Chapter 9: Inferences Based on a Single Sample:

Tests of Hypotheses
Write the Null and Alternative Hypotheses

1. A car manufacturer claims that their new car model gets more than 30 miles
per gallon.

2. A nutritionist believes that the average daily calorie intake of adults in a

certain city is less than 2000 calories.

3. A teacher believes that the average test score of her students is greater than
85%.

4. A company claims that the mean life of their batteries is 100 hours.

5. A researcher believes that the average weight loss after a new diet program is
more than 10 pounds.
6. A doctor suspects that the average blood pressure of patients with a certain
condition is higher than 120 mmHg.

7. A researcher wants to test if the average height of adult males in a country is

different from 175 cm.

8. A company claims that the average lifespan of their light bulbs is 10,000
hours. You want to test this claim.

9. A pharmaceutical company claims that their new drug reduces cholesterol

levels by more than 20 points.

10. A car manufacturer claims that their new car model gets at least 30 miles per
gallon.
11. A nutritionist believes that the average daily calorie intake of adults in a
certain city is less than 2000 calories.

12. A teacher hypothesizes that the average test score of her students is 80%.

Method 1 for testing hypothesis : P- value

Method 2 for testing hypothesis : Using Confidence Intervals to Test

Hypotheses
Steps for Hypothesis Testing Using P-Value
Here are the steps involved in hypothesis testing using the p-value approach:

1. State the Null and Alternative Hypotheses:

o Null Hypothesis (H₀): This is the default assumption or the status quo.
o Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): This is the claim or hypothesis we want to test.

2. Set the Significance Level (α):

3. Calculate the Test Statistic:

o Choose the appropriate test statistic based on the data and the hypothesis test (e.g.,
z-test, t-test
o Calculate the value of the test statistic using the sample data.

4. Determine the P-Value:

o The p-value is the probability of obtaining a test statistic as extreme or more
extreme than the observed one, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
o Use statistical software to calculate the p-value.
5. Make a Decision:
o Compare the p-value to the significance level (α):

If P-value < α reject the null hypothesis, otherwise do not reject it.

6. Interpret the Results:

o If you reject the null hypothesis, there is sufficient evidence to support the
alternative hypothesis.
o If you fail to reject the null hypothesis, there is not enough evidence to support the
alternative hypothesis.
Example problem 1:
A sample of 50 people has a mean age of 21 with a standard deviation (s) of 5.
Test the hypothesis that the population mean is 18.9 at α = 0.01.
Example problem 2 :
A blood Glucose for obese patients have a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of 15. A researcher
thinks that a diet high in raw cornstarch will have a positive or negative effect on blood glucose levels. A
sample of 30 patients who have tried the raw cornstarch diet have a mean glucose level of 140.

Test the hypothesis that the raw cornstarch had an effect.

Example problem 3:
A blood Glucose for obese patients have a mean of 100 with a standard deviation of 15. A researcher
thinks that a diet high in raw cornstarch will have a positive or negative effect on blood glucose levels. A
sample of 30 patients who have tried the raw cornstarch diet have a mean glucose level of 140.

Test the hypothesis that the raw cornstarch had an effect.

Example problem 4:
A sample of 200 people has a mean age of 21 with a standard deviation (s) of 5.
Test the hypothesis that the population mean is 18.9 at α = 0.01.
Testing of Hypotheses :2- Upper tailed test

1. State the Null and Alternative Hypotheses:

o Null Hypothesis (H₀): This is the default assumption or the status quo.
o Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): This is the claim or hypothesis we want to test.
2. Set the Significance Level (α):
3. Calculate the Test Statistic:
o Choose the appropriate test statistic based on the data and the hypothesis test (e.g.,
z-test, t-test
o Calculate the value of the test statistic using the sample data.

4. Determine the P-Value:

o The p-value is the probability of obtaining a test statistic as extreme or more

extreme than the observed one, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
o Use statistical software to calculate the p-value.

5. Make a Decision:

o Compare the p-value to the significance level (α):

If P-value < α reject the null hypothesis, otherwise do not reject it.
 6. Interpret the Results:

o If you reject the null hypothesis, there is sufficient evidence to support the
alternative hypothesis.
o If you fail to reject the null hypothesis, there is not enough evidence to support the
alternative hypothesis.

Example problem 1:
A researcher thinks that if knee surgery patients go to physical therapy twice a week (instead of 3 times),
their recovery period will be longer. Average recovery times for knee surgery patients is 8.2 weeks.

