MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
- WINTER – 2023 EXAMINATION

Subject Name: Elements of Machine Design Subject Code: 22564

Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and
there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual (English +
Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year 2021-2022. Hence if
the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the Examiner shall consider the
same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model answer.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10

a) Identify the material and its composition. 2 Marks

Ans: i) X10 Cr18 Ni9 Mo4 Si2

Material: X means- High Alloy Steel
Composition: Avg. Carbon content is 0.10 %,
Avg. Chromium content is 18 % and
Avg. Nickel content is 9 %
Avg. Molybdenum content is 4 % 1 mark
Avg. Silicon content is 2 %

ii) XT 72 W18 Cr4 V1

Material: High-speed tool steel
Composition: Avg. carbon content 0.72 %,
Avg. tungsten content is18 %, 1 mark
Avg. chromium content is 4 % and
Avg. vanadium content is 1 %.
b) Define the following terms of the spring. 2 Marks
i) Solid Length: It is defined as the axial length of the spring which is so compressed
Ans: that the adjacent coils touch each other. 1 mark for
each
ii) Spring Stiffness: It is ratio of mean coil diameter to wire diameter. C= D/d correct def

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c) List any four desirable properties of the shaft material. 2 Marks

Ans: i) It should have high strength (Strong).

ii) It should have good machinability (easily machined).

iii) It should have low notch sensitivity factor (stress concentration is less i.e. ductile material
is used).
½ Mark
iv) It should have good heat treatment properties.
each
v) It should have high wear resistant properties. property
vi) Material should have minimum deflection

d) Give the applications of turn buckle (Any Four) 2 Marks

i) To provide tension in wires of the fence, roofs, ropes, cables, tie rods etc

ii) Construction of suspension bridge.

iii) Turnbuckles are used for tensioning a ship's rigging and lashings. ½ Mark
each
iv) Turnbuckles have been used in aircraft construction. application
v) Turnbuckles are used in nearly all rigging performed in the entertainment industry.
vi) Turnbuckles find use to tension the ropes in professional wrestling rings and boxing
rings

e) Draw the symbolic representation of the following types of weld. 2 Marks

i) Weld all round

1Mark
each

ii) Single U-Butt weld

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f) State the significance of “ Wahl’s factor” 02 Marks

A stress factor that is caused by the changes and direct shear in coil curvature is called Wahl's
Ans Factor.

We know; Wahl’s factor K = +

Wahl’s correction factor is calculated using spring index C. Hence selection of spring index C has a
great significance in spring design. Figure shows the effect of spring index C on Wahl’s factor

Figure

1 mark

Spring index: It is ratio of mean coil diameter to wire diameter. Suitable

explanation
C=
1 marks
The spring index indicates the relative sharpness of the curvature of the coil.

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A low spring index means high sharpness of curvature.

• If C is low (C < 3), the actual stresses are excessive due to curvature effect and special
care in coiling is required to avoid cracking in some wires during manufacturing.

• If C is high (C > 15), it results in large variation in the coil diameter. Such a spring is prone
to buckling and also tangles easily during handling.

• C from 4 to 12 is considered best from manufacturing considerations.

• A spring index in the range of 6 to 9 is still preferred particularly for close tolerance
springs and those subjected to cyclic loading.

In this way Wahl’s factor ‘K’ is significant in design of spring.

g) State any four applications of the rolling contact bearing. 02 marks

Given i) Aviation cargo systems.

ii) Heavy-duty rotating equipment and machinery.
1/2 Mark
iii) Automobile sector.
iv) Medical equipment. For each
v) Power generation in hydroelectric power-plant turbines. application
vi) Solar panels.
vii) Agricultural industry.
viii) Pulp and paper manufacturing.
2 Attempt any THREE of the following 12

a) Define endurance limit and draw typical S-N curve for steel. 04 Mark

Ans: Endurance limit is defined as the maximum amplitude of completely revered stress that standard
specimen can sustain for an unlimited number of cycles without fatigue failure. 2 Marks

