Scribd
Upload
3 views

Week 8 - Lecture Note

Uploaded by

Nasim Barzegar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

Week 8 - Lecture Note

Uploaded by

Nasim Barzegar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

1 | We e k 8 – E n t h a l p y

2 | We e k 8 – E n t h a l p y
3 | We e k 8 – E n t h a l p y

ENTHALPY
let us consider a control mass undergoing a quasi-equilibrium
constant-pressure process:
no changes in kinetic or potential energy
the only work done during the process is that associated with the
boundary movement.
Taking the gas as our control mass and applying the first law

We find that, in this very restricted case, the heat transfer


during the process is given in terms of the change in the
quantity U + PV between the initial and final states.
since energy, heat, and work are all properties that describe the
state of a system, combining them leads to a new property with
similar characteristics. This new property is called enthalpy.
4 | We e k 8 – E n t h a l p y

1Q2=H2-H1

we could speak of specific enthalpy, h, and total enthalpy, H.


However, we will refer to both as enthalpy, since the context will
make it clear which is being discussed.
The heat transfer in a constant-pressure quasi-equilibrium process
is equal to the change in enthalpy, which includes both the
change in internal energy and the work for this particular process.
This would not be true if the pressure had not remained constant
during the process
Enthalpy can be found in the tables as well. Then we can write
similar relations for hg hf han hfg.
5 | We e k 8 – E n t h a l p y
6 | We e k 8 – E n t h a l p y
7 | We e k 8 – E n t h a l p y

v2=V2/m= 40/0.277 = 0.14424 m3/kg


8 | We e k 8 – E n t h a l p y

From tables we can say that vg for 150kPa is 0.133. v2 is larger


than this value so the state is superheated vapor.
9 | We e k 8 – E n t h a l p y

THE CONSTANT-VOLUME AND CONSTANT-PRESSURE


SPECIFIC HEATS
Lets consider a homogeneous phase of a substance of constant
composition. This phase may be a solid, a liquid, or a gas, but no
change of phase will occur.
We will define a variable called specific heat : the amount of heat
required per unit mass to raise the temperature by one degree.
Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy
Assume a quasi-equilibrium process.
We have this equation

Lets evaluate it for two separate cases:


1. Constant volume: the work term (PdV) is zero. specific heat (at
V=constant) is

The sign of partial derivative is curly d or round d.


2. Constant pressure: work term can be integrated. The initial and final
PV can be related to the internal energy and enthalpy. So we can
write:

We had

and
10 | W e e k 8 – E n t h a l p y

Pay attention to the point that both specific heat coefficients contain
only thermodynamic properties. So they themselves can be
considered thermodynamic properties.

Work done by a system is


considered positive and work
done on a system is considered
negative.
As an example, consider the two identical fluid masses shown in Fig.
5.9. In the first system 100 kJ of heat is transferred to it, and in
the second system 100 kJ of work is done on it. Thus, the change
of internal energy is the same for each, and therefore the final state
and the final temperature are the same in each. In accordance with
Eq. 5.14, therefore, exactly the same value for the average constant-
volume specific heat would be found for this substance for the two
processes, even though the two processes are very different as far as
heat transfer is concerned.
U=Q-W
11 | W e e k 8 – E n t h a l p y

Ideal Gas
In 1843, Joule did this simple experiment to show that the internal
energy of a gas is a function of temperature, independent of pressure
or volume.
It is now understood that this result is accurate only for an ideal gas.

In the above image, two vessels, labeled A and B, are immersed in


an insulated tank containing water. A thermometer is used to
measure the temperature of the water in the tank. The two vessels A
and B are connected by a tube, the flow through which is controlled
by a stop. Initially, A contains gas at high pressure, while B is nearly
empty. The stop is removed so that the vessels are connected and
the final temperature of the bath is noted.
When the gas in the left sphere initially flows without resistance into
the vacuum of the right sphere, no work is performed (Since the gas
expands into a vacuum, Pext= 0, and thus W=0) and no heat is
transferred (thermally insulated system—it is an adiabatic
process). Thus the temperature remains constant.

is zero
KE change is zero because the system was in rest at the beginning
and is in rest at the end.
12 | W e e k 8 – E n t h a l p y

PE change is zero because the coordinates of the center of mass for


the system is not changed.

is zero because the temperature of the water is not changed


after the expansion. If the system gets heat the temperature should
have decreased for water and it gives heat to the water the
temperature would increase.

