 a2 x
x 2 a 2
50. ∫ 2
a −x
=
−
2
a − x 2 + sin −1 + C
2 2 a
29. ∫ x 2 − a 2 dx
=
2
x − a 2 − ln x + x 2 − a 2 + C
2
dx 1 a−x
1 2
51. ∫ (x + a) a −x
2
=
−
2 a+x
+C
2

( )
3

∫x x 2 − a 2 dx = x − a2 +C
2
30.
3
dx 1 a+x
52. ∫ (x − a) 2
a −x
=
−
2 a−x
+C
2
x −a 2 2
a
31. ∫ x
dx = x 2 − a 2 + a sin −1
x
+C
dx 1 bx + a 2
53. ∫=
(x + b) a − x 2 2 2
b −a 2
sin −1
a( x + b )
+ C , b > a.
x 2 − a2 x 2 − a2
32. ∫ x 2
dx =
−
x
+ ln x + x 2 − a 2 + C
dx 1
54. ∫ (x + b) = dx 1
a 2 −∫ x( 2x + b )a 2 a−2 b−2 x 2
=
a − b2
2

dx
33. ∫ x 2 − a2
= ln x + x 2 − a 2 + C
ln
x+b
ln
x ++b C , b < a.
+ C , b < a.
a 2 − b 2 a 2 − xa22 +− ab22 + abx
2
− x 2 + a 2 + bx

xdx
34. ∫ x 2 − a2
= x 2 − a2 + C
55. ∫x
dx
= −
a2 − x 2
+C
2 2
a −x 2 a2 x
x 3a 4 x
∫( ) ( )
3
x 2 dx
x 2 2 a2 56. a 2 − x 2 2 dx
= 5a 2 − 2 x 2 a 2 − x 2 + sin −1 + C
35. ∫ x −a
=
2 22
x − a + ln x + x 2 − a 2 + C
2 8 8 a

dx x
∫x
dx 1 a
− sin −1 + C
=
57. ∫ = +C
36.
( )
3 2 2
a x
2
a −x 2 2 a a − x2
2
x −a 2

dx 1 x−a 8.3 Integrals of Trigonometric Functions

37. ∫ ( x + a) =
x −a 2 2 a x+a
+C

x 1
∫ sin x dx =
2
dx 1 x+a 1. − sin 2 x + C
38. ∫ ( x − a) x 2 − a2 =
−
a x−a
+C 2 4

x 1
∫ cos x dx =
2
dx x 2 − a2 2. + sin 2 x + C
39. ∫ x2 =
x 2 − a2 a2 x
+C 2 4

1 1 3
∫ sin =
3
dx x 3. x dx cos3 x − cos x=
+C cos 3x − cos x + C
40. ∫ =
− +C 3 12 4
(x )
3
2
− a2 2 a2 x 2 − a2

x 1 1 3
∫ (x ) ( )
3
∫ cos x dx=
3
41. 2
− a2 2
dx =
− 2 x 2 − 5a 2 x 2 − a2 + 4. sin x − sin 3 x + C= sin 3x + sin x + C
8 3 12 4

3a 4 dx x

+
8
ln x + x 2 − a 2 + C ∫ sin x
5. = ∫ cosec
= x dx ln tan
2
+C

dx x π
42. ∫ a 2 − x 2 dx
=
x 2 a2 x
a − x 2 + sin −1 + C
6. ∫ cos
= ∫ sec =
x
x dx ln tan  +  + C
2 2
2 2 a
dx
∫ sin ∫ cosec x dx =
= 2
1 7. − cot x + C
( )
3

∫x
2
43. a 2 − x 2 dx =
− a2 − x 2 2
+C x
3
dx
x a4 x ∫ cos=x ∫
2
sec =
x dx tan x + C
44. ∫x
2
a 2 − x 2 dx
=
8
(
2x 2 − a2 ) a2 − x 2 +
8
sin −1 + C
a
8. 2
 APPENDIX 247

dx cos x 1 x
∫ cos
−1
32. dx x cos−1 x − 1 − x 2 + C
x=
∫ sin ∫ csc x dx =
3
9. 3
= − + ln tan + C
x 2 sin 2 x 2 2
1
dx sin x 1  1  33. ∫ tan
−1
x dx x tan −1 x − ln x 2 + 1 + C
=
2
( )
∫ cos3 x = ∫ sec x dx = 2 cos2 x + 2 ln tan x +  cos x  + C
3
10.
1
34. ∫ cot =
−1 −1
x dx x cot x + ln x 2 + 1 + C
2
( )
x 1
∫ sin
2
11. x cos2 x dx =− sin 4 x + C 8.4 Integrals of Hyperbolic Functions
8 32

12. ∫ tan x dx =
− ln cos x + C
1. ∫ sin h=
x dx cos h x + C

13.
sin x
∫ cos 2
dx=
1
+ C= sec x + C
2. ∫ cos h=
x dx sin h x + C
x cos x
3. ∫ tan
= h x dx ln cos h x + C
sin 2 x x π 
14. ∫ = dx ln tan  +  − sin x + C
cos x 2 4 4. ∫ cot
= h x dx ln sin h x + C

∫ tan x dx
2
= tan x − x + C
15.
∫ sec h=
2
5. x dx tan h x + C

∫ cosec h
2
x dx =
− cot h x + C
16. ∫ cot
= x dx ln sin x + C 6.

