CHAPTER

11 INTRODUCTION OF SET

Sets

Collection of clearly- defined objects

Representing
Set notation
sets

A set is defined by using: A set can be represented graphically in a

Venn diagram:
 Description
A is the set of an even number which
are less than 10
 Listing
A = {2, 4, 6, 8}
 Set builder notation
A = {x: x <10, x is an even number}

 Set A = {1, 2, 5}
 Set B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
 ξ={1 ,2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ,7 ,8 , 9 , 10 }
Elements of a Set
The universal set, ξ , is the set containing
all the possible elements in a given
 The objects in a set are known as its problem.
elements.
 The symbol epsilon, ∈, is used to
show the relationship between a set
and its elements.
K = {1, 2, 3, 4} Set relations
1∈K
5∉K
 Two equal sets have exactly the same
 The number of elements in set A is
elements.
represented by n(A). If A = {a, b, c},
 The complement of a set A is the set

An empty set, { } or ⌀, is a set

then n(A) = 3.
of all the elements in the universal set

with no elements.
 that are not contained in a set:
'
 A ={1 ,3 , 5 , 7 }
 A subset is a set of which all the
elements are contained in another set.
In the above Venn diagram, set A is a
subset of set B, or A ⊂ B.
Exercise 1
Describe each of the following sets by using description, listing and set builder notation.
Sets Description Listing Set builder notation
Example: A is the set of prime A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, A = {x: x is a prime
A = {prime numbers numbers which are 13, 17, 19} number and x < 20}
which are less than less than 20.
20)
K = {one-digit
numbers which are
also a perfect
squares}

M = {vowels in the
word BESTARI}

P = {polygons with
less than 7 sides}

Exercise 2
Mark (✔️) for each empty set and (❌) for a non-empty set.

Example: Set A is the set of all the even numbers divisible by 5 ❌

(a) Set J consists of people who are over 300 years old

(b) R = {number of days that is snowed in Perak last year}

(c) G = {x: x is a set of prime numbers, 35 < x < 40

Exercise 3
Fill in the blank with the symbol ∈ or ∉.
Example:
∈
(a) P Type{letters
equationin here .
the word ALGEBRA}
April {months with 30 days}

(b) Brown Type{colours

equation of
here
the. rainbow} (c) 25 {x: x is a multiple of 3}
Exercise 4
State the number of elements in each set
Example:
A = {1, 3, 5, 6} (a) A = {letters in the word NOMBOR}
n (A) = 4

(b) D = {x: x is a prime number less than 15} (c) K = {letters of the alphabet}

Exercise 5
Determine whether each of the following pairs of sets is equal.
Examples: (a) S = {multiple of 5}
A = {prime factors of 36} T= {numbers which are divisible by 5}
B = {factors of 6}

Solution:
A = {2, 3}
B= {1, 2, 3, 6}
Thus, A ≠ B

(b) A = {letters in the word ‘MAKANAN’} (c) K = {the first five odd numbers}
B = {letters in the word ‘MAKAN’} L = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

Exercise 6
Represent the following relationship by using Venn diagrams.
Example: (a) X ⊂ Y ⊂ Z
B⊂A
Solution:
Solution:
 (b) P ⊂ Q (c) A ⊂ C ⊂B

Exercise 7:
Represent the relationship between each pair of sets by using a Venn diagram.
Example:
(a) S = {4, 8, 12, 16}
Q = {Azura, Ong, Peter, Yahya, Zaini, Ina} T = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18}
R = {Azura, Yahya, Zaini}
Solution:
Solution:

(b) (c)
Given ξ = {x: x is an integer and 1 < x < Given
10} ξ = letters in the word ‘KOMPUTER’}
A = {even numbers} A= {letters in the word ‘KOMPUTER’}
B = {multiples of 4} B = {vowels}

Solution: Solution: