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Nanoscale Quantum
Materials
Nanoscale Quantum
Materials
Musings on the Ultra-Small World

Tapash Chakraborty
First edition published [2022]
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

and by CRC Press

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

© 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Chakraborty, T. (Tapash), 1950- author.

Title: Nanoscale quantum materials : musings on the ultra-small world /
Tapash Chakraborty.
Description: First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2022. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021023346 | ISBN 9780367546397 (hardback) | ISBN
9780367548605 (paperback) | ISBN 9780367548605 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Nanostructured materials. | Nanotechnology. | Quantum dots.
Classification: LCC TA418.9.N35 C3685 2022 | DDC 620.1/15--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021023346

ISBN: 978-0-367-54639-7 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-367-54860-5 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-09090-8 (ebk)

DOI: 10.1201/9781003090908

Typeset in LM Roman
by KnowledgeWorks Global Ltd.
Contents

Preface ix

Acknowledgments xv

1 Introduction: From giants to dwarfs 1

2 Down to low dimensions 9

2.1 The essential toolkit: Quantum mechanics . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Two-dimensional electron gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Novel phenomena in flatland: Nobels galore . . . . . . . 15
2.3.1 Quantum Hall effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.2 A new standard for resistance calibration . . . . . 20
2.3.3 Quantum Hall effect – now with fractions . . . . 22
2.4 Laughlin’s eponymous wave function . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.1 The (lowest energy) ground state . . . . . . . . . 25
2.5 Incompressible liquid and the charged excitations . . . . 30
2.6 The unusual statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.7 Spin flip and the tilted magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.8 Anatomy of the Laughlin state . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.9 Laughlin state from the East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3 Quantum dots: In the abyss of no dimensions 47

3.1 Landau versus Fock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2 A tale of artificial atoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3 Portrait of a harmonic oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.4 Magic number ground states . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.5 Rashba spin-orbit coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.6 Spin textures and topological charge . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.7 Anisotropic quantum dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.8 Secret affairs and a single photon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.8.1 Single-photon detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.8.2 Single-photon source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

v
vi Contents

3.9 Cascading and burning bright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

3.9.1 Molecular fingerprinting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.9.2 Quantum cascade laser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.9.3 QCL in a magnetic field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.9.4 QCL with quantum dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

4 Quantum rings: Dynamic unity of polar opposites 87

4.1 Tireless electron running around in circles . . . . . . . . 88
4.2 Interacting electrons in a few-electron quantum ring . . 91
4.3 Optical spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.4 Role of electron spin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.5 Quantum ring complexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.6 Rashba spin-orbit coupling revisited . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.7 Quantum ring and topological charge . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.8 Rings in novel systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.9 Isotropic or anisotropic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.10 Device applications of the quantum rings . . . . . . . . 116

5 Graphene: Carbon and its nets 119

5.1 A brief history of graphene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.1.1 Major breakthroughs in graphene research . . . . 121
5.1.2 Isolating graphene: Sellotape versus the Scotch
tape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.2 Electrons behaving differently . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.3 Quantum Hall effects in graphene . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.4 Bilayer graphene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.4.1 Bilayer graphene Landau levels . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.4.2 Novel fractional quantum Hall effects . . . . . . . 136
5.4.3 Bilayer graphene in a tilted magnetic field . . . . 144
5.4.4 Marvels of interacting electrons in graphene . . . 147
5.5 Graphene nanostructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.5.1 Quantum dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.5.2 Quantum rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.6 Molecular adsorption on graphene . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.7 Graphene’s extended family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.8 Requiem for the (very expensive) dreams . . . . . . . . 160

6 Some remarkable episodes in the nanoscale 165

6.1 Fractal butterflies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.1.1 Semiconductor systems: Strong field limit . . . . 169
Contents vii

6.1.2 Butterflies in monolayer graphene . . . . . . . . . 171

6.1.3 Square lattice periodic structure . . . . . . . . . 173
6.1.4 Moiré structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
6.1.5 Butterflies in bilayer graphene . . . . . . . . . . . 178
6.1.6 Butterflies and interacting electrons . . . . . . . . 181
6.1.7 The Cantor set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
6.1.8 The ten-martini challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
6.2 Maxwell’s demon in the nanoworld . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
6.2.1 A sorting demon – the anti-thermodynamic agent 195
6.2.2 Anthropomorphism of the benevolent demon . . . 197
6.2.3 Demon in quantum dots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
6.2.4 Spin demons in quantum rings . . . . . . . . . . 201
6.3 Nanoscale physics of DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
6.3.1 DNA – Nature’s nanoscale code-script . . . . . . 205
6.3.2 DNA electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
6.3.3 Humidity assisted conduction . . . . . . . . . . . 210
6.3.4 Mismatched base pairs: Electrical properties . . . 212

7 Epilogue and the road ahead 217

A Ten-martini proof 221

Index 229
Preface

Our everyday life today is more and more enmeshed with smart elec-
tronic devices that, in their core, contain nanoscale objects. For re-
searchers, a deeper knowledge of the novel properties of those objects is
absolutely essential to make them perform ever more efficiently. Intense
research on physics of nanoscale systems has uncovered many unexpected
phenomena that has helped push forward the frontiers of our present un-
derstanding of Nature. Sharing that knowledge with the general reader,
who is not well versed about those complicated phenomena, is important
and essential for our collective appreciation of the rapid developments of
this digital age that has been dominating our daily lives. In this book,
I have endeavored to achieve that to some extent, without claiming the
elevated clarity of a popular science book or an authoritative overview
of a textbook. The essential physics at this level is rather complex, but
my goal is to explain the basic principles of the various phenomena as
plainly as I can without resorting to complicated equations. However, for
more technical-minded readers, I have presented some technical-details
in boxes or footnotes that can be skipped for a general reading of the
book.
An alert reader will surely notice that while writing this book I
have taken some poetic license to describe some of the topics in or-
der to make those more palatable to a wider audience. My fervent
hope has been that it will appeal not only to physics researchers, en-
gineers, and advanced students in those disciplines, but perhaps also
to ‘physics enthusiasts’ from other academic disciplines. However, some
familiarities with the fundamentals of quantum mechanics and con-
densed matter physics will be essential to appreciate the book in its
entirety.
The book is by no means a comprehensive treatise of all things nano-
scale. It is also biased toward the theoretical perspectives of nanoscale