This test shows that the internal energy of an ideal gas is a


function of temperature alone. And it does not depend on
volume or pressure.

In general, for any substance the internal energy u depends on the


two independent properties specifying the state. For a low-density
gas, however, u depends primarily on T and much less on the
second property, P or v. For example, consider several values for
superheated vapor steam from shown in Table.

From these values, it is evident that u depends strongly on T but not


much on P. Also, we note that the dependence of u on P is much less
at high temperature;
At very low pressures and high temperature the gas density becomes
so low that the ideal-gas model is appropriate, and internal energy
does not depend on pressure at all but is a function only of
temperature.
For ideal gas:
13 | W e e k 8 – E n t h a l p y

R: Specific gas constant (varies for each gas).


Rˉ: Universal gas constant (constant).

The relation between the internal energy u and the temperature can
be established by using the definition of constant-volume specific
heat

Because the internal energy of an ideal gas is not a function of


specific volume, for an ideal gas we can write

where the subscript 0 denotes the specific heat of an ideal gas. For a
given mass m,

From the definition of enthalpy and the equation of state of an ideal


gas, it follows that

Since R is a constant and u is a function of temperature only,


enthalpy, h, of an ideal gas is also a function of temperature only.
That is

The relation between enthalpy and temperature is found from the


constant-pressure specific heat
14 | W e e k 8 – E n t h a l p y

Since the enthalpy of an ideal gas is a function of the temperature


only and is independent of the pressure, it follows that

The consequences of these equations are demonstrated in Figure,


which shows two lines of constant temperature. Since internal energy
and enthalpy are functions of temperature only, these lines of
constant temperature are also lines of constant internal energy and
constant enthalpy. From state 1 the high temperature can be reached
by a variety of paths, and in each case the final state is different.
However, regardless of the path, the change in internal energy is the
same, as is the change in enthalpy, for lines of constant temperature
are also lines of constant u and constant h.
15 | W e e k 8 – E n t h a l p y

Because the internal energy and enthalpy of an ideal gas are


functions of temperature only, it also follows that the constant-
volume and constant-pressure specific heats are also functions of
temperature only. That is

This tells us that the difference between the constant-pressure and


constant-volume specific heats of an ideal gas is always constant,
though both are functions of temperature.
16 | W e e k 8 – E n t h a l p y

If the temperature change is not very significant we can consider the


cp0 and cv0 to be constant and independent from temperature. But
if the temperature change is significant it would depend on the
temperature.
If we consider constant cp0 and cv0 we will have:

u 2−u 1=Cv 0(T 2−T 1)


17 | W e e k 8 – E n t h a l p y
18 | W e e k 8 – E n t h a l p y
19 | W e e k 8 – E n t h a l p y

THE FIRST LAW AS A RATE EQUATION


We frequently find it desirable to use the first law as a rate equation that
expresses either the instantaneous or average rate at which energy
crosses the control surface as heat and work and the rate at which the
energy of the control mass changes. In so doing we are departing from a
strictly classical point of view, because basically classical
thermodynamics deals with systems that are in equilibrium, and time is
not a relevant parameter for systems that are in equilibrium. However,
since these rate equations are developed from the concepts of classical
thermodynamics and are used in many applications of thermodynamics,
they are included in this book. This rate form of the first law will be used
in the development of the first law for the control volume in Section 6.2,
and in this form the first law finds extensive applications in
thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer. Consider a time
interval δt during which an amount of heat δQ crosses the control
surface, an amount of work δW is done by the control mass, the internal
energy change is deltaU, the kinetic energy change is deltaKE, and the
potential energy change is deltaPE. From the first law we can write
20 | W e e k 8 – E n t h a l p y
21 | W e e k 8 – E n t h a l p y
22 | W e e k 8 – E n t h a l p y

You might also like