17.
cos x
∫ sin 2
dx =−
1
+C =− csc x + C
7. ∫ sec h x tan h x dx =
− sec h x + C
x sin x

cos2 x x
8. ∫ cosec h x cot h x dx =
− cosec h x + C
18. ∫ sin x
= ln tan + cos x + C
dx
2
8.5 Integrals of Exponential and Logarithmic
19. ∫ cot x dx =− cot x − x + C
2
Functions
dx
∫ e dx=
x
1. ex + C
20. ∫ cos=
x sin x
ln tan x + C

ax
∫a=
x
dx 1 x π 2. dx +C
21. ∫ =
− + ln tan  +  + C ln a
sin 2 x cos x sin x 2 2
dx 1 x e ax
22. ∫ sin x cos 2
x
= + ln tan + C
cos x 2 3. ∫e
ax
=
dx
a
+C

dx e ax
23. ∫ sin 2
x cos2 x
= tan x − cot x + C 4. ∫ xe
ax
=
dx ( ax − 1) + C
a2
sin ( m + n ) x sin ( m − n ) x
24. ∫ sin mx sin nx dx =
−
2 (m + n)
+
2 (m − n)
+ C, 5. ∫ ln x dx
= x ln x − x + C

 m2 ≠ n2.
dx
cos ( m + n ) x cos ( m − n ) x 6. ∫=
x ln x
ln|ln x |+ C
25. ∫ sin mx cos nx dx =
− − + C,
2 (m + n) 2 (m − n)
 ln x 1 
 m2 ≠ n2.
∫x
ln x dx = x n+1  +C
n
7. −
 n + 1 ( n + 1) 
2

sin ( m + n ) x sin ( m − n ) a sin bx − b cos bx ax

= ∫ e sin bx dx
ax
e +C
26.
2 (m + n) ∫ cos mx cos nx dx =
+
2 (m − n)
+ C, 8
a2 + b 2
m2 ≠ n2.
a cos bx + b sin bx ax
9. ∫ e cos bx dx
= ax
e +C
27. ∫ sec x tan x=
dx sec x + C a2 + b 2

28. ∫ cosec x cot x dx =

− cosec x + C
8.6 Reduction Formulas
n +1
cos x 1 n mx n n−1 mx
∫ sin x cos=
n
+C
29. x dx
∫ x= x e − ∫ x e dx
n mx
1. e dx
n+1 m m
sin n+1 x
∫ sin
n
30. =
x cos x dx +C
n+1 e mx e mx m e mx
2. ∫x n
dx =
−
( )
n − 1 x n−1
+
n − 1 ∫ x n −1
dx , n ≠ 1.

∫ sin
−1
31. dx x sin −1 x + 1 − x 2 + C
x=
248 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers MATHEMATICS

1 n −1 x n +1 ln m x m
n
3. ∫ sin h x dx sin h n−1 x cos h x − sin h n−2 x dx
n ∫ ∫ x= n +1 ∫
= 22.
n
ln xdx m
− x n ln m−1 xdx
n n +1

ln m x ln m x m ln m−1 x
dx
∫ sin h n x =
cos h x n−2 dx 23. ∫ dx =
− +
−1 ∫ xn
dx , n ≠ 1.
( n − 1) sin h n−1 x n − 1 ∫ sin h n−2 x ( )
4. − − , n ≠ 1. xn n − 1 x n−1
n

1
∫ cos h sin h x cos h n−1 x cos h x
n
5. x dx =
n
24. ∫ ln= x ln n x − n ∫ ln n−1 xdx
n
n −1 xdx
n ∫
+ cos h n−2 x dx