2 Marks

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b) Design a knuckle joint to transmit 150 kN. The design stresses may be taken as 75 MPa 04 Mark
in tension 60 MPa in shear and 150 MPa in compression.
Ans: Given: P = 150 kN, t = 75 N/mm and
2 2
= 60 N/mm , c = 150 N/mm 2

(*Note-sketch is not mandatory)

the following notations are used

D = diameter of each rod (mm)
D1 = enlarged diameter of each rod (mm)
d = diameter of knuckle pin (mm)
d0 = outside diameter of eye or fork (mm)
a = thickness of each eye of fork (mm)
b = thickness of eye end of rod-B (mm)
d1 = diameter of pin head (mm)
x = distance of the Centre of fork radius R from the
eye (mm)

1. Diameter of rod (D) Considering

Tensile failure of rod

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1 mark

2. Using Empirical Relations

Enlarged diameter of rod D1 = 1.1* D = 1.1 *(52) = 57.2 = 60 mm

Thickness of each eye of fork a = 0.75 *D = 0.75 *(52) = 39 = 40 mm

Thickness of eye end of rod b = 1.25 *D = 1.25* (52) = 65 = 66 mm

3. Diameter of pin (d)

Considering Double shear failure of pin

Considering bending failure of pin

1 mark

Selecting higher diameter of pin d= 70 mm

4. Using empirical relations

Outside diameter of eye or fork = d0 = 2*d = 2*(70) = 140 mm

Diameter of pin head d1 = 1.5 * d = 1.5 * (70) = 105 mm

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5. Check Dimensions of single eye for stresses:
Considering tensile failure of single eye

=32.46 MPa, which is less than 75 MPa …hence safe in tension.

Considering crushing failure of single eye

=32.46 MPa, which is less than 150 MPa …Hence safe in crushing

Considering shear failure of single eye

1 Mark
= 32.46 MPa ...which is less than 60MPa ...hence safe in shear.

6. Check dimensions of fork for stresses

Considering tensile failure of fork

=26.78 MPa …which is less than 75 MPa ...hence safe in tension

Considering crushing failure of fork

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MPa …which is less than 150 MPa ...hence safe in crushing.

Considering shear failure of fork

1 Mark
which is less than 60MPa ...hence safe in shear.

c) Compare rigid and flexible coupling on following points 04 Mark

Ans: Rigid Coupling Flexible Coupling

Alignment No misalignment is permissible. Slight misalignment is permissible.

Shock and It cannot absorb any shock and 1 mark for

Absorbs shock and vibration. each point
Vibration vibration.

Deflection No Deflection. Deflection is more

Suitability 1. Used to transmit power when 1. To connect parallel shafts.

there is no misalignment (Oldham’s Coupling)
between shafts.
2. To Connect shafts at an angles
2. Used to transit less power where to each other. (Universal
no shacks and vibrations. Coupling)

d) Find the length of the weld run for a plate of size 120mm wide and 15 mm thick to be 04 Mark
welded to be welded by means of single transverse weld and double parallel fillet weld
when subjected to dynamic loading. Take t = 75 N/mm2 and = 60 N/mm2.

Ans:

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2 2
Given: Plate width w = 120 mm, t = 15 mm, t = 75 N/mm and = 60 N/mm
1. Length of the weld run for a single transverse weld

The effective length of the weld run l1 for a single transverse weld may be obtained by subtracting 12.5 mm from the width of the plate.
l1= 120-12.5 = 107.5 mm 1 Mark
2. Length of the weld run for a double parallel fillet weld subjected to variable loads.
Let l2 = Length of weld run for each parallel fillet, and
s = Size of weld = Thickness of plate = 15 mm
Assuming the tensile stress as 75 MPa and and shear stress = 60 N/mm 2

We know that the maximum load which the plate can carry is P = Area × Stress = 120 × 15 × 75 =
135000 N

Assuming Stress concentration factor for transverse weld is 1.5 and for parallel fillet welds is 2.7

Permissible tensile stress, t = 75/1.5 = 50 N/mm2 and Permissible shear stress, = 60/2.7 = 22.22
N/mm2 Load carried by single transverse weld,

P1 = 0.707 s × l1 × t = 0.707×15 ×107.5 × 50 = 57001.88 N And load carried by double parallel fillet weld,

P2 = 1.414 s × l2 × = 1.414×15 × l2× 22.22 = 471.29 l2 N Load carried by the joint

(P),
135000 = P1 + P2 = 57001.88 + 471.29 l2
l2 = 165.5 mm

1 Mark

1 Mark

1 Mark

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adding 12.5 mm for starting and stopping of weld run, we have l2 = 165.5 + 12.5 = 178
mm……………………………Ans

Q.3 Attempt any THREE of the following 12 Mark

a) Write down the steps involved in a general design procedure in any machine design. 04 Mark

Sol:

Steps in machine design ½ for each

1. Need: It is the First step of Machine Design in which make a complete statement of the step
problem, indicating the need, aim or purpose for which the machine is to be designed.
2. Synthesis (Mechanisms): Select the possible mechanism or group of mechanisms which will
give the desired motion.
3. Analysis of forces: Find the forces acting on each member of the machine and the energy
transmitted by each member.
4. Material selection: Select the material best suited for each member of the machine.
5. Design of elements (Size and Stresses): Find the size of each member of the machine by
considering the force acting on the member and the permissible stresses for the material used. It
should be kept in mind that each member should not deflect or deform than the permissible limit.
6. Modification: Modify the size of the member to agree with the past experience and judgment
to facilitate manufacture. The modification may also be necessary by consideration of
manufacturing to reduce overall cost.
7. Detailed drawing: Draw the detailed drawing of each component and the assembly of the
machine with complete specification for the manufacturing processes suggested. Prepare assembly
drawing giving part numbers, overall dimensions and part list. The component drawing is supplied
to the shop flow for manufacturing purpose, while assembly drawing is supplied to the assembly
shop.
8. Production: The component as per the drawing is manufactured in the workshop.

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b) Vertical to start square threaded screw at 120 mm mean diameter and 24 mm pitch 04 Mark
supports a vertical load of 20 KN. The axial thrust on screw is taken by collar diameter of
300 mm outside diameter and 150 mm inside diameter. Find the force required at the end of
lever which is 400 mm long in order to lift and lower the load. Coefficient of friction for
screw and nut is 0.18 and for collar diameter is 0.25.

Sol:

01 Mark

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01 Mark

01 Mark

01 Mark

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Note on following component with their application.
c) 04 Mark
i) Leaf Spring ii) Helical compression spring

Sol:
i) Leaf Spring
• Semi-elliptical leaf springs are widely used for suspension in light and heavy commercial
vehicle. In car these are used for rear suspension.
• The leaf springs are made of flat semi-elliptical plate.
• The advantage of leaf spring over helical spring is that the ends of the spring may be guided
along the definite path as it deflects to acts as a structural member in addition to energy
absorbing device.
• Thus, leaf spring carry lateral load, brake torque, driving thrust and shocks.
• It consists of number of semi-elliptical plates called blade or leaves.
• The leaves are given initially curvature or camber so that they tend to straighten under the
load.
• The blades vary in length and are held together by a bolt passing through the center acting as a
beam of uniform strength.
• The spring is clamped to the axle housing by means of ‘U’ bolts.
• The longest leave is known as master leaves, has its end formed in the shape of an eye through
which the bolts are passed to secure the spring to its supports.
01 Mark
• The eyes are attached to shackle provided with bushing of anti-friction material such as bronze
or rubber. The other leaves are graduated leaves.
• To prevent digging in the adjacent leaves, the ends of graduated leaves are trimmed in various
forms.

01 Mark

ii) Helical compression spring

• A compression helical spring has coil separate from each other and compressive force is
applied at the end and coil comes closer due to compressive force or load.
• This type of springs are used in telescope shock absorber, Inlet and Exhaust valves mechanism
of I.C. engine, in automobile clutches,etc.
01 Mark

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01 Mark

d – wire dimeter
D – Mean dimeter
Di – inside diameter
Do – outside diameter
P – pitch

d) State four examples of ergonomics consideration in design of a lathe machine. 04 Mark

Sol: Any four examples of ergonomics consideration in design of a lathe machine.