ix
x Preface

physics1 , although the relevant experimental works associated with those

ideas will also be discussed. Theoretical research in physics always had
profound impact on the course of research that we expound in this book.
Since the founding of theoretical physics by none other than Galileo
Galilei, it has made physics ‘the most successful of all the sciences in the
description of Nature’2 . Indeed the beauty and strength of theoretical
physics lie in its ability to unravel the laws of Nature by pure intellect3 .
One great example in this respect would be, of course, Maxwell’s equa-
tions4 , which are considered to be among the most influential in the
history of science5 . Reported in the Victorian era, they are still essential
to describing how magnets work, explain the marvels of electricity, and
most importantly, describe the nature of light that leads us out of dark-
ness and is vital to sustain life on this planet. Maxwell’s equations are
used regularly in physics, engineering, and as disparate a field as neuro-
physiology, and are still very relevant for today’s research of nanoscience!
In this book, we will revisit one of Maxwell’s other timeless creations,
the intelligent demon (see Chapter 6).
A couple of centuries later, pioneers such as Max Planck, Erwin
Schrödinger, Werner Heisenberg, and others laid the foundations of
quantum mechanics that has made possible nanoscale research which
has been impacting our life so profoundly today6 ! In our era, Bob Laugh-
lin’s introduction of the eponymous wave function in 1983 to explain the
fractional quantum Hall effect has been one such milestone. He ‘set the
stage for one of the most beautiful developments in the physics of the
1
For a comprehensive treatment of nanoscience from an experimentalists’ point of
view, please see, e.g., Quantum Materials, edited by D. Heitmann (Springer, 2010);
Nanoscience: The Science of the Small in Physics, Engineering, Chemistry, Biology,
and Medicine by Hans-Eckhardt Schaefer (Springer, Heidelberg 2010).
2
Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642, and The motion of falling bodies, by R.B. Lindsay,
Amer. J. Phys. 10, 285 (1942).
3
The Beautiful Invisible: Creativity, Imagination, and Theoretical Physics, by
Giovanni Vignale, Oxford University Press, 2011).
4
A set of four most fundamental equations in all of science, which constitute a
complete description of the classical behavior of electric and magnetic fields. These
equations provided a theoretical description of light as an electromagnetic wave of
very short wavelength. Maxwell: A new vision of the world, by D. Maystre,C.R.
Physique 15, 387 (2014).
5
The Digital Mind: How Science is Redefining Humanity, by Arlindo Oliveira
(MIT Press, 2017).
6
Quantum Physics in the Nanoworld, by Hans Lüth (Springer, Heidelberg 2009).
Preface xi

twentieth century’7 , by introducing a new type of quantum fluid with

several unique and unanticipated properties that has fascinated thou-
sands of researchers and triggered an avalanche of novel ideas yet to
subside. Its impact has even been felt in many other branches of physics.
Unlike in olden days, ‘novel’ ideas in physics are now reported on a
daily basis. The publishers are keen to publish more and more ground-
breaking results whose shelf life is obviously limited. In this situation, I
believe sometimes it is perhaps very refreshing to step back from those
cacophonies of drum beats from the journals and the authors themselves
about their latest presumptive earth-shattering discoveries, and try to
look in more traditional ways the real progress that has been made in
our field. But why even attempt to write a less technical book on such
highly specialized topics given that there are so many technical books or
review articles containing many of the topics described in this book are
already available and are perhaps not as challenging to write (if you have
remained active for years in that field). However, it is always desirable
(and certainly rewarding) to make an effort to explain all the highly
complex topics to non-experts. The important question is, of course,
how well can it be done?
The limitations of this pursuit are well known and keenly felt while
choosing the topics for this book. The ineffability between, for exam-
ple, what quantum mechanics says and what the words say is so vast
that it has bothered thinkers for decades. As the literary scholar George
Steiner wrote in The Retreat from the Word about the ‘unspeakability’
of modern science8 : ‘It is during the seventeenth century that signifi-
cant areas of truth, reality, and action recede from the sphere of verbal
statement’. ‘The great book of the Universe’, wrote Galileo, ‘is written
in mathematical language’9 .
7
Quantum Theory of the Electron Liquid, by G.F. Giuliani and G. Vignale, Cam-
bridge University Press, 2005.
8
The Kenyon Review 23, 187 (1961).
9
Il saggiatore, by G. Galilei (1623), p. 11. The actual text was ‘La filosofia è
scritta in questo grandissimo libro che continuamente ci sta aperto innanzi a gli oc-
chi (io dico l’universo), ma non si può intendere se prima non s’impara a intender la
lingua, e conoscer i caratteri, ne’ quali è scritto. Egli è scritto in lingua matematica,
e i caratteri son triangoli, cerchi, ed altre figure geometriche, senza i quali mezi è
impossibile a intenderne umanamente parola; senza questi è un aggirarsi vanamente
per un oscuro laberinto’. The English translation by S. Drake, Discoveries and Opin-
ions of Galileo, Anchor Books, 1957, goes as follows: Philosophy is written in this
grand book, the universe, which stands continually open to our gaze. But the book
cannot be understood unless one first learns to comprehend the language and read
xii Preface

In this Galileo was not alone. As a matter of fact, over the past
three or four centuries, ‘physicists’10 have begun to rely more on math-
ematics rather than the word to describe the world. This trend has led
to physics, just as mathematics itself, making a retreat from the word.
Steiner warned that, ‘It is arrogant, if not irresponsible, to invoke such
basic notions in our present model of the universe as quanta, the inde-
terminacy principle, ..., if one cannot do so in the language appropriate
to them – that is to say, in mathematical terms. Without it, such words
are phantasms to deck out the pretense of philosophers or journalists’.
In a somewhat less articulate manner, Ernest Rutherford was quoted as
saying if you cannot explain your physics to a barmaid it is probably not
very good physics11 . That must be a daunting job today for any physicist
who would embark upon such undertakings. It will be a genuine shock
for this author if indeed a barmaid or a poet appreciates the contents of
this book!
Interestingly, a few years ago, I interacted with a scientist who con-
siders herself ‘an occasional artist and poet’ and wrote a very interesting
book on the properties of water12 aimed at readers ‘in the arts and hu-
manities as well as scientists’. It has been a motivational factor behind
my present quixotic endeavor. ‘Here is a scientist who can really write,
the letters in which it is composed. It is written in the language of mathematics, and
its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures without which it is
humanly impossible to understand a single word of it; without these, one wanders
about in a dark labyrinth.
10
We should be careful here about the terminology. The word physicist was first
proposed by William Whewell in his book, The Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences,
London, 1840, although those scientists existed for centuries, albeit belonging to a
different category! Incidentally, the term scientist was also proposed in that book by
Whewell as ‘a cultivator of science’ (see Science and Technology in World History,
An Introduction, J.E. McClellan III and H. Dorn (Johns Hopkins University Press,
Baltimore 2015)). However, according to Sydney Ross, in Scientist: The story of
a word, Annals of Science 18, 65 (1964), Whewell introduced the term scientist
much earlier, somewhat ‘jocularly’ in The Quarterly Review 51, 58 (1834), in his
attempt to find a suitable English equivalent of the German term natur-forscher.
The undignified compounds, such as nature-poker or nature-peeper, were ‘indignantly
rejected’ in favor of the word scientist! However, according to Ross, the word was
not an instant hit. In fact, for the natural philosophers, ‘the word scientist implied
making a business of science; it degraded their labors of love to a drudgery for profits
or salary’.
11
Some recollections and reflections on Rutherford, by W. Bennett Lewis, Notes
Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 27, 61 (1972).
12
Living Rainbow H2 O, by Mae-Wan Ho (World Scientific 2012).
Preface xiii

exulted the legendary Nobelist Hans Bethe13 some years ago, while re-
viewing a largely autobiographical book by Freeman Dyson14 . However,
it would be a very rare occasion to witness such a distinction lavished
upon a physics author when the narrative involves advanced quantum
mechanics.
The book is organized as follows: In Chapter 1, we introduce the
subject of scaling from a historical perspective, crediting Galileo for his
original contributions in describing the subject of scaling. We explain
why scaling down to ever greater miniaturization of electronic circuits
and memory devices has enormously improved computer performance
and all related electronic devices that, in turn, has resulted in today’s all-
encompassing digital transformation of our everyday lives. The purpose
of this chapter is to prepare the readers for what comes next in the
nanoscale regime.
Chapter 2 begins with the description of the two-dimensional elec-
tron gas. We explain how the planar electrons can be ideally created, and
then we briefly explain how those were actually made in the laborato-
ries. We then highlight the momentous discoveries in those systems and
how those effects were explained by introducing novel quantum phe-
nomena that have far reaching implications. We discuss the discovery
of the integer quantum Hall effect, the fractional quantum Hall effect,
and Laughlin’s many-electron wave function for a very special quantum
fluid. The fractionally charged quasiparticles and their exotic statistics
and various spin configurations are discussed. Every attempt has been
made to explain those in such a way that it will be of interest to the
non-experts. We have also included several original references and brief
technical steps in boxes that might help in grasping a more detailed
picture if required.
In Chapter 3, we discuss the properties of zero-dimensional electron
systems, the quantum dots. We discuss the fundamental physics of these
systems and their possible applications in quantum cryptography and as
a source for mid-infrared and terahertz radiation. Chapter 4 deals with
the persistent current in small metal rings. The role of interacting elec-
trons in semiconductor quantum rings containing only a few electrons
are discussed. Unusual properties of quantum rings in some novel mate-
rials and the usefulness of the rings are briefly discussed.
13
Physics Today, p. 51, December 1979.
14
Disturbing the Universe, by F. Dyson, Harper & Row, N.Y. 1979.
xiv Preface