∫x xdx x n cosh x − n ∫ x n−1 cosh xdx

n
dx sin h x n−2 dx 25. =
sinh
6. ∫ cos h n
x
=
−
( n − 1) cos h n−1 x n − 1 ∫ cos h n−2 x
+ , n ≠ 1.
26. ∫x xdx x n sinh x − n ∫ x n−1 sinh xdx
n
=
cosh

sin h n+1 x cos h m−1 x

∫ sin h ∫x −x n cos x + n ∫ x n−1 cos xdx
n
7. x cos h m xdx = 27. n
sin xdx =
n+m
∫x xdx x n sin x − n ∫ x n−1 sin xdx
n
m −1 28. =
cos
n+m∫
+ sin h n x cos h m−2 x dx

x n+1 1 x n+1
∫ x= ∫
−1
29. n
sin xdx sin −1 x − dx
sin h n−1 x cos h m+1 x n +1 n + 1 1 − x2
∫ sin h
n
8. x cos h m xdx =
n+m
x n+1 1 x n+1
∫ x= n + 1 ∫ 1 − x2
−1
n −1 30.
n
cos xdx cos−1 x + dx
n+m∫
− sinh n−2 x cos h m xdx n +1

x n+1 1 x n+1
∫ x= ∫
−1
31. n
tan xdx tan −1 x − dx
1 n +1 n + 1 1 + x2
∫ tan h tan h n−1 x + ∫ tan h n−2 xdx , n ≠ 1.
n
9. xdx =
−
n −1
x n dx x b dx
∫ ax + b a a ∫ ax n + b
1 32. = −
10. ∫ cot h xdx = cot h n−1 x + ∫ cot h n−2 xdx , n ≠ 1.
n
− n
n −1

sec h n−2 x tan h x n − 2 dx −2ax − b

11. ∫ sec h xdx =
n
+
n −1 ∫
sec h n−2 xdx , n ≠ 1. 33.
∫ =
( ) ( n − 1) ( b 2 − 4ac )( ax 2 + bx + c )
n n−1
n −1 ax 2 + bx + c
1 n −1
12. ∫ sin n xdx =
n ∫
− sin n−1 x cos x + sin n−2 xdx
n 2( 2n − 3)a dx
( n − 1) ( b 2 − 4ac ) ∫ ( ax 2 + bx + c )n−1
− , n ≠ 1.
dx cos x n−2 dx
13. ∫
( n − 1)sin n −1 x n − 1 ∫ sin n−2 x
=
− + , n ≠ 1.
sin n x
1 n −1 dx x
∫ cos xdx n sin x cos x + n ∫ cos xdx 34. ∫ =
n−1 n−2
=
14.
n

(x ) ( )
n n −1
2
+a 2
2 ( n − 1) a x 2 + a 2 2

dx sin x n−2 dx 2n − 3 dx
15. ∫ cos ( n − 1) cosn−1 x n − 1 ∫ cosn−2 x
= + , n ≠ 1. +
2 ( n − 1) a 2 ∫ , n ≠ 1.
( )
n
x x 2 + a2
n−1

sin n+1 x cosm−1 x dx x

16. ∫ sin
n
x cosm xdx = 35. ∫ = −
( ) ( )
n n−1
n+m x 2 − a2 2 ( n − 1) a 2 x 2 − a 2
m −1
n+m∫
+ sin n x cosm−2 xdx 2n − 3 dx
 −
2 ( n − 1) a 2 ∫ , n ≠ 1.
(x )
n −1
2
− a2

sin n−1 x cosm+1 x
∫ sin x cos xdx = −
n m
17.
n+m 8.7 Definite Integral – Properties
n −1
n+m∫
+ sin n−2 x cosm xdx b b
 Definite integral of a function : ∫ f ( x )dx , ∫ g( x )dx , . . .
a a

1
18. ∫ tan xdx =
n
tan n−1 x '− ∫ tan n−2 xdx , n ≠ 1.
n −1 a

19. ∫ cot n xdx =

−
1
cot n−1 x − ∫ cot n−2 xdx , n ≠ 1.
1. ∫ f ( x ) dx = 0
a
n −1
b a

sec n−2 x tan x n − 2

2. ∫ f ( x ) dx = −∫ f ( x ) dx
a b
∫ sec n −1 ∫
sec n−2 xdx , n ≠ 1.
n
20. xdx = +
n −1 b c b

cosec n−2 x cot x n − 2 3. f ( x ) dx ∫ f ( x ) dx + ∫ f ( x ) dx for a < c < b.