1) The design of hand wheel of saddle in lathe machine.
2) The design of foot operated lever which controls the spindle's rotation and direction.
3) Design of knob for speed control. 01 Mark for
each
4) Design of chuck key.
5) Force& power capacity required in turning the wheel as per operation or human
being can apply normally.
6) Material Handling of the jobs.
e) Explain Self Locking and Overhauling of screws. 04 Mark

Sol: Self-locking:
• The torque required to lower the load can be given by the equation,
T=W dm / 2 * tan(ϕ−α)
• When ϕ is greater than or equal to α, a positive torque is required to lower the load.
Under this condition, the load will not turn the screw and will not descend on its own unless an
effort P is applied.
• A screw will be self-locking
1)if the friction angle is greater than helix angle or coefficient of friction is greater
than tangent of helix angle i.e. µ or tan Ø ˃ tan ά
02 Mark
2) its efficiency is less than 50 % i.e. η < 50%
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Over hauling:
• The torque required to lower the load can be given by the equation,
T=W dm / 2 * tan(ϕ−α)
• When ϕ < α torque required to lower the load is negative.
• It indicates a condition that no force is required to lower the load. The load itself will begin to
turn the screw and descend down.
• A screw will be Overhauling: if the friction angle is less helix angle or coefficient of friction is
less than tangent of helix angle.
• i.e. µ or tan Ø ˂ tan ά
02 Mark
its efficiency will be Greater than 50 % i.e. η ˃ 50%
Que
Attempt any TWO of the following 12 Mark
.4

What is stress concentration? Illustrate method of reducing stress concentration with neat
(a) 06 Mark
sketches.

Sol: 1. During the design of any machine component, discontinuities in any machine part are
there due keyway, threaded grooves and steps are present on the component which is
functional requirement to perform their functions.
2. Such type of discontinuity alters the stress distribution in the vicinity of the discontinuity
and elementary stress equations no longer describe the state of stress in the component.
3. The stresses induced in the neighbourhood of the discontinuity are much higher than the
stresses in the other part of the component. 03 Mark
4. This concentration of high stresses due to the discontinuities or abrupt change of cross-
section is called stress concentration.

Methods to reduce stress concentration are as follows:

i. Additional notches and holes in tension member like use of use of multiple notches and
drilling additional holes.
ii. Fillet radius, undercutting and notch for member in bending.
iii. Reduction of stress concentration in h
iv. Threaded members.
v. Change in cross-section should be gradual.
vi. By improving surface finish

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03 Mark

Explain with the help of neat sketch three basic types os lever. State one applications of each
b) 06 Mark
type.

Sol:
1) One arm lever
It is a one end which is pivoted at other end an effort is applied so it has only onearm and that
is effoet arm.
This type of lever has two forces applied on end of the lever.
• Applications: Hand lever, Foot lever and Cranking Lever. (Any One)

02 Mark

2)Two arm lever

It depends on position of fulcrum pin,load and effort..
The effort and load are on either side of fulcrum pin.
The length of the load and effort arm changes with change in applications.
• Applications:Bell crank lever, governors,Rocker arm of I.C. Engine, Boiler Safety Valves,etc
(Any One)
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or
02 Mark

3) Angular Lever:
In this type of lever the angle between effort arm and load arm have inclined angles of range 180°
to 90°.

This levers are designed for appliaction of effort in the desired direction.

• Applications:Angular effort transmission,brake lever,etc (Any One)

02 Mark

c) Determine the diameter of hollow shaft having inside diameter 0.6 of outside diameter. The 06 Mark
shaft is driven by 900 mm overhung pulley. The weight of the pulley is 600 N. The overhung

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is 250 mm and the tensions in tight and slack side are 2900 N and 1000 N respectively.
Assume Fs = 80 N/mm2.