Chapter 5 deals with the physics of graphene, the so-called ‘wonder

material’ of our time. We briefly trace the historical breakthroughs that
made it possible to explore the novel phenomena exhibited in this ma-
terial. We explain the presence of Dirac fermions in this system with
different quantum Hall features seen in monolayer and bilayer graphene.
We also explain the nanostructures, such as quantum dots and quantum
rings created from graphene. We then briefly explain how the molec-
ular adsorption on graphene can open a band gap absent in pristine
graphene. In search of other graphene-like materials, researchers have
stumbled upon various other systems with similar, or even better, prop-
erties than graphene. We briefly conclude this chapter by explaining how
the extreme hype about graphene has not been materialized in real life,
notwithstanding the huge finding and manpower being spent chasing
perhaps the unattainable.
In the final chapter, we describe a few novel phenomena that are
unique to the nanoscale world. We begin with the fractal butterflies, a
glimpse of which has finally been found in graphene systems. We briefly
discuss how the mathematicians presented the ‘ten-martini challenge’ to
prove the presence of Cantor set in the basic equations of fractal butter-
flies and how the ten-martini problem was finally mathematically solved.
(Here is a topic that perhaps could be of potential interest to our prover-
bial barmaid!) We then discuss the story of the intelligent demon that
Maxwell introduced to understand the challenges posed by the second
law of thermodynamics, and how in the nanoscale the demon is making
a dramatic comeback. Finally, we briefly introduce DNA, the molecule
of life, and explain how it can be incorporated into nanoscale electronics.
We also touch upon the DNA damages and the electrical properties of
DNA mispairs. We conclude with a look at the possible directions the
nanoscale world will hopefully turn to in the near future. A brief sketch
of the mathematical proof of the ten-martini problem has been presented
in the Appendix.

St. Catharines Tapash Chakraborty

Ontario, Canada
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Let thy holy Spirit, who on the first day of the week descended in
miraculous gifts on thy apostles, descend on me thy unworthy
servant, that I may be always in the spirit on the Lord’s day. Let his
blessed inspiration prevent and assist me in all the duties of this thy
sacred day, that my wandring thoughts may all be fixed on thee, my
tumultuous affections composed, and my flat and cold desires
quickned into fervent longings and thirstings after thee. O let me
join in the prayers and praises of thy church with ardent and
heavenly affection, hear thy word with earnest attention and a fixed
resolution to obey it. And when I approach thy altar, pour into my
heart humility, faith, hope, love, and all those holy dispositions,
which become the solemn remembrance of a crucified Saviour. Let
me employ this whole day to the ends for which it was ordained, in
works of necessity and mercy, in prayer, praise, and meditation; and
let the words of my mouth, and the meditation of my heart be
always acceptable in thy sight.

I know, O Lord that thou hast commanded me, and therefore it is

my duty, to love thee with all my heart, and with all my strength. I
know thou art infinitely holy and overflowing in all perfection, and
therefore it is my duty so to love thee.

I know thou hast created me, and that I have neither being nor
blessing but what is the effect of thy power and goodness.

I know thou art the end for which I was created, and that I can
expect no happiness but in thee.

I know that in love to me, being lost in sin, thou didst send thy
only Son, and that he being the Lord of glory, did humble himself to
the death upon the cross, that I might be raised to glory.

I know thou hast provided me with all necessary helps for

carrying me through this life to that eternal glory, and this out of the
excess of thy pure mercy to me, unworthy of all mercies.
 I know thou hast promised to be thyself my exceeding great
reward. Though it is thou alone who thyself workest in me, both to
will and to do, of thy good pleasure.

Upon these and many other titles, I confess it is my duty, to love

thee my God, with all my heart. Give thy strength unto thy servant,
that thy love may fill my heart, and be the motive of all the use I
make of my understanding, my affections, my senses, my health, my
time, and whatever other talents I have received from thee. Let this,
O God, rule my heart, without a rival: let it dispose all my thoughts,
words, and works; and thus only can I fulfil my duty and thy
command, of loving thee with all my heart, and mind, and soul, and
strength.

O thou infinite goodness, confirm thy past mercies to me, by

enabling me for what remains of my life, to be more faithful than I
have hitherto been, to this thy great command. For the time I have
yet to sojourn upon earth, O let me fulfil this great duty. Permit me
not to be in any delusion here: let me not trust in words, or sighs, or
tears, but love thee even as thou hast commanded. Let me feel, and
then I shall know what it is, to love thee with all my heart.

O merciful God, whatsoever thou deniest me, deny me not this

love. Save me from the idolatry of loving the world, or any of the
things of the world. Let me never love any creature, but for thy
sake, and in subordination to thy love. Take thou the full possession
of my heart, raise there thy throne, and command there, as thou
dost in heaven. Being created by thee, let me live to thee; being
created for thee, let me ever act for thy glory; being redeemed by
thee, let me render unto thee what is thine, and let my spirit ever
cleave to thee alone!
 Let the prayers and sacrifices of thy holy church offered unto
thee this day, be graciously accepted; cloath thy priests with
righteousness, and pardon all thy people who are not prepared
according to the preparation of the sanctuary. Prosper all those who
are sincerely engaged in propagating or promoting thy faith and love
(――) ¹: Give thy Son the Heathen for his inheritance, and the
utmost parts of the earth for his possession: that from the rising up
of the sun unto the going down of the same, thy name may be great
among the Gentiles. Enable us of this nation, and especially those
whom thou hast set over us in church and state, in our several
stations, to serve thee in all holiness, and to know the love of Christ
which passeth knowledge. Continue to us the means of grace, and
grant we may never provoke thee by our non-improvement to
deprive us of them. Pour down thy blessing upon our universities,
that they may ever promote true religion and sound learning. Shew
mercy, O Lord, to my father and mother, my brothers and sisters, to
all my friends (――) ¹ relations and enemies, and to all that are in
affliction. Let thy fatherly hand be over them, and thy holy Spirit
ever with them; that submitting themselves entirely to thy will, and
directing all their thoughts, words and works to thy glory, they and
those that are already dead in the Lord, may at length enjoy thee, in
the glories of thy kingdom, through Jesus Christ our Lord, who liveth
and reigneth with thee and the Holy Ghost, one God, blessed for
ever.

¹ Here mention the particular persons you would pray for.

S U N D A Y E V E N I N G.

General questions which a serious Christian may propose to himself,

before he begins his evening devotions.
 1. With what degree of attention and fervour did I use my
morning prayers, public or private?

2. Have I done any thing without a present, or at least a previous

perception of its direct, or remote tendency to the glory of God?

3. Did I in the morning consider, what particular virtue I was to

exercise, and what business I had to do in the day?

4. Have I been zealous to undertake, and active in doing what

good I could?