∫=
21. ∫ cosec xdx =
n −1 ∫
n
+ cosec n−2 xdx , n ≠ 1.
n −1 a a c
 APPENDIX 249
b
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS - 9
4. ∫ f ( x ) dx ≥ 0 if f ( x ) ≥ 0 on [ a, b ] .
a
9.1 First Order Ordinary Differential Equa-
b tions
5. ∫ f ( x ) dx ≤ 0 if f ( x ) ≤ 0 on [ a, b ] .
a 1. Linear Equations
6. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus dy
+ p (x) y =
q (x).
dx
b
The general solution is
∫ f ( x ) dx ==
F (x) F ( b ) − F ( a ) if F' ( x ) =
f (x).
b
a

∫ u ( x ) q ( x ) dx + C ,
a

y=
7. Method of Substitution u(x)

( ∫ p ( x ) dx ) .
b d
where u ( x ) = exp
If x = g(t), then ∫ f ( x ) dx =∫ f ( g ( t ) ) g ' ( t ) dt,
a c

−1
2. Separable Equations
=
Where c g= ( a ), d g −1 ( b ).
dy
= f= ( x, y ) g ( x ) h ( y )
8. Trapezoidal Rule dx
b
The general solution is given by
b−a n −1

∫ f ( x=
) dx f ( x 0 ) + f ( x n ) + 2∑ f ( x i ) 
2n  dy
a i =1  =∫ h ( y ) ∫ g ( x ) dx + C ,

9. Simpson's Rule H(y) = G(x) + C.
b − a  f ( x 0 ) + 4 f ( x1 ) + 2 f ( x 2 ) + 4 f ( x 3 ) 
b

∫ f ( x )dx =  , 3. Homogeneous Equations

a
3n  + 2 f ( x 4 ) + ... + 4 f ( x n−1 ) + f ( x n ) 
dy
The differential equation = f ( x , y ) is homogeneous ,
dx
b−a
Where xi =
a+ i, i =
0,1, 2,..., n. if the function f(x, y) is homogeneous, that is
n
f(tx , ty) = f(x,y).
10. Area Between Two Curves
y
b The substitution z = (then y = zx) leads to the
A = ∫  f ( x ) − g ( x )  dx = F ( b ) − G ( b ) − F ( a ) + G ( a ), separable equation x
a
dz
Where F ′ ( x ) = f ( x ) , G′ ( x ) = g ( x ) . x +z=f ( 1, z ) .
dx

4. Bernoulli Equation
1 ∞ n!
11. ∫ xe dx =
− ax
− 2 ( ax + 1) e − ax ∫ x n e − ax dx =
a 0 a n+1 dy
+ p (x) y =
q ( x ) yn .
1
dx
12. ∫x e
2 − ax
dx =
a
(
− 3 a 2 x 2 + 2 ax + 2 e − ax ) The substitution z = y1–n leads to the linear equation

dz
+ (1 − n ) p ( x ) z = (1 − n ) q ( x ) .
∞ 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ (2n − 1) π dx
∫
2
x 2 n ⋅ e − ax dx = n+! n

0 2 a a 5. Riccati Equation
dy
∞ n! =p ( x ) + q ( x ) y + r ( x ) y 2
∫
2

13. x 2 n+1 ⋅ e − ax dx = dx
0 2 a n+1
If a particular solution y1 is known, then the general
n ( n − 1) 2 solution can be obtained with the help of substitution
A (1 + x )
n
=1 + nx +
2!
x + ........ x 2 < 1 ( ) 1
z = , 
which leads to the first order linear
2 3
y − y1 equation
x x
B ln ( 1 + x ) =x − + – ...
2 3 dz
=−  q ( x ) + 2 y1r ( x )  z − r ( x.)
θ θ 3 2 dx
sin θ = θ − + – ... 6. Exact and Non exact Equations
3! 5!
θ 2 θ 4 θ6 The equation M(x,y) dx + N (x,y)dy = 0
cos θ = 1 − + − + ...
2! 4! 6! ∂M ∂N
Is called exact if = , and non exact otherwise.
∂y ∂x
θ3 2θ5
tan θ = θ + + + ...
3! 5! The general solution is ∫ M ( x , y ) dx + ∫ N ( x , y ) dy =
C.
250 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers MATHEMATICS

9.2 Second Order Ordinary Differential Equa- Applies to potential energy function u(x,y) for a
conservative force field in the xy – plane. Partial
tions differential equations of this type are called elliptic.
1. omogeneous Linear Equations with Constant
H ∂ 2 u ∂ 2 u ∂u
Coefficients y′′ + py′ + qy =
0. 2. The Heat Equation + =
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂t
The characteristic equation is λ 2 + pλ + q =0.
Applies to the temperature distribution u(x, y) in the xy
If λ1 and λ2 are distinct real roots of the characteristic plane when heat is allowed to flow from warm areas to
equation, then the general solution is cool ones. The equations of this type are called parabolic.