Sol:

01 Mark

01 Mark

01 Mark

01 Mark

01 Mark

do = 46.929 mm say 48 mm and

01 Mark
di = 28.15 mm say 30 mm

Q5 12 Marks
Attempt any TWO of the following:

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Design a cast Iron protective flange coupling to connect a shaft in order to transmit 7.3 KW at 6 marks
500 rpm.
a) (i) Allowable shear stress for a shaft, bolt and key -42 N/mm 2
(ii) Allowable crushing stress for a bolt and key-82 N/mm 2
(iii) Allowable shear stress for C.I. flange -8 N/mm2

Given data :
3; ;
P= 7.3 KW = 7.3 X 10 N=500 rpm; τ =42 N/mm2 ; σc = 82 N/mm2 τf
2
=8N/mm
3
P= 2πNT/60 ; T= 139.42 N-m= 139.42 X 10 N-mm 1 mark
*(Note-sketch is not mandatory)

Design of shaft :
3
T= π/16 . τ. d
3 3
139.42 X 10 = π/16 X 42 X d ; d=25.66 =26 mm
Design of key :
Let us select square key,
∴ w=t= d/4 =26/4 =6.5 mm ; l = 1.5 d =1.5 X 26 =39 mm

Considering crushing failure of key, T = l k × t/2 ×d/2 × σc

3
139.42 X 10 = lk 6.5/2 ×26/2 × 82 lk =40.23 mm or 41 mm.

Considering shearing of key,

τ = [T/(d/2)] / w. lk ; lk= 39.28 =40 mm or 40 mm Selecting largest of three values, lk =41 mm

Design of Hub :
Length of hub = l = 41 mm 1 mark

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Outer diameter of hub , D= 2d = 2 ×26 =52 mm

Shear stress induced in hub is given by,

3 4
τh =16 T/ π D [1-k ] Where k= 26/52 =0.5
2 2
= 5.38 N/mm < 8 N/mm
Hence hub is safe against shear failure. 1 mark

Design of Flange :
Thickness of flange , tf = 0.5d = 0.5 × 26 = 13 mm
Thickness of protective flange = 0.25d = 6.5 mm
Diameter of bolt circle , D1 = 3d = 78 mm
Outer Diameter of flange D2 = 4d =104 mm
Diameter of flange recess , D3 = 1.1D= 57.2 mm
Let us find out shear stress induced in a flange (tf)at a junction with
hub T = πD tf × τf × D/2
3
139.42 X 10 = π×52× 13× τf × 52/2 ; τf = 2.52 N/mm2 < 8 N/mm2 Hence flange is safe against shear failure.
2 mark
Design of Bolts:
Assume number of bolts as 3 , hence n=3 Considering
shearing of bolt, Let db = Diameter of bolt. τb
2
=[T/(D1/2)]/ n.(π/4) db
db = 6 mm or M6
Check induced crushing stress in the bolts,
σcb = 2T/ n.D1. db tf ;
σcb = 15.27 N/mm2 < 82 N/mm2 Hence bolts and flange are safe against crushing failure.

1 mark

A screw jack carries a load of 25 KN. If coefficient of friction between screw and nut is
b) 0.15 ,Design screw and nut. Neglect collar friction and column action. Take σ c = 42 N/mm2 ,τ = 6 marks
30 N/mm2 for screw, τ nut =20 N/mm2 , Pb = 14 N/mm2,( use single start thread.)

Ans

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1 mark

1 mark

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1 mark

1 mark

1 mark

1 mark

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c) Discuss procedure for selection of bearing from manufacturer’s catalogue. 6 marks

Ans Following is the selection process of bearing from manufacturer's catalogue:

:
a) Calculation of radial load (FR)and axial loads (FA)acting on bearings.
b) Calculation of shaft diameter on which bearing is mounted.
according to application select the type of bearing.
c) For known shaft diameter first start with extra light series.
d) Find the value of basic static capacity ‘ C0 ‘ of the selected bearing from the catalogue.
Calculation of FA/C0 and FA/FR
1 marks
e) Find the values of radial and thrust factors i.e. X and Y from the catalogue.
The values depend upon two ratios FA/C0 and FA/FR
f) The values of X and Y for a single row deep groove ball bearings are given in
standard Table .
g) For the required application find the value of load factor or application factor k a from
the catalogue. The values of load factors are given in standard Table . 1 marks
h) Calculate the equivalent dynamic load by using relation:
F = (XVFR + YFA) ka where Y is rotation factor which is between 1 to 1.2
i) According to required application choose the expected life of the bearing and
express the life in million revolutions.
j) Calculate the required basic dynamic capacity for the bearing.
1 marks
k) Check whether the selected bearing has the required basic dynamic capacity. If not
select the bearing of next series and resume from step 5 again.
l) Calculate the equivalent static load by using relation
m) Ps = XsFr+ YsFa (where Xs and Ys are radial and thrust are load factors)
n) Calculate required basic dynamic capacity for the bearing using the relation
o) L10 = (C/P)a 1 marks
p) If Dynamic load rating C is greater than required dynamic capacity, then stop, otherwise
go for bearing of next series.

