Nov 2022

Q1) Answer the following questions (Any Five) [10]

a) Enlist basic statistical functions in R.

b) What is the difference between parametric and non-parametric tests?

c) Define predictive analytics.

d) Explain pbinom() function in R.

e) How do you interpret p-value in hypothesis testing?

f) Write a function to get a list of all the packages installed in R.

g) Write a function to obtain the transpose of a matrix in R.

h) What is the purpose of regression analysis in R?

Q2) Answer the following questions (Any Two) [10]

a) Explain T-test of hypothesis testing in R. Write syntax and explain in detail.

b) Define probability. Explain any two functions of probability distribution.

c) What is linear regression? What do you mean by dependent and independent variables? What
is the difference between linear and multiple regression?

Q3) Answer the following question (Any one) [10]

a) Examine ANOVA in R? State the assumptions and explain one-way ANOVA in detail. Also
state benefits of ANOVA.

b) What do you mean by dimension reduction? Explain linear discrimination analysis (LDA)
with syntax. Also explain application of LDA in the marketing domain.

Q4) Answer the following question (Any One) [10]

a) Describe descriptive analytics in R. Explain any three functions of descriptive analytics in R.

b) What is logistic regression in R? Assume suitable data and explain how do you interpret
regression coefficients in R.

Q5) Answer the following questions (Any One) [10]

a) Revise the concept of Time series analysis. Explain how time series analysis is used for
business forecasting.

b) Write short Notes (Anyone)

i) F Test in R
ii) Bayes Theorem

iii) Correlation analysis

Nov 2023

Q1) Answer the following questions (Any Five): [10]

a) Define Null and alternate hypothesis.

b) What is ROC curve?

c) State the significance of correlation analysis.

d) Define clustering in Data Mining.

e) Recite the concept of one way ANOVA.

f) Recall seasonality in time series data.

g) Define dimension reduction.

h) Identify any two types of tests used to compare means of two samples.

Q2) Answer the following questions (Any Two): [10]

a) Elaborate Autoregressive Integrated moving average model in time series.

b) Discuss the concept of linear regression. List the parameters to evaluate linear regression
model.

c) Elaborate conditional probability with an example.

Q3) Answer the following questions (Anyone): [10]

a) Explain t-test of hypothesis testing. Write syntax in detail.

b) Discuss MLR (Multiple Linear Regression) in detail. Which function is used to perform MLR
in R?

Q4) Answer the following questions (Anyone): [10]

a) What is confusion matrix? How confusion matrix can be used to evaluate the accuracy of the
model?

b) Discuss the concept of odds and probabilities in Logistic regression. How ROC curve can be
used to evaluate the accuracy of Logistic model.

Q5) Answer the following questions (Anyone): [10]

a) Describe principal component and factor analysis in detail.

b) Describe Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Write R code for LDA.

Frequently Asked Topics

1. Hypothesis Testing and Related Tests:

o Null and alternate hypotheses
o p-value interpretation
o t-test (syntax and explanation in R)
o F-test
o Z-test and ANOVA (One-way, assumptions, and benefits)
2. Regression Analysis:
o Linear Regression (Single and Multiple Regression, interpretation of coefficients)
o Logistic Regression (Odds, probabilities, ROC curve)
o Evaluation metrics (Confusion matrix, ROC curve)
3. Descriptive Analytics:
o Basic statistical functions in R
o Descriptive measures (mean, median, variance, standard deviation)
o Correlation analysis
4. Probability and Distribution Functions:
o Definition of probability
o Probability distributions (pbinom, others)
o Conditional probability
5. Data Analysis Techniques:
o Dimension reduction (PCA and LDA)
o Clustering in Data Mining
o Time Series Analysis (Seasonality, ARIMA)
o Business applications of models

High-Priority Topics

1. Key R Functions:
o Functions for hypothesis testing (t.test, aov, etc.)
o Regression models (lm, glm)
o Matrix operations (transpose, LDA)
2. Application-Based Concepts:
o ANOVA for hypothesis testing
o Linear and logistic regression for predictions
o Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Factor Analysis
3. Evaluation Metrics:
o Confusion matrix (true positives, false positives, etc.)
o ROC curve for classification models

1. Core Topics Likely to be Repeated

Hypothesis Testing

 t-test and its syntax in R.

 p-value interpretation.
 Difference between parametric and non-parametric tests.
Regression Analysis

 Linear regression: Explain dependent and independent variables, syntax, and applications.
 Logistic regression: Odds, probabilities, and regression coefficients interpretation.
 Multiple Linear Regression (MLR): Definition, syntax, and evaluation parameters.