=
y C1 e λ1x + C2 e λ2x , where ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
3. The Wave Equation + =
C1 and C2 are integration constants. ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂t 2

P Apples to the displacement u(x, y) of vibrating mem-

If λ1 = λ2 = − , then the general solution is branes and other wave functions. The equations of this
2
type are called hyperbolic.
P
− x
=y ( C1 + C2 x ) e 2 . PROBABILITY – 10

If λ1 and λ2 are complex numbers:
10.1 Permutations and Combinations
λ1 = α + βi , λ2 = α - βi , where

Permutations : nPm , Combinations : nCm, Whole numbers :
n, m.
p 4q − p2
α = − ,β = , 1. Factorial
2 2
n! = 1⋅ 2 ⋅ 3...(n - 2) (n - 1)n
=
then the general solution is y e ax ( C1 cos βx + C2 sin βx ) .
0! = 1
2. Inhomogeneous Linear Equation with Constant 2. n
Pn = n!
Coefficients

f (x).
y′′ + py′ + qy = n n!
3. Pm =
( n − m )!
The general solution is given by =
y y p + y h , where
n n!
Binomial Coefficient =
n
yp is a particular solution of the inhomogeneous 4. Cm =
equation and yh is the general solution of the associated
m ( n − m ) ! m!
homogeneous equation. 5. n
Cm = nCn–m
If the right side has the form n
6. Cm + nCm+1 = n+1 Cm+1
f(x) = eax(P1(x)cos βx + P1 (x) sin βx),
then the particular solution yp is given by 7. n
C0 + nC1 + nC2 +...+ nCn = 2n
=
y p x k e ax ( R1 ( x ) cos βx + R2 ( x ) sin βx ) , 8. Pascal’s Triangle
Where the polynomials R1(x) and R2(x) have to be Row 0 1
found by using the method of undetermined coeffi-
cients. Row 1 1 1
 If α + βi is not a root of the characteristic equation,
 Row 2 1 2 1
then the power k = 0, Row 3 1 3 3 1
 If α + βi is a simple root , then k = 1, Row 4 1 4 6 4 1
 If α + βi is a double root , then k = 2, Row 5 1 5 10 10 5 1
3. Differential Equations with y missing y′′ = f ( x , y′ ) . Row 6 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
Set u = y’. Then the new equation satisfied by v is
u′ = f ( x , u ) ,
10.2 Probability Formulas

Events: A, B
Which is a first order differential equation.
Probability: P
4. Differential Equations with x Missing y '' = f ( y , y′ ) . Any positive real number : ε
Set u = y’. Since Standard deviation : σ
Variance : σ2
du du dy du
′′ =
y= = u , Density functions : f(x) , f(t)
dx dy dx dy
Random variable :
X,Y,Z
du
We have u = f ( y, u) , Values of random variables : x , y ,z
dy
Expected value of X : µ
Which is a first order differential equation.
1. Probability of an Event
9.3 Some Partial Differential Equations m
P ( A) = ,
n
2
∂u ∂u 2
1. The Laplace Equation + =
0
∂x 2 ∂y 2 where m is the number of possible positive outcomes, n
is the total number of possible outcomes.
 APPENDIX 251
2. Range of Probability Values 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1 y
3. Certain Event P(A) = 1
4. Impossible Event P(A) = 0 0.4

0.3
5. Complement P A = 1 − P ( A )( ) σ=1
0.2
6. Independent Events P(A/B) = P(A), P(B/A) = P(B)
7. Addition Rule for Independent Events 0.1
P(A∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)
z
8. Multiplication Rule for Independent Events –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) ⋅ P(B)
9. General Addition Rule X −µ
19. Standard Z Value Z =
P(A∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B), σ
Where A∪ B is the union of events A and B, 20. Cumulative Normal Distribution Function
A ∩ B is the intersection of events A and B.
x ( t −µ )2
P ( A ∩ B) 1 −
10. Conditional Probability P ( A / B ) = F(x )= ∫ e 2 σ dt ,
2

P (B) σ 2 π −∞

where x is a particular outcome, t is a variable of

11. P(A ∩ B) = P(B) ⋅P(A/B)= P(A)⋅P(B/A) integration.
m
12. Law of Total Probability P( A ) = ∑ P(Bi )P(A /Bi ), α−µ β−µ
21. P ( α <
= X < β) F   − F σ ,
i =1  σ   
Where Bi is a sequence of mutually exclusive events. where
X is normally distributed random variable, F is
P ( A / B ) .P(B) cumulative normal distribution function,
13. Bayes’ Theorem P(B /A )=
P( A )
P ( α < X < β ) is interval probability.
14. Bayes’ Formula
ε
P ( Bi ) .P ( A / Bi ) 22. P ( X − µ < ε ) = 2 F  
P(Bi /A )= m
, σ
∑ P ( B ).P ( A / B )
i i where X is normally distributed random variable, F is
k =1
cumulative normal distribution function.
Where Bi is a set of mutually exclusive events 23. Cumulative Distribution Function
(hypotheses),
x


A is the final event, P(Bi) are the prior probabilities, F( x )= P( X < x )= ∫ f (t )dt ,
P(Bi/A) are the posterior probabilities, −∞

