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01 OOP - Lecture#1

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14 views6 pages

01 OOP - Lecture#1

Uploaded by

Abdunnaser Diaf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Object Oriented Programming

In this lecture, the following topics are covered:


 The Object Oriented Programming paradigm
 The class and object concepts
 The abstraction concept
 The encapsulation concept
 The benefits of Object Oriented Programming

1. The Object Oriented Programming paradigm


 The Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm
where concepts in the program are represented by “objects.”
 An object is an entity in the real world that has a state and exhibit
behavior. For example, any real-life entity like a pen, a laptop, a mobile, a
table, a chair, a car, etc. is an object.
 All these objects are either physical (tangible) or logical (intangible).
 Contrary to procedural programming, an object bundles both its data
(which determines its state) and its procedures (which determines its
behavior) in a coherent way.
 A key difference between OO and procedural programming is that OO
uses local data stored in objects, whereas procedural programming uses
global shared data that the various procedures can access directly. This
has significant implications from a maintenance viewpoint.

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 In object-oriented programming (OOP), an application consists of a
number of objects that ask services from each other.
 OO programming is the most popular programming paradigm currently
in use. Some examples of object-oriented programming languages are
Eiffel, Smalltalk, C++, and Java.

2. Characteristics of Object-Oriented Programming


The following five basic characteristics represent a pure approach to object-
oriented programming:
a. Everything is an object. it stores data and performs operations on
itself. In theory, you can take any conceptual component in the
problem you’re trying to solve (car, building, bank account, etc.) and
represent it as an object in your program.
b. A program is a number of objects telling each other what to do by
sending messages.
c. Each object has its own memory made up of other objects. you
create a new kind of object by making a package containing existing
objects. Thus, you can build complexity into a program while hiding it
behind the simplicity of objects.
d. Every object has a type. Each object is an instance of a class.
e. All objects of a particular type can receive the same messages.

3. The Class and Object Concepts


 Objects of the same type are defined using a common class.
 A class is a template, blueprint, or contract that defines what an object’s
data fields (state) and operations (behavior) will be.

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 An object is an instance of a class. You can create many instances of a
class.
 Creating an instance is referred to as instantiation.
 The terms object and instance are often interchangeable.

 Writing an object-oriented program is largely a matter of designing


classes and writing definitions for those classes in any OO based
programming language (Java for instance).
 Designing a class is a matter of specifying all of the attributes (data
variables) and behaviors (operations) that are characteristic of that type
of object.
 A class is used to introduce a new data type in OOP, the Car type for
example.
 A significant difference between the class and object is that the class is a
logical concept while the object is a physical component (although, it
could be a logical as well).
o For example, to define the class of circle, the radius variable is
used to represent the state of circle objects. Here the radius
variable is the property that characterizes any circle. The current
values of the radius represent different objects of the class circle.

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In other words, we will have circles of different sizes based on the
current value of each radius.
o To define the behavior of circle objects, you may define
operations named getArea () and getPerimeter (). These
operations can be invoked on the circle object but not on the
circle class.
o Another example is the rectangle class. In this case, the variables
width and height are used to characterize any rectangle and
they together represent the state of any rectangle. The current
values of the width and height represent different objects of the
class rectangle. In other words, we will have rectangles of different
sizes (dimensions) based on the current value of each width and
height for each rectangle.
o To define the behavior of rectangle objects, you may define
operations named getArea () and getPerimeter (). These
operations can be invoked on the rectangle object but not on the
rectangle class.

4. Abstraction and Encapsulation


The abstraction
 In simple terms, abstraction “displays” only the relevant attributes of
objects and “hides” the unnecessary details.
 For example, when we are driving a car, we are only concerned about
driving the car like start/stop the car, accelerate/ break, etc. We are not
concerned about how the actual start/stop mechanism or
accelerate/brake process works internally.

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 What we are concerned about is the “abstract” view of these operations
that will help us to drive the car forward and reach our destination. This
is a simple example of abstraction.
 Abstraction reduces the programming efforts and thereby the
complexity. An end-user using the application need not be concerned
about how a particular feature is implemented. He/she can just use the
features as required.
The encapsulation
 Encapsulation refers to combining data and associated functions as a
single unit (the class).
 Encapsulation is the technique whereby the object's state is hidden from
the outer world and a set of public methods for accessing this state are
exposed.
 When each object keeps its state private inside a class, we can say that
encapsulation was achieved. This is why encapsulation is also referenced
as the information hiding mechanism.
 Encapsulation is all about implementation. Its main purpose is to hide
the internal working of objects from the outside world so that you
can change it later without impacting outside clients.

5. Benefits of Object oriented programming


The following are some of the benefits of the Object Oriented Programming:

 Simplicity: software objects model real world objects, so the


complexity is reduced and the program structure is very clear.
 Modularity: each object forms a separate entity whose internal
workings are decoupled from other parts of the system.

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 Modifiability: it is easy to make minor changes in the data
representation or the procedures in an OO program. Changes inside a
class do not affect any other part of a program, since the only public
interface that the external world has to a class is through the use of
methods (functions). This is due to the information hiding principle.
 Extensibility: adding new features can be solved by introducing a
few new objects and modifying some existing ones;
 Maintainability: objects can be maintained separately, making
locating and fixing problems easier.
 Re-usability: objects can be reused in different programs.

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