ANOVA

 Concept of One-way ANOVA, assumptions, and benefits.

 Likely new angle: Two-way ANOVA or ANOVA with interaction effects.

Probability and Distributions

 Functions like pbinom(), dbinom(), dnorm().

 Conditional probability and Bayes’ theorem.

Clustering and Dimension Reduction

 Clustering in data mining (K-means, hierarchical clustering).

 Dimension reduction: Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

Descriptive Analytics

 Functions in R for summarizing data: summary(), mean(), var(), etc.

Evaluation Metrics

 Confusion matrix: Precision, recall, and accuracy.

 ROC curve: Evaluating classification models.

Time Series Analysis

 Components: Trend, seasonality, residuals.

 ARIMA model and its business forecasting applications.

2. New/Extended Topics to Watch For

Given the evolution of questions over the years:

1. ANOVA with Interaction Effects: Moving beyond one-way ANOVA to more complex designs.
2. Advanced Evaluation Metrics: Questions focusing on AUC (area under the ROC curve),
sensitivity, and specificity.
3. Comparison of Means: Deeper focus on z-test, F-test, or Mann-Whitney U test.
4. Factor Analysis: Practical applications and differences from PCA.
5. Clustering Techniques: Application-based questions, especially in marketing or customer
segmentation.

Predicted Question Pattern for Dec 2024

Q1 (Short Answer – Any 5)

Likely topics:
  Basic R functions (pbinom(), installed.packages()).
 Definitions: Null/alternative hypothesis, clustering, seasonality.
 Differences: Parametric vs. non-parametric tests.
 Applications: ROC curve, regression analysis.
 Statistical concepts: Conditional probability, Bayes’ theorem.

Q2 (Detailed – Any 2)

Likely topics:

 Hypothesis testing (t-test or z-test with syntax).

 Regression analysis (linear or logistic regression).
 Time series analysis (ARIMA model, seasonality).

Q3 (Detailed – Any 1)

Likely topics:

 One-way ANOVA (with assumptions and syntax).

 Dimension reduction (PCA or LDA with R code).

Q4 (Detailed – Any 1)

Likely topics:

 Confusion matrix (interpreting metrics).

 Logistic regression: Odds, probabilities, and ROC curve.

Q5 (Detailed – Any 1)

Likely topics:

 Time series forecasting.

 Short notes: F-test, Bayes’ theorem, or correlation analysis.

Topics to Focus on for High Scores

Category 1: Sure-shot Questions

1. t-Test and p-value interpretation.

2. Logistic Regression (odds, probabilities, ROC).
3. ANOVA (One-way).
4. Descriptive functions in R (e.g., summary(), var()).

Category 2: Likely Extended Questions

1. Dimension Reduction: LDA or PCA.

2. Regression: MLR or evaluating linear regression.
3. Time Series Analysis: ARIMA and forecasting applications.

Category 3: New Trends

1. Evaluation metrics (confusion matrix, ROC).

2. Interaction effects in ANOVA.
 3. Applications of clustering and factor analysis.

How to Prepare Effectively

1. R Code Practice:
o Focus on syntax for t-test, regression, ANOVA, PCA, and ARIMA.
2. Theory Preparation:
o Clear understanding of null/alternative hypotheses, correlation analysis, and evaluation
metrics.
3. Focus on Applications:
o Examples from marketing, business forecasting, and customer segmentation.
4. Practice Questions:
o Write small R programs for common statistical tasks.
o Practice interpreting outputs (p-values, regression coefficients, ANOVA tables).

Top Topics to Focus on for a High Score

1. Hypothesis Testing (Null/Alternate, t-test, ANOVA)

2. Regression Analysis (Linear, Logistic)

3. Evaluation Metrics (Confusion Matrix, ROC Curve)

4. Time Series Analysis and Seasonality

5. Dimension Reduction (PCA, LDA)