1 marks

1 marks

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6 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12 Marks

a) A bracket shown in fig supports a load of 30 KN. Determine size of bolts, if maximum allowable 6 marks
tensile stress in bolt material is 60 MPa.L1= 80, L2= 250, L3= 500 mm.

Ans:

1 mark

1 mark

1 mark

1 mark

1 mark

1 mark

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b) A helical valve spring is to be designed for an operating load range of approximately 135 N. 6 marks
Deflection of spring is 7.5 mm for this load range. Assume spring index as 10. Permissible shear
stress for spring material = 480 MPa and modulus of rigidity is 80 KN/mm2
Design the spring. Take Wahl’s factor = [(4C-1)/(4C-4)] +0.615/C; C= spring index

Ans
:

1 mark

1 mark

1 mark

1 mark

1 mark

1 mark

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c) Explain the following 6 marks
(i) Effect of keyway in strength of shaft
(ii) Prove that Square key is equally strong in shearing and crushing’.

Ans i) Effect of keyway in strength of shaft

:
The keyway cut into the shaft reduces the load carrying capacity of the shaft. This is due to the
stress concentration near the corners of the keyway and reduction in the cross-sectional area
of the shaft. In other words, the torsional strength of the shaft is reduced. The following 1 mark
relation for the weakening effect of the keyway is based on the experimental results by H.F.
Moore
e = 1- 0.2(w/d) -1.1 (h/d)
e = Shaft strength factor. It is the ratio of the strength of the shaft with keyway to the strength
of the same shaft without keyway, 1 mark
w = Width of keyway, d = Diameter of shaft, and
h = Depth of keyway = Thickness of key (t)/2
It is usually assumed that the strength of the keyed shaft is 75% of the solid shaft, which is
somewhat higher than the value obtained by the above relation.
In case the keyway is too long and the key is of sliding type, then the angle of twist is
increased in the ratio kθ as given by the following relation:
kθ = 1 +0.4 (w/d)+0.7 (h/d) 1 mark
where kθ = Reduction factor for angular twist

ii) Prove that Square key is equally strong in shearing and crushing’

A key connecting the shaft and hub is shown in above Fig.

Let T = Torque transmitted by the shaft,
F = Tangential force acting at the circumference of the shaft,
d = Diameter of shaft,
l = Length of key,
w = Width of key.
t = Thickness of key
τ and σc = Shear and crushing stresses for the material of key.
In above arrangement, due to the power transmitted by the shaft, the key may fail due to
shearing or crushing.
Considering shearing of the key, the tangential shearing force acting at the circumference of the shaft,
F = Area resisting shearing × Shear stress = l × w × τ
1 mark
∴ Torque transmitted by the shaft,

T = F X d/2 = l w τ X d/2 ...(i)

Considering crushing of the key, the tangential crushing force acting at the circumference of the shaft,
F = Area resisting crushing × Crushing stress = I .t/2. σ c
∴ Torque transmitted by the shaft, T = F.d/2 = l.t/2. σ c.d/2…..(ii)

1 mark

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
The key is equally strong in shearing and crushing, if
l.w. τ .d/2.=l.t/2. σc.d/2….[Equating equations (i) and (ii)]
or w/ t = σc/2 τ ...(iii) 1 mark
The permissible crushing stress for the usual key material is at least twice the permissible
shearing stress. Therefore from equation (iii), we have w = t.
In other words, we can say that a square key is equally strong in shearing and crushing.

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