5. Have I interested myself any farther in the affairs of others,

than charity required?

6. Have I, before I visited, or was visited, considered how I might

thereby give or receive improvement?

7. Have I mentioned any failing or fault of any man, when it was

not necessary for the good of another?

8. Have I ♦unnecessarily grieved any one by word or deed?

♦ “necessarily” replaced with “unnecessarily” per Errata

9. Have I before, or in every action considered, how it might be a

means of improving in the virtue of the day?

Particular questions relative to the love of God.

1. Have I set apart some of this day, to think upon his perfections
and mercies?

2. Have I laboured to make this day, a day of heavenly rest,

sacred to divine love?
 3. Have I employed those parts of it in works of necessity and
mercy, which were not employed in prayer, reading, and meditation?

O MY Father, my God, I am in thy hand; and may I rejoice above

all things in being so: do with me what seemeth good in thy
sight: only let me love thee with all my mind, soul, and strength.

I magnify thee for granting me to be born in thy church, and of

religious parents; for washing me in thy baptism, and instructing me
in thy doctrine of truth and holiness; for sustaining me by thy
gracious providence, and guiding me by thy blessed Spirit; for
admitting me, with the rest of my Christian brethren, to wait on thee
at thy public worship: and for so often feeding my soul with thy
most precious body and blood, those pledges of love, and sure
conveyances of strength and comfort. O be gracious unto all of us,
whom thou hast this day [or at any time] admitted to thy holy table.
Strengthen our hearts in thy ways against all our temptations, and
make us more than conquerors in thy love.

O my Father, my God, deliver me, I beseech thee, from all violent

passions: I know how greatly obstructive these are, both of the
knowledge and love of thee; O let none of them find a way into my
heart, but let me ever possess my soul in meekness. O my God, I
desire to fear them more than death; let me not serve these cruel
tyrants; but do thou reign in my breast; let me ever be thy servant
and love thee with all my heart.
 Deliver me, O God, from too intense an application to even
necessary business. I know how this dissipates my thoughts from
the one end of all my business, and impairs that lively perception I
would ever retain of thee standing at my right-hand. I know the
narrowness of my heart, and that an eager attention to earthly
things leaves it no room for the things of heaven. O teach me to go
through all my employments with so truly disengaged a heart, that I
may still see thee in all things, and see thee therein as continually
looking upon me, and searching my reins; and that I may never
impair that liberty of spirit, which is necessary for the love of thee.

Deliver me, O God, from a slothful mind, from all lukewarmness,

and all dejection of spirit: I know these cannot but deaden my love
to thee; mercifully free my heart from them, and give me a lively,
zealous, active and chearful spirit; that I may vigorously perform
whatever thou commandest, thankfully suffer whatever thou chusest
for me, and be ever ardent to obey in all things thy holy love.

Deliver me, O God, from all idolatrous love of any creature. I

know infinite numbers have been lost to thee, by loving those
creatures for their own sake, which thou permittest, nay, even
commandest to love subordinately to thee. Preserve me, I beseech
thee, from all such blind affection: be thou a guard to all my desires,
that they fix on no creature any farther than the love of it tends to
build me up in the love of thee. Thou requirest me to love thee with
all my heart: Undertake for me, I beseech thee, and be thou my
security, that I may never open my heart to any thing, but out of
love to thee.
 Above all, deliver me, O my God, from all idolatrous self-love. I
know, O God (blessed be thy infinite mercy for giving me this
knowledge) that this is the root of all evil. I know, thou madest me,
not to do my own will but thine. I know, the very corruption of the
devil is, the having a will contrary to thine. O be thou my helper
against this most dangerous of all idols, that I may both discern all
its subtleties, and withstand all its force. O thou who hast
commanded me to renounce myself, give me strength, and I will
obey thy command. My choice and desire is, to love myself, as all
other creatures, in and for thee. O let thy almighty arm so stablish,
strengthen and settle me, that thou mayst ever be the ground and
pillar of all my love.

By this love of thee, my God, may my soul, be fixed against its

natural inconstancy: by this may it be reduced to an entire
indifference as to all things else, and simply desire what is pleasing
in thy sight. May this holy flame ever warm my breast, that I may
serve thee with all my might; and let it consume in my heart all
selfish desires that I may in all things regard, not myself but thee.

O my God, let thy glorious name be duly honoured and loved by

all the creatures which thou hast made. Let thy infinite goodness
and greatness be ever adored by all angels and men. May thy
church, the Catholic seminary of divine love, be protected from all
the powers of darkness. O vouchsafe to all, who call themselves by
thy name, one short glimpse of thy goodness. May they once taste
and see how gracious thou art, that all things else may be tasteless
to them; that their desires may be always flying up towards thee,
that they may render thee love, and praise, and obedience pure and
chearful, constant and zealous, universal and uniform, like that the
holy angels render thee in heaven.
 Send forth thy blessed Spirit into the midst of these sinful
nations, and make us a holy people: stir up the heart of our
sovereign, of the royal family, of the clergy, the nobility, and of all
whom thou hast set over us, that they may be happy instruments in
thy hand, of promoting this good work: be gracious to the
universities, to the gentry and commons of this land, and comfort all
that are in affliction; let the trial of their faith work patience in them,
and perfect them in hope and love (――). ¹

¹ Here mention the particular persons you would pray for.

Bless my father, &c. my friends and relations, and all that belong
to this family; all that have been instrumental to my good, by their
assistance, advice, example, or writing, and all that do not pray for
themselves.

Change the hearts of mine enemies, and give me grace to forgive

them, even as thou for Christ’s sake forgivest us.

O thou Shepherd of Israel, vouchsafe to receive me this night

and ever, into thy protection; accept my poor services, and pardon
the sinfulness of these and all my holy duties. O let it be thy good
pleasure shortly to put a period to sin and misery, to infirmity and
death, to compleat the number of thine elect, and to hasten thy
kingdom; that we, and all that wait for thy salvation, may eternally
love and praise thee, O God the Father, God the Son, and God the
Holy Ghost, throughout all ages, world without end.

Our Father, &c.

M O N D A Y M O R N I N G.

General questions, which may be used every morning.

 Did I think of God first and last?

Have I examined myself how I behaved since last night’s

retirement?

Am I resolved to do all the good I can this day, and to be diligent

in the business of my calling?

O GOD, who art the giver of all good gifts, I thy unworthy servant,
entirely desire to praise thy name for all the expressions of
thy bounty towards me. Blessed be thy love for giving thy Son to die
for our sins, for the means of grace, and for the hope of glory.
Blessed be thy love for all the temporal benefits which thou hast
with a liberal hand poured out upon me; for my health and strength,
food and raiment, and all other necessaries with which thou hast
provided thy sinful servant. I also bless thee that, after all my
refusals of thy grace, thou still hast patience with me, hast
preserved me this night, (――) ¹ and given me yet another day, to
renew and perfect my repentance. Pardon, good Lord, all my former
sins, and make me every day more zealous and diligent to improve
every opportunity of building up my soul in thy faith, and love, and
obedience: make thyself always present to my mind, and let thy love
fill and rule my soul, in all those places, and companies, and
employments, to which thou callest me this day. In all my passage
through this world, suffer not my heart to be set upon it: but always
fix my single eye, and my undivided affections on the prize of my
high calling! This one thing let me do; let me so press toward this,
as to make all things else minister unto it; and be careful so to use
them, as thereby to fit my soul for that pure bliss, which thou hast
prepared for those that love thee!

¹ Here you may mention any particular mercy received.