15. Law of Large Numbers where t is a variable of integration.

24. Bernoulli Trials Process
S  μ = np, σ2 = npq,
P  n − µ ≥ ε  → 0 as n → ∞ ,
 n  where n is a sequence of experiments, p is the

probability of success of each experiments, q is the
S  probability of failure, q = 1 – p.
P  n − µ < ε  → 1 as n → ∞ ,
 n  25. Binomial Distribution Function

Where Sn is the sum of random variables, n is the b( n.p , q ) = n Ck p k q n−k ,

number of possible outcomes.
μ = np, σ2 = npq,
16. Chebyshev Inequality f(x) = (q + pex)n,
where n is the number of trials of selections, p is the
V (X ) probability of success, q is the probability of failure,
P ( X − µ ≥ ε) ≤ 2 ,
ε q = 1 – p.
26. Geometric Distribution
Where V(X) is the variance of X.
17. Normal Density Function P(T = j) = qj – 1 p,

( x −µ )2 1 2 q
1 − µ= , σ= 2 ,
ϕ( x ) = e 2α 2
, p p
σ 2π
where x is a particular outcome. where T is the first successful event is the series,
18. Standard Normal Density Function j is the event number, p is the probability that any
one event is successful, q is the probability of failure,
z2
1 − q=1–p
ϕ( z ) = e 2
2π Poisson Distribution
Average value µ=0, deviation σ=1.
252 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers MATHEMATICS

n
λ k −λ
( X ) E ( X − µ=
)  ∑(x − µ ) Pi ,
2 2
P ( X= k ) ≈ e , λ= np , µ = λ , σ 2 = λ , σ2 V=
= i
k! i =1
where
where λ is the rate of occurrence, k is the number of xi is a particular outcome,
positive outcomes. pi is its probability.
27. Expected Value of Discrete Random Variables
33. Variance of Continuous Random Variables
n
= (X)
µ E= ∑ xi pi , ∞
σ2 V (=
X ) E ( X − µ=
)  ∫ (x − µ ) f ( x ) dx
2 2
i =1 =
 i

where xi is a particular outcome, pi is its probability. −∞

28. Expected Value of Continuous Random variables 34. Properties of Variance

∞ V(X + Y) = V(X) + V(Y),
= ( X ) ∫ xf ( x ) dx
µ E=
V(X - Y) = V(X) – V(Y),
−∞
V(X + c) = V(X),
29. Properties of Expectations
E(X + Y) = E(X) + E(Y), V(cX) = c2V(X)
E(X – Y) = E(X) – E(Y), where c is a constant.
E(cX) = cE(X),
D(X) V (X) E ( X − µ ) 
2
35. Standard Deviation = =
E(XY) = E(X)⋅E(Y),  
where c is a constant.
36. Covariance
30. E(X2) = V(X) + µ2 ,
Cov(X,Y) = E[(X - µ (X))(Y - µ(Y))]= E(XY) - µ(X) µ (Y) ,
where
where X is random variable, V(X) is the variance of X,
µ = E(X) is the expected value
µ is the expected value of X or Y.
V(X) is the variance.
31. Markov Inequality cov ( X ,Y )
37. Correlation ρ ( X ,Y ) =
V ( X ) V (Y )
E(X )
ρ(X > k) ≤
k Where

where k is some constant. V(X) is the variance of X, V(Y) is the variance of Y.
32. Variance of Discrete Random Variables

APPENDIX-D
Famous Mathematicians and their contributions
THALES (Greek c. 600 B.C.) however, with modern algebra equations or graphing
techniques).

