Ch-1- Development

What Development Promises- Different People, Different Goals

 The idea of development has always been with us

 Different people have diff goals. Every person has a different notion or
development or progress.
 They seek things that are important to them, i.e. they can fulfil their desires
or aspirations.
 Infact, two people may seek things which are conflicting. Ex: Construction of
a dam.
 Conclusion- Two things are very clear
 Different persons can have different development goals.
 What may be development for one may not be development for the other. It
may even be destructive.

Income and Other Goals

 High income is not the only goals. There are other goals other than income.
 Besides seeking more income, ppl also seek things like equal treatment,
freedom, security, respect, etc.
 Quality of our life depends on both material and non-material things.
 Therefore, it is wrong to conclude that what cannot be measured is not
important.
 Ex: Factors you would see before accepting a job, i.e. close, safety, working
condition, time, etc.
 Similarly, for development people look at a mix of goals. (Working Women)
 Hence, the development goals ppl have are not only about better income but
also about other important things in life.

National Development t

The ability of a country to improve the standards of its citizens is called national
development.
 Individuals seek different goals, then their notion of national development
may also differ.
 It is very important to keep in mind that different persons could have
different as well as conflicting notions of a country’s development.

How to Compare Different Countries or States?

 Development can mean many different things. Some countries are called
developed countries while other are under-developed countries.
 For comparing countries, their income is considered one of the most
important attributes.
 Higher income means more of all things that human being need.
 Intuitively, the income of the country in the income of all the residents of
the country gives us the total income of the country.
 National Income: The income of all persons living in a country within a year.
 Average Income/ Per Capita Income: The total income of the country divided
by its total population.
World Development Report
 This was brought out by the world bank and its used to classify countries.
  Countries with per capita income US $49300 per annum and above in 2019
are called high income countries.
 Countries with per capita income US $2500 per annum and below in 2019 are
called low income countries.
 India comes under the category of low middle income counties because its
per capita income was only US $6700 in 2019.
 The rich countries, excluding countries in the Middle East and certain other
small countries are called developed countries.

Why is average income not a good indicator for development?

 While averages are useful for comparisons, they also hide economic
disparities.
 In average income we cannot tell if the country has equitable distribution.
 Hence while per capita income is useful it doesn’t tell us how the income is
distributed among people.

Income and Other Criteria

We found that people not only think of better income, but also have goals such as
security, respect, etc. The same thing applies to the nation.
 Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): indicates the number of children that die before
the age of one year
 as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
 Literacy Rate: measures the proportion of literate population in the 7-and-
above age group
 Net Attendance Ratio: is the total number of children of age group 14 and 15
years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the
same age group.

Public Facilities

Money in your pocket cannot buy you all the goods and services that you may
need to live well.
Income by itself is not a completely adequate indicator of material goods &
services that are available to use by the citizens. Money cannot buy
1. Pollution free environment
2. Protection from infectious diseases
3. Promise of food with impurities
Significance of Public Facilities
 For many of the important things in life the best way is also the cheapest
way.
 Facilities provided by the government are considered public facilities such
as Schools, Hospitals, Transport, electricity, etc.
  For ex: Kerala has a low IMR because it has adequate provision of basic
healthcare & educational facilities.
 Public facilities also include the PDS system (Public Distribution System) for
those unable to purchase food grains at market price. The government
provides them, with those essential items at a cheap rate.
Body Mass Index
Criteria used to find out whether a person is nourished, undernourished or over-
weight.
NOTE: Growing children are not evaluated on BMI.
 Less than 18 – Undernourished
 Between 18 and 25- Nourished
 More than 25- Overweight
Formula: Weight (in kg)/ Height (in inches)2

Human Development Report

 Published by United Nation Development Programme (UNDP).

 Income is an inadequate measure of level of development.
 Other criteria are health, education and standard of living are some
important factors.
 This report compares countries based on the educational levels of people,
their health status and per capita income.
 Countries like Sri Lanka are more developed than a big country like India.
 Therefore, many improvements have been added to Human Development
Report but by pre-fixing Human to Development, it has made it very clear
that what is important in development is what is happening to citizens of a
country. It is the people, their health, their well-being that is most
important.

Human Development Index

HDI is a statistical tool used to measure a country’s overall achievement in its

social and economic dimensions based on the health of the people, their level of
education attainment and their standard of living.
1. Life Expectancy: at birth denotes the average expected length of a person at
the time of birth.
2. Per Capita Income: is calculated in $ for all countries so that it can be
compared. It is also done in a way so that every dollar would buy the same
amount of goods and services in any country.

Sustainability of Development

“We have not inherited the world from our forefathers- we have borrowed it from
our children”
 Refers to the development of human beings at the same time sustaining the
ability of natural resources.
 It is defined as development that the meets the needs of the present
without comprising the ability of future generations.
 Scientists have neem warning that the present types and levels of
development is not sustainable.
  For the sustainability of development, we have to minimise our needs and
also have to reduce our dependency on nature.
1. Overuse of Groundwater:
 Ground water is an example of renewable resources.
 These resources are replenished by nature as in the case of crops and
plants.
 In the case of groundwater, if we use more than what is being replenished
by rain then we should be over using this resource.
 Groundwater overuse is a serious issue in India, with over 300 districts
reporting a water level decline of over 4 meters in the past 20 years. Nearly
one-third of the country currently overuses groundwater, and this may rise
to 60% in 25 years if unsustainable practices persist. Overuse is most
prevalent in Punjab, Western U.P., central and southern plateau regions,
coastal areas, and growing urban centres