 O thou, who art good and dost good, who extendest thy loving-
kindness to all mankind, the work of thine hands, thine image,
capable of knowing and loving thee eternally: suffer me to exclude
none, O Lord, from my charity, who are the objects of thy mercy;
but let me treat all my neighbours with that tender love, which is
due to thy servants and to thy children. Thou hast required this
mark of my love to thee: O let no temptation expose me to
ingratitude, or make me forfeit thy loving kindness which is better
than life itself! But grant that I may assist all my brethren with my
prayers, where I cannot reach them with actual services. Make me
zealous to embrace all occasions that may administer to their
happiness, by assisting the needy, protecting the oppressed,
instructing the ignorant, confirming the wavering, exhorting the
good, and reproving the wicked. Let me look upon the failings of my
neighbour as if they were my own; that I may be grieved for them,
that I may never reveal them but when charity requires, and then
with tenderness and compassion. Let thy love to me, O blessed
Saviour, be the pattern of my love to him. Thou thoughtest nothing
too dear to part with, to rescue me from eternal misery: O let me
think nothing too dear to part with to set forward the everlasting
good of my fellow Christians. They are members of thy body;
therefore I will cherish them. Thou hast redeemed them with an
inestimable price; assisted by thy holy Spirit, therefore I will
endeavour to recover them from a state of destruction: that thus
adorning thy holy gospel, by doing good according to my power, I
may at last be received into the endearments of thy eternal love,
and sing everlasting praise unto the Lamb, that was slain and sitteth
on the throne for ever.
 Extend, I humbly beseech thee, thy mercy to all men, and let
them become thy faithful servants. Let all Christians live up to the
holy religion they profess; especially these sinful nations. Be
intreated for us, good Lord; be glorified by our reformation, and not
by our destruction. Turn thou us, and so shall we be turned: O be
favourable to thy people; give us grace to put a period to our
provocations, and do thou put a period to our punishment. Defend
our church from schism, heresy, and sacrilege, and the king from all
treasons and conspiracies. Bless all bishops, priests and deacons,
with apostolical graces, exemplary lives, and sound doctrine. Grant
to the council wisdom from above, to all magistrates integrity and
zeal, to the universities quietness and industry, and to the gentry
and commons, pious and peaceable, and loyal hearts.

Preserve my parents, my brothers and sisters, my friends and

relations, and all mankind, in their souls and bodies (――) ¹. Forgive
mine enemies, and in thy due time make them kindly affected
towards me. Have mercy on all who are afflicted in mind, body, or
estate: give them patience under their sufferings, and a happy issue
out of all their afflictions. O grant that we, with those who are
already dead in thy faith and fear may together partake of a joyful
resurrection, through him who liveth and reigneth with thee and the
Holy Ghost, one God, world without end.

¹ Here mention the particular persons you would pray for.

M O N D A Y E V E N I N G.

Particular questions relating to the love of our neighbour.

1. Have I thought any thing but my conscience, too dear to part

with, to please or serve my neighbour?

2. Have I rejoiced or grieved with him?

 3. Have I received his infirmities with pity, not with anger?

4. Have I contradicted any one, either where I had no good end

in view, or where there was no probability of convincing?

5. Have I let him, I thought in the wrong (in a ♦trifle) have the
last word?

♦ “triflle” replaced with “trifle”

M OST great and glorious Lord God, I desire to prostrate myself

before thy divine Majesty, under a deep sense of my
unworthiness, and with sorrow, and shame, and confusion of face,
to confess I have, by my manifold transgressions, deserved thy
severest visitations, Father, I have sinned against heaven, and am no
more worthy to be called thy son: O let thy paternal bowels yern
upon me, and for Jesus Christ’s sake graciously receive me. Accept
my imperfect repentance, and send thy Spirit of adoption into my
heart, that I may again be owned by thee, call thee Father, and
share in the blessings of thy children.

Adored be thy goodness for all the benefits thou hast already
from time to time bestowed on me: for the good things of this life,
and the hope of eternal happiness. Particularly, I offer to thee my
humblest thanks for thy preservation of me this day, (――) ¹. If I
have escaped any sin, it is the effect of thy restraining grace: if I
have avoided any danger, it was thy hand directed me. To thy holy
name be ascribed the honour and glory. O let the sense of all thy
blessings have this effect upon me, to make me daily more diligent
in devoting myself, all I am, and all I have to thy glory.

¹ Here mention the particular persons you would pray for.

 O my God, fill my soul with so entire a love of thee, that I may
love nothing but for thy sake, and in subordination to thy love. Give
me grace to study thy knowledge daily, that the more I know thee,
the more I may love thee. Create in me a zealous obedience to all
thy commands, a chearful patience under all thy chastisements, and
a thankful resignation to all thy disposals. May I ever have awful
thoughts of thee, never mention thy venerable name, unless on just,
solemn, and devout occasions; nor even then, without acts of
adoration. O let it be the one business of my life to glorify thee, by
every thought of my heart, by every word of my tongue, by every
work of my hand; by professing thy truth, even to the death, if it
should please thee to call me to it; and by engaging all men, as far
as in me lies, to glorify and love thee.

Let thy unwearied and tender love to me, make my love

unwearied and tender to my neighbour, zealous to pray for, and to
procure and promote his health and safety, ease and happiness; and
active to comfort, succour, and relieve all whom thy love and their
own necessities recommend to my charity. Make me peaceful and
reconcilable; easy to ♦forgive, and glad to return good for evil. Make
me like thyself, all kindness and benignity, all goodness and
gentleness, all meekness and long-suffering. And, O thou lover of
souls, raise in me a compassionate zeal to save the life, the eternal
life of souls, and by affectionate and seasonable advice, exhortations
and reproof, to reclaim the wicked, and win them to thy love.

♦ “give” replaced with “forgive” per Errata

Be pleased, O Lord, to take me, with my father and mother,

brethren and sisters, my friends and relations, and my enemies, into
thy almighty protection this night. Refresh me with such comfortable
rest that I may rise more fit for thy service. Let me lie down with
holy thoughts of thee, and when I awake let me be still present with
thee.
 Shew mercy to the whole world, O Father of all; let the gospel of
thy Son run and be glorified throughout all the earth. Let it be made
known to all infidels, and obeyed by all Christians. Be merciful to this
church and nation; give unto thy bishops a discerning spirit, that
they may make choice of fit persons to serve in thy sacred ministry;
and enable all who are ordained to any holy function, diligently to
feed the flocks committed to their charge, instructing them in saving
knowledge, guiding them by their examples, praying for and blessing
them, exercising spiritual discipline in thy church, and duly
administring thy holy sacraments. Multiply thy blessings on our
sovereign, on the royal family, and on the nobles, magistrates,
gentry and commons of this land; that they may all, according to the
several talents they have received, be faithful instruments of thy
glory. Give to our schools and universities, zeal, prudence and
holiness, visit in mercy all the children of affliction, (――) ¹. Relieve
their necessities, lighten their burthens; give them a chearful
submission to thy gracious will, and at length bring them and us,
with those that already rest from their labours, into the joy of our
Lord, to whom with thee, O Father, and thee, O Holy Ghost, be all
praise, now and for ever.

¹ Here mention the particular persons you would pray for.

T U E S D A Y M O R N I N G.
O ETERNAL and merciful Father, I give thee humble thanks
(increase my thankfulness, I beseech thee) for all the
blessings, spiritual and temporal, which in the riches of thy mercy
thou hast poured down upon me. Lord, let me not live but to love
thee, and to glorify thy name. Particularly I give thee most unfeigned
thanks for preserving me from my birth to this moment and for
bringing me safe to the beginning of this day (――) ¹ in which, and
in all the days of my life, I beseech thee that all my thoughts, words,
and works may tend to thy glory. Heal O Father of mercies, all my
infirmities (――), strengthen me against all my follies; forgive me all
my sins (――), and let them not cry louder in thine ears for
vengeance, than my prayers for mercy and forgiveness.