The first Greek known to have used proof and strict logical
reasoning to solve mathematical questions PTOLEMY (Greek c. 130 A.D.)
Invented a planetary system that was adopted as truth by
PYTHAGORAS (Greek c. 500 B.C.) the Christian church in Medieval Europe. In this system the
Influential Greek philosopher and religious leader. He Earth does not move and the planets, moon, stars and the
taught that numbers and ratios of numbers were the Sun revolve around the Earth in circular paths with constant
foundation of reality. He discovered many number patterns motion. This was described in his book the Almagest.
and the proof that the square root of two is not rational. Al-KHWARIZMI (Hindu – Arabic c. 800 A.D.)
EUCLID (Greek c. 300 B.C.) Wrote influential Arabic books on solving algebra problems
 rganized Greek geometry into a mathematical system
O and the Hindu – Arabic numberation system.
based on fundamental definitions, a few postulates and VIETE (Early Modern 1540 - 1603)
theorems that are logically deduced. This work, known as Introduced symbols into algebra.
the Elements, had a profound influence on mathematics for
DESCARTES (Early Modern 1596 - 1650)
thousands of years.
Developed analytic geometry. He used a sophisticated
ARCHIMEDES (Greek c. 250 B.C.) symbolic algebra to show how algebra can be used to solve
Discovered many fundamental properties of physics, such geometry problems and how algebra problems can be
as the law of the lever; discovered a way to approximate pi solved with geometry.
as accurately as desired
FERMAT (Early Modern 1601 - 1665)
APOLLONIUS (Greek c. 600 B.C.) Developed analytic geometry. He showed how a geometric
Discovered the family of curves known as the conic sections. curve, such as a conic section, could be drawn on a
He analyzed their properties using Greek geometry (not, coordinate grid from an algebra equation. He also made
 APPENDIX 253
important contributions to number theory, including the 4. He gave following formulae, used in G.P. series
famous “ Fermat’s Last Theorem” a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + ………… + arn – 1 = a(rn – 1)/(r – 1)
KEPLER (Early Modern 1571 - 1630) 5. 
He gave the following formulae (Brahmagupta’s
Used real astronomical data to show that the planets orbit formula):
the sun in elliptical paths at varying rates of speed.
Area of a cyclic quadrilateral with side a, b, c, d
NEWTON (Early Modern 1643 - 1727)
= ( s - a )( s - b )( s - c ) , where 2s = a + b + c + d.
Co – inventor of the calculus, He proved Kepler’s laws
mathematically in the style of Euclid in his book the Principal Length of its diagonals
LEIBNIZ (Early Modern 1646 - 1716) bc + ad ab + cd
Co-inventor of the calculus. His methods and symbolism is = ( ac + bd ) , ( ac + bd )
ab + cd bc + ad
used today.
EULER (Early Modern 1707 - 1783)
A founding father to many branches of mathematics. He BHASKARACHARYA (1114 – 1185 AD)
lived in the generation that followed Newton and Leibniz. 1. 
He was born in Bijapur in modern Karnataka. He
Modern calculus for many modern symbols, such as f(x), e , and his work represent a significant contribution to
i, π .
mathematical and astronomical knowledge in the 12th
GAUSS (Modern 1777 - 1855) century.
Discovered non-Euclidean geometry. He was a pioneer in 2. 
His main work “Siddhanta Shiromani” is divided into
many areas of modern mathematics.
four parts called Lilawati, Bijaganit, Grahaganita and
CANTOR (Modern 1845 - 1918) Goladhyaya. These four sections deal with arithmetic,
Invented the theory of infinite sets. He proved that the algebra, mathematics of planets and spheres respectively.
counting numbers and the real numbers have a different
3. 
He was the first to give that any number divided by zero
cardinality.
gives infinity.
von NEUMANN (Modern 1903 - 1957)
4. 
He was written a lot about zero, surds, permutation and
Designed the fundamentals structure of modern computer
combination.
design, known as the “von Neumann architecture”. He also
invented a branch of mathematics known as “game theory”. 5. 
He wrote,” The hundredth part of the circumference of a
ARYABHATA(476 – 550AD) circle seems to be straight. Our earth is a big sphere and
that’s why it appear to be flat.”
1. Aryabhatta was born in 476 A.D. Kusumpur, India. He
was the first in the line of great mathematicians from the 6. 
He gave the formulae like :
classical age of Indian Mathematics and Astronomy. sin(A ± B) = sinA cosB ± cosA sinB.
2. His famous work are the “Aryabhatiya” and the “Arya- 7. 
He calculated derivatives of Trigonometric functions and
siddhanta”. The Mathematical part of the Aryabhatiya formulae.
covers arithmetic. algebra, plane and spherical
trigonometry. The Arya-siddhanta, a lot work on 8. 
He developed spherical trigonometry along with a
astronomical computation. number of other trigonometric results.
3. 
Approximation of Pi: Aryabhata work on approximation 9. 
He explained solution of quadratic, cubic and quartic
for pi (π) and may have come to the conclusion that π is indeterminate equations.
an irrational number. In the 2nd part of Aryabhatiya, he 10. 
He developed a proof of Pythagoras Theorem by
writes the ratio of circumference to diameter is 3.1416. calculating the same area in two different ways and
4. Aryabhata given the formula for area of a triangle. these cancel out terms to get a2 + b2 = c2.
He also discussed the concept of sine in his work by
11. He gave first general method for finding the solution of
the name of ardhajya. If we use Aryabhata’s table and
calculate the value of sin30° which is 1719/3438 = 0.5., the the problem x2 – ny2 = 1 (so called Pell’s equation).
value is correct. His alphabetic code is commonly known 12. He gave solution of Diophantine equations of second
as the Aryabhata cipher. order such as 61x2 + 1 = y2.
5. He was first person to say that Earth is spherical and it
revolves around the sun. RAMANUJAN (1887 – 1920)
6. He gave the formula (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab. Ramanujan was born on 22nd of December 1887 in
1. 
7. He taught the method of solving the following problems: Erode, Madras Presidency. He made extraordinary
contributions to mathematical analysis, number theory,
1 + 2 + 3 + …………. + n = n(n + 1)/2
infinite series, and continued fractions.
12 + 22 + 32 + …………. + n2 = n(n + 1) (2n + 1)/6
2. He demonstrated unusual mathematical skill at school,
13 + 23 + 33 + …………. + n3 = (n(n + 1)/2)2 winning accolades and awards.
3. By 17, he had conducted his own mathematical research
BRAHMAGUPT (598 – 668 AD)
on Bernoulli numbers and the Euler-Mascheroni
1. Brahmagupta was born in 598 A.D. in Bhinmal city in constant.
the state of Rajasthan. He was a mathematician and
4. He discovered theorems of his own and rediscovered
astronomer, who wrote many important works on
Euler’s identity independently.
mathematics and astronomy. His best known work is
the “Brahmasphuta-siddhanta”, written in 628 AD in 5. 
He sent a set 120 theorems to Professor Hardy of
Bhinmal. Cambridge. As result he invited Ramanujan to England.
2. He was the first to use zero as a number. He gave rules to 6. 
He independently compiled nearly 3900 results (mostly
compute with zero. identities and equations). Nearly all his claims have
claims have now been proved correct.
3. He gave four methods of multiplication.
254 JEE (MAIN) Solved Papers MATHEMATICS