Write the hypotheses

Example problem 2 :
A principal at a certain school claims that the students in his school are above average
intelligence. A random sample of thirty students IQ scores have a mean score of 112. Is there
sufficient evidence to support the principal’s claim? The mean population IQ is 100 with
a standard deviation of 15
Example problem 3:
A principal at a certain school claims that the students’ IQ in his school are above average
intelligence. A random sample of thirty students IQ scores have a mean score of 112. Is there
sufficient evidence to support the principal’s claim? The mean population IQ is 100 with
a standard deviation of 15.
Testing of Hypotheses :2- Lower tailed test

1. State the Null and Alternative Hypotheses:

o Null Hypothesis (H₀): This is the default assumption or the status quo.
o Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): This is the claim or hypothesis we want to test.
2. Set the Significance Level (α):
3. Calculate the Test Statistic:
o Choose the appropriate test statistic based on the data and the hypothesis test (e.g.,
z-test, t-test
o Calculate the value of the test statistic using the sample data.

4. Determine the P-Value:

o The p-value is the probability of obtaining a test statistic as extreme or more

extreme than the observed one, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
o Use statistical software to calculate the p-value.
5. Make a Decision:

o Compare the p-value to the significance level (α):

If P-value < α reject the null hypothesis, otherwise do not reject it.

6. Interpret the Results:

o If you reject the null hypothesis, there is sufficient evidence to support the
alternative hypothesis.
o If you fail to reject the null hypothesis, there is not enough evidence to support the
alternative hypothesis.
Example problem 1 :
A principal at a certain school claims that the students in his school are above average
intelligence. A random sample of thirty students IQ scores have a mean score of 112. Is there
sufficient evidence to support the principal’s claim? The mean population IQ is 100 with
a standard deviation of 15
Example problem 2:
A principal at a certain school claims that the students in his school are below average
intelligence. A random sample of 200 students IQ scores have a mean score of 112. Is there
sufficient evidence to support the principal’s claim? The mean population IQ is 100 with
a standard deviation of 15
When we have Small sample & is unkown
Using T-score to test the hypotheses

Test Statistics for Testing H0: μ= μ0

• if n > 30

• if n < 30

where df=n-1
 P-value

H1 Upper tailed test Lower tailed test Two tailed test

Distribution
Normal 2*(1-
Distribution 1-pnorm(𝑍𝑐 ) pnorm(𝑍𝑐 )
pnorm(abs(𝑍𝑐 )))
t-Distribution 1-pt(𝑡𝑐 , df) pt(−𝑡𝑐 , df) 2*(1-pt(abs(𝑡𝑐 ), df))

Note: Where 𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1 for one sample

Example problem 6:
A sample of 20 people has a mean age of 21 with a standard deviation (s) of 5. Test the
hypothesis that the population mean is 18.9 at α = 0.01.
Example problem 7:
A principal at a certain school claims that the students in his school are above average
intelligence. A random sample of 25 students IQ scores have a mean score of 112 with a standard
deviation of 15. Is there sufficient evidence to support the principal’s claim? The meapopulation
IQ is 100.
II - Testing of Hypotheses of the Population proportion
Test Statistic for Testing H0: p = p 0

The steps to perform a test of proportion using the critical value approval are as
follows:

1. State the null hypothesis H0 and the alternative hypothesis HA.

2. Set the Significance Level (α):
3. Calculate the test statistic:

where p0 is the null hypothesized proportion i.e., when H0:p=p0

4. -Determine the P-Value:

o The p-value is the probability of obtaining a test statistic as extreme or more

extreme than the observed one, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
o Use statistical software to calculate the p-value.

5. Make a Decision:

o Compare the p-value to the significance level (α):

▪ If the p-value is less than α, reject the null hypothesis.
▪ If the p-value is greater than or equal to α, fail to reject the null
hypothesis.

6. Interpret the Results:

o If you reject the null hypothesis, there is sufficient evidence to support the
alternative hypothesis.
o If you fail to reject the null hypothesis, there is not enough evidence to support the
alternative hypothesis.
Example problem 8:

Kuwait government report indicated that in 2019, 75% of children aged 2 to 17 saw a dentist in
the past year. An investigator wants to assess whether use of dental services is similar in
children living in the city of Kaifan. A sample of 125 children aged 2 to 17 living in Kaifan are
surveyed and 64 reported seeing a dentist over the past 12 months. Is there a significant
difference in use of dental services between children living in Kaifan and the national data?
Make a Decision:

o Compare the p-value to the significance level (α):

▪ If the p-value is less than α, reject the null hypothesis.

▪ If the p-value is greater than or equal to α, fail to reject the null hypothesis.
Check this video for more explanation of the p-value
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLnGOL_AUgA
Method 2 for testing hypothesis : Using Confidence Intervals to Test Hypotheses

Watch :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1at8VukIbw
Example
A random sample of size n=64 resulted in =10 and s= 4
a. What is the point estimate of µ?

b. Find a 99% confidence interval for µ.

qnorm ( .995)

- Using part b test the hypothesis that