¹ Here mention the particulars you would pray for.

 O blessed Lord, enable me to fulfil thy commands, and command
what thou wilt. O thou Saviour of all that trust in thee, do with me
what seemeth best in thine own eyes: only give me the mind which
was in thee: let me learn of thee to be meek and lowly. Pour into me
the whole Spirit of humility; fill, I beseech thee, every part of my
soul with it, and make it the constant, ruling habit of my mind, that
all my other tempers may arise from it: that I may have no
thoughts, no desires, no designs, but such as are the true fruit of a
lowly spirit. Grant that I may think of myself as I ought to think, that
I may know myself, even as I am known. Herein may I exercise
myself continually, when I lie down and when I rise up, that I may
always appear poor, and little, and mean, and base, and vile in mine
own eyes. O convince me, that I have neither learned wisdom, nor
have the knowledge of the holy. Give me a lively sense that I am
nothing, that I have nothing, and that I can do nothing. Enable me
to feel that I am all ignorance and error, weakness and uncleanness,
sin and misery; that I am not worthy of the air I breathe, the earth I
tread upon, or the sun that shines upon me. And let me be fully
content when all other men think of me as I do of myself. O save me
from either desiring or seeking the honour that cometh of men.
Convince me that the words of praise, when smoother than oil, then
especially are very swords. Give me to dread them more than the
poison of asps, or the pestilence that walketh in darkness. And when
these cords of pride, these snares of death do overtake me, suffer
me not to take any pleasure in them, but enable me instantly to flee
unto thee, O Lord, and to complain unto my God. Let all my bones
cry out, Thou art worthy to be praised; so shall I be safe from mine
enemies.
 Bless, O gracious Father, all the nations whom thou hast placed
upon the earth, with the knowledge of thee, the only true God: But
especially bless thy holy catholic church, and fill it with truth and
grace; where it is corrupt, purge it; where it is in error, rectify it;
where it is right, confirm it; where it is divided and rent asunder,
heal the breaches thereof, O thou holy one of Israel. Replenish all
whom thou hast called to ♦any office therein, with truth of doctrine
and innocency of life. Let their prayers be as precious incense in thy
sight, that their cries and tears for the city of their God may not be
in vain.

♦ “an” replaced with “any” per Errata

O Lord, hear the king in the day of his trouble; let thy name, O
God, defend him. Grant him his heart’s desire, and fulfil all his mind.
Set his heart firm upon thee, and upon other things only as they are
in and for thee. O defend him and his royal relations from thy holy
heaven, even with the saving strength of thy right-hand.

Have mercy upon this kingdom, and forgive the sins of this
people: turn thee unto us, bless us, and cause thy face to shine on
our desolations. Inspire the nobles and magistrates with prudent
zeal, the gentry and commons, with humble loyalty. Pour down thy
blessings on all seminaries of true religion and learning, that they
may remember and answer the end of their institution. Comfort all
the sons and daughters of affliction, especially those who suffer for
righteousness sake. Bless my father and mother, my brethren and
sisters, my friends and relations, and all that belong to this family.
Forgive all who are mine enemies, and so reconcile them to me and
thyself, that we all, together with those that now sleep in thee, may
awake to life everlasting, through thy merits and intercession, O
blessed Jesus; to whom with the Father and the Holy Ghost, be
ascribed by all creatures, all honour, and might, and wisdom, and
glory, and blessing.
 T U E S D A Y E V E N I N G.

Particular questions relating to humility.

1. Have I laboured to conform all my thoughts, words and

actions to these fundamental maxims; I am nothing, I have nothing,
I can do nothing?

2. Have I set apart some time this day, to think upon my

infirmities, follies and sins?

3. Have I ascribed to myself any part of any good which God did
by my hand?

4. Have I said or done any thing, with a view to the praise of

men?

5. Have I desired the praise of men?

6. Have I taken pleasure in it?

7. Have I commended myself, or others, to their faces, unless for

God’s sake, and then with fear and trembling?

8. Have I despised any one’s advice?

9. Have I, when I thought so, said, I am in the wrong?

10. Have I received contempt for things indifferent, with

meekness: For doing my duty, with joy?

11. Have I omitted justifying myself where the glory of God was
not concerned? Have I submitted to be thought in the wrong?

12. Have I, when contemned, first prayed God it might not

discourage, or puff me up: secondly that it might not be imputed to
the contemner: thirdly that it might heal my pride?
 13. Have I, without some particular good in view, mentioned the
contempt I had met with?

I DESIRE to offer unto thee, O Lord, my evening sacrifice, the

sacrifice of a contrite spirit. Have mercy upon me, O God, after
thy great goodness, and after the multitude of thy mercies do away
mine offences. Let thy unspeakable mercy free me from the sins I
have committed, and deliver me from the punishment I have
deserved (――) ¹. O save me from every work of darkness, and
cleanse me from all filthiness of flesh and spirit, that, for the time to
come, I may with a pure heart and mind follow thee the only true
God.

¹ Here mention the particulars you would pray for.

O Lamb of God, who both by thy example and precept didst

instruct us to be meek and humble, give me grace throughout my
whole life, in every thought, and word and work, to imitate thy
meekness and humility. O mortify in me the whole body of pride:
grant me to feel that I am nothing and have nothing, and that I
deserve nothing but shame and contempt, but misery and
punishment. Grant, O Lord, that I may look for nothing, claim
nothing, and that I may go through all the scenes of life, not seeking
my own glory, but looking wholly unto thee, and acting wholly for
thee. Let me never speak any word that may tend to my own praise,
unless the good of my neighbour require it. And even then let me
beware, lest to heal another, I wound my own soul. Let my ears and
my heart be ever shut to the praise that cometh of men, and let me
refuse to hear the voice of the charmer, charm he never so sweetly.
Give me a dread of applause, in whatsoever form, and from
whatsoever tongue it cometh. I know that many stronger men have
been slain by it, and that it leadeth to the chambers of death. O
deliver my soul from this snare of hell; neither let me spread it for
the feet of others. Whosoever perish thereby, be their blood upon
their own head, and let not my hand be upon them.
 O thou giver of every good and perfect gift, if at any time thou
pleasest to work by my hand, teach me to discern what is my own
from what is another’s, and to render unto thee the things that are
thine. As, all the good that is done on earth, thou dost it thyself, let
me ever return to thee all the glory. Let me, as a pure chrystal,
transmit all the light thou pourest upon me; but never claim as my
own what is thy sole property.

O thou who wert despised and rejected of men, when I am

slighted by my friends, disdained by my superiors, overborn, or
ridiculed by my equals, or contemptuously treated by my inferiors,
let me cry out with thy holy martyr ¹, “It is now that I begin to be a
disciple of Christ.” Then let me thankfully accept, and faithfully use
the happy occasion of improving in thy meek and lowly Spirit. If for
thy sake men cast out my name as evil, let me rejoice, and be
exceeding glad. If for my own infirmities, yet let me acknowledge
thy goodness, in giving me this medicine to heal my pride and
vanity, and beg thy mercy for those physicians of my soul, by whose
hands it is administered to me.

¹ Ignatius.