7. Ramanujan Showed that any big number can be written doing the same.
as sum of not more then four prime numbers. 3. O
 n June 18, 1980, She demonstrated the multiplication of
8. 
He showed that how to divide the numbers into two or two 13-digit numbers 7,686,369,774,870 × 2,465,099.745,779
more squares cubes. picked at random by the Computer Department of Imperial
9. 
Ramanujan’s Numbers : When Mr.G.H. Hardy came to College, London. She answered the question in 28 seconds.
see Ramanujan in taxi number 1729, Ramanujan said However, the time is more likely the time for dictating
that 1729 is the smallest number which can be written in the answer (a 26-digit number) than the time for mental
the form of sum of cubes of two numbers in two ways, calculation(the time of 28 seconds was quoted on her
i.e.1729 = 93 + 103 = 13 + 123 since than the number 1729 website). Her answer was 18,947,668,177,995,426,773,730.
is calld Ramanujan’s number. This event is mentioned on page 26 of the 1995 Guinness
Book of Records.
10. In 1918, Ramanujan and Hardy studied the partition
function P(n) extensively and gave a non-convergent 4. In Dallas, she competed with a computer to see who give
asymptotic series that permits exact computation of the the cube of 188138517 faster, she won. At University of
number of partition of an integer. USA she was asked to give the 23rd root of
11. He discovered mock theta function in the last year of 9167486769200391580986609275853801624831066801443
his life. For many years these functions where a mystry, 086224071265164279346570408670965932792057674808
but they are now known to be the holomorphic parts of 067900227830163549248523803357453169351119035965
harmonic weak mass forms. 7754734007568818688305620821016129132845564895780
158806771.
SHAKUNTALA DEVI She answered in 50 seconds. The answer is 546372891.
1. 
She was born in 1939. She is an indian calculating It took a Univac 1108 computer, full one minute (10
prodigy. seconds more) to confirm that she was right after it was
fed with 13000 instructions.
2. 
By age 6, She demonstrated her calculation and
memorization abilities at university of Mysore. At the 5. Now she is known to be Human Computer.
age of 8, she had successes at Annamalai University by

APPENDIX-E

ROMAN – NUMERALS
(A) Roman Numeral Symbols (B) Roman Numerical Table
Symbol Number 1 I 14 XIV 27 XXVII 150 CL
I 1 2 II 15 XV 28 XXVIII 200 CC
V 5 3 III 16 XVI 29 XXIX 300 CCC
X 10
4 IV 17 XVII 30 XXX 400 CD
L 50
5 V 18 XVIII 31 XXX1 500 D
C 100
D 500 6 VI 19 XIX 40 XL 600 DC
M 1,000 7 VII 20 XX 50 L 700 DCC

5,000 8 VIII 21 XXI 60 LX 800 DCCC

V
9 IX 22 XXII 70 LXX 900 CM
X 10,000
10 X 23 XXIII 80 LXXX 1000 M
L 50,000
11 XI 24 XXIV 90 XC 1600 MDC

C 100,000 12 XII 25 XXV 100 C 1700 MDCC

500,000 13 XIII 26 XXVI 101 CI 1900 MCM

D

M 1,000,000

ll