Make me to remember thee on my bed, and think upon thee

when I am waking: thou hast preserved me from all the dangers of
the day past: thou hast been my support from my youth up until
now: under the shadow of thy wings let me pass this night in
comfort and peace.
 O thou Creator and preserver of all mankind, have mercy upon
all conditions of men: purge thy holy Catholic church from all heresy,
schism, and superstition. Bless our sovereign in his person, in his
actions, in his relations, and in his people. May it please thee to
endue his council, and all the nobility, with grace, wisdom, and
understanding; the magistrates with equity, courage and prudence;
the gentry with industry and temperance; and all the commons of
this land, with increase of grace, and a holy, humble, thankful spirit.

O pour upon our whole church, and especially upon the clergy
thereof, the continual dew of thy blessing. Grant to our universities
peace and piety, and to all that labour under affliction, constant
patience and timely deliverance. Bless all my kindred, (especially my
father and mother, my brothers and sisters) and all my friends and
benefactors (――) ¹. Turn the hearts of my enemies (――); forgive
them and me all our sins, and grant that we and all the members of
thy holy church, may find mercy in the dreadful day of judgment,
through the mediation and satisfaction of thy blessed Son Jesus
Christ, to whom with thee and the Holy Ghost the comforter, be all
honour, praise and thanksgiving, in all the churches of the saints for
ever.

¹ Here mention the particulars you would pray for.

W E D N E S D A Y M O R N I N G.
O THOU who dwellest in the light which no man can approach, in
whose presence there is no night, in the light of whose
countenance there is perpetual day: I thy sinful servant, whom thou
hast preserved this night, who live by thy power this day, bless and
glorify thee, for the defence of thy almighty providence, (――) ¹ and
humbly pray thee, that this, and all my days may be wholly devoted
to thy service. Send thy Holy Spirit to be the guide of all my ways,
and the sanctifier of my soul and body. Save, defend, and build me
up in thy fear and love; give unto me the light of thy countenance,
peace from heaven, and the salvation of my soul in the day of the
Lord Jesus.

¹ Here mention the particulars you would pray for.

O Thou who art the way, the truth, and the life, thou hast said no
man can follow thee, unless he renounce himself. I know, O Saviour,
that thou hast laid nothing upon us but what the design of thy love
made necessary for us. Thou sawest our disease, our idolatrous self-
love, whereby we fell away from God, to be as gods ourselves, to
please ourselves, and to do our own will. Lo, I come! May I ever
renounce my own, and do thy blessed will in all things!

I know, O God, thou didst empty thyself of thy eternal glory, and
tookest upon thee the form of a servant. Thou who madest all men
to serve and please thee, didst not please thyself, but wast the
servant of all. Thou O Lord of the hosts of heaven and earth, didst
yield thy cheeks to be smitten, thy back to be scourged, and thy
hands and feet to be nailed to an accursed tree. Thus didst thou, our
great Master, renounce thyself: And can we think much of
renouncing our vile selves? My Lord and my God, let me not
presume to be above my master! Let it be the one desire of my
heart, to be as my master, to do not my own will, but the will of him
that sent me.
 O thou whose whole life did cry aloud, Father, not mine, but thy
will be done, give me grace to walk after thy pattern, to tread in thy
steps. Give me grace to take up my cross daily, to inure myself to
bear hardship. Let me exercise myself unto godliness betimes,
before the rains descend and the floods beat upon me: Let me now
practise what is not pleasing to flesh and blood, what is not
agreeable to my senses, appetites, and passions, that I may not
hereafter renounce thee, for fear of suffering for thee, but may
stand firm in the day of my visitation.

*O thou, who didst not please thyself, altho’ for thy pleasure all
things are and were created, let some portion of thy spirit descend
on me, that I may deny myself and follow thee. Strengthen my soul
that I may be temperate in all things; that I may never use any of
thy creatures but in order to some end thou commandest me to
pursue, and in that measure and manner which most conduces to it.
Let me never gratify any desire, which has not thee for its ultimate
object. Let me ever abstain from all pleasures, which do not prepare
me for taking pleasure in thee, as knowing that all such war against
the soul, and tend to alienate it from thee. O save me from ever
indulging either the desire of the flesh, the desire of the eye, or the
pride of life. Set a watch, O Lord, over my senses and appetites, my
passions and understanding, that I may resolutely deny them every
gratification, which has no tendency to thy glory. O train me up in
this good way, that when I am old I may not depart from it: that I
may be at length of a truly mortified heart, crucified unto the world,
and the world crucified unto me.

Hear also my prayers for all mankind, and guide their feet into
the way of peace: for thy holy Catholic church, let her live by thy
Spirit, and reign in thy glory. Remember that branch of it which thou
hast planted in these kingdoms; especially the stewards of thy holy
mysteries; give them such zeal, and diligence, and wisdom, that
they may save both themselves and those that hear them.
 Preserve, O great King of heaven and earth, all Christian princes,
especially our sovereign and his family. Grant that his council, and all
that are in authority under him, may truly and indifferently
administer justice. And to all thy people give thy heavenly grace,
that they may faithfully serve thee all the days of their life. Bless the
universities with prudence, unity, and holiness. However the way of
truth be evil spoken of, may they walk in it even to the end.
Whoever forget or blaspheme their high calling, may they ever
remember, that they are a chosen generation, a royal priesthood, an
holy nation, a peculiar people: and accordingly, shew forth the praise
of him, who hath called them out of darkness into his marvellous
light.

With a propitious eye, O gracious Lord, behold all my enemies,

and all that are in affliction; give them patience under their
sufferings, and grant that they, and all the members of thy church,
may find rest, where the wicked cease from troubling, and mercy in
the great day of trial. In particular I commend to thy mercy, my
father and mother, my brethren and sisters, my friends and relations
(――) ¹. Lord, thou best knowest all their wants; O suit thy blessings
to their several necessities.

¹ Here mention the particulars you would pray for.

Let these my prayers, O Lord, find access to the throne of grace,

through the Son of thy love, Jesus Christ the righteous: to whom,
with thee, O Father, in the unity of the Spirit, be all love and
obedience now and for ever!

W E D N E S D A Y E V E N I N G.

Particular questions relating to mortification.

1. Have I done any thing merely because it was pleasing?

 2. Have I not only ♦not done what passion sollicited me to, but
done just the contrary?

♦ “done” replaced with “not done” per Errata

3. Have I received the inconveniences I could not avoid, as

means of mortification chosen for me by God?

4. Have I contrived pretences to avoid self-denial? In particular,

5. Have I thought any occasion of denying myself too small to be

embraced?

6. Have I submitted my will to the will of every one that opposed

it; except where the glory of God was concerned?

7. Have I set apart some time for endeavouring after a lively

sense of the sufferings of Christ and my own sins? For deprecating
God’s judgment, and thinking how to amend?

O ALMIGHTY Lord of heaven and earth, I desire with fear and

shame to cast myself down before thee, humbly confessing
my manifold sins and unsufferable wickedness. I confess, O great
God, that I have sinned grievously against thee by thought, word
and deed (particularly this day). Thy words and thy laws, O God, are
holy, and thy judgments are terrible! But I have broken all thy
righteous laws, and incurred thy severest judgments; and where
shall I appear when thou art angry?

But, O Lord my Judge, thou art also my Redeemer! I have

sinned, but thou, O blessed Jesus, art my advocate! Enter not into
judgment with me, lest I die; but spare me, gracious Lord, spare thy
servant, whom thou hast redeemed with thy most precious blood. O
reserve not evil in store for me against the day of vengeance, but let
thy mercy be magnified upon me. Deliver me from the power of sin,
and preserve me from the punishment of it.
 Thou whose mercy is without measure, whose goodness is
♦unspeakable, despise not thy returning servant, who earnestly begs
for pardon and reconciliation. Grant me the forgiveness of what is
past, and a perfect repentance of all my sins, that for the time to
come I may with a pure spirit do thy will, O God, walking humbly
with thee, conversing charitably with men, possessing my soul in
resignation and holiness, and my body in sanctification and honour.

♦ “unspeakble” replaced with “unspeakable”

*My Lord and my God, I know that unless I am planted together

with thee in the likeness of thy death, I cannot in the likeness of thy
resurrection. O strengthen me, that by denying myself and taking up
my cross daily, I may crucify the old man, and utterly destroy the
whole body of sin. Give me grace to mortify all my members which
are upon earth, all my works and affections which are according to
corrupt nature. Let me be dead unto sin, unto every transgression of
thy law, which is holy, merciful and perfect. Let me be dead unto the
world, and all that is in the world, the desires ♦ of the flesh, the
desire of the eye, and the pride of life. Let me be dead unto
pleasure, so far as it tendeth not to thee, and to those pleasures
which are at thy right-hand for evermore. Let me be dead unto my
own will, and alive only unto thine. I am not my own; thou hast
bought me with a price, with the price of thine own blood. And thou
didst therefore die for all, that we should not henceforth live unto
ourselves, but unto him that died for us. Arm thou me with this
mind; circumcise my heart and make me a new creature. Let me no
longer live to the desires of men, but to the will of God. Let thy holy
Spirit enable me to say with thy blessed apostle, I am crucified with
Christ: nevertheless I live, yet not I, but Christ liveth in me.

♦ “of the flesh, the desire” added per Errata

 O thou great Shepherd of souls, bring home unto thy fold all that
are gone astray. Preserve thy church from all heresy and schism,
from all that persecute or oppose the truth: and give unto thy
ministers wisdom and holiness, and the powerful aid of thy blessed
Spirit. Advance the just interests, and preserve the persons of all
Christian princes, especially our sovereign: give to him and his royal
family, and to all his subjects, in their several stations, particularly
those that are in authority among them, grace to do thy will in this
world, and eternal glory in the world to come.

Bless, O Lord, all our nurseries of piety and schools of learning,

that they may devote all their studies to thy glory. Have mercy on all
that are in affliction: remember the poor and needy, the widow and
fatherless, the friendless and oppressed: heal the sick and
languishing, give them a sanctified use of thy rod, and when thou
seest it expedient for them, receive them into the number of thy
departed saints, and with them into thine everlasting kingdom.

O my God, I praise thee for thy continual preservation of me, for

thy fatherly protection over me this day. (――) ¹. For all the comforts
with which thou surroundest me, spiritual and temporal; particularly
for leave now to pray unto thee. O accept the poor services, pardon
the sinfulness of this and all my holy duties, and bless me, my
friends and relations, my benefactors and mine enemies, (this night
and ever) with the blessings of thy children.

¹ Here mention the particulars you would pray for.

These my prayers, O most merciful Father, vouchsafe to hear,

through the mediation of Jesus Christ our Redeemer, who with thee
and the Holy Ghost is worshipped and glorified, in all churches of the
saints, one God blessed for ever!

T H U R S D A Y M O R N I N G.
O ETERNAL God, my Sovereign Lord, I acknowledge all I am, all I
have is thine. O give me such a sense of thy infinite
goodness, that I may return to thee all possible love and obedience.

I humbly and heartily thank thee for all the favours thou hast
bestow’d upon me; for creating me after thine own image, for thy
daily preserving me by thy good providence, for redeeming me by
the death of thy blessed Son, and for the assistance of thy holy
Spirit: for causing me to be born in a Christian country, for blessing
me with plentiful means of salvation, with religious parents and
friends, and frequent returns of thy ever blessed sacrament. I also
thank thee for all thy temporal blessings; for the preservation of me
this night, (――) ¹ for my health, strength, food, raiment, and all the
comforts and necessaries of life. O may I always delight to praise thy
holy name, and, above all thy benefits, love thee my great
benefactor.

¹ Here mention the particulars you would pray for.

And, O Father of mercies, shut not up thy bowels of compassion

towards me a vile and miserable sinner; despise not the work of
thine own hands, the purchase of thy Son’s blood. For his sake I
most humbly implore forgiveness of all my sins. Lo, I come now, to
do thy will alone; and am resolved by thy assistance, to have no
longer any choice of my own, but with singleness of heart to obey
thy good pleasure: Father not my will, but thine be done, in all my
thoughts, words, and actions!

*O thou all-sufficient God of angels and men, who art above all,
and through all, and in all; from whom, by whom, and in whom are
all things; in whom we live, move, and have our being; may my will
be as entirely and continually derived from thine, as my being and
happiness are!
 I believe, O sovereign goodness, O mighty wisdom, that thou
dost sweetly order and govern all things, even the most minute,
even the most noxious, to thy glory, and the good of those that love
thee! I believe, O Father of the families of heaven and earth, that
thou so disposest all events, as may best magnify thy goodness to
all thy children, especially those whose eyes wait upon thee. I most
humbly beseech thee teach me to adore all thy ways, though I
cannot comprehend them: teach me to be glad that thou art king,
and to give thee thanks for all things that befall me; seeing thou
hast chosen that for me, and hast thereby set to thy seal that they
are good. And for that which is to come, give me thy grace to do in
all things what pleaseth thee, and then, with an absolute submission
to thy wisdom, to leave the issues of them in thy hand.

O Lord Jesu, I give thee my body, my soul, my substance, my

fame, my friends, my liberty, my life; dispose of me, and all that is
mine, as it seemeth best unto thee. I am not mine, but thine; claim
me as thy right, keep me as thy charge, love me as thy child! Fight
for me when I am assaulted, heal me when I am wounded, and
revive me when I am destroyed.

O help me with thy grace, that whatsoever I shall do or suffer

this day may tend to thy glory. Keep me in love to thee, and to all
men. Do thou direct my paths, and teach me to set thee always
before me. Let not the things of this life, or my manifold concerns
therein, alienate any part of my affections from thee; nor let me
ever pursue or regard them, but for thee, and in obedience to thy
will.
 Extend, O Lord, thy pity to the whole race of mankind: enlighten
the Gentiles with thy truth, and bring into thy flock thy ancient
people the Jews. Be gracious to the holy Catholic church; and grant
she may always preserve that doctrine and discipline which thou
hast delivered to her. Grant that all of this nation, especially our
governors and the clergy, may, whatsoever they do, do all to thy
glory. Bless all nurseries of true religion and useful learning, and let
them not neglect the end of their institution. Be merciful to all that
are in distress, (――) ¹ that struggle with pain, poverty or reproach:
be thou a guide to them that travel by land or by water: give a
strong and quiet spirit to those who are condemned to death, liberty
to prisoners and captives, and ease and chearfulness to every sad
heart. O give spiritual strength and comfort to scrupulous
consciences, and to them that are afflicted by evil spirits. Pity idiots
and lunatics, and give life and salvation to all to whom thou hast
given no understanding. Give to all that are in error the light of thy
truth; bring all sinners to repentance, (――) and give to all heretics
humility and grace to make amends to thy church, by the public
acknowledgement of an holy faith. Bless all my friends and relations,
acquaintance and enemies: (――) unite us all to one another by
mutual love, and to thyself by constant holiness; that we, together
with all those who are gone before us in thy faith and fear, may find
a merciful acceptance in the last day, through the merits of thy
blessed Son, to whom with thee and the Holy Ghost, be all glory,
world without end!

¹ Here mention the particulars you would pray for.

T H U R S D A Y E V E N I N G.

Particular questions relating to resignation and meekness.

1. Have I endeavoured to will what God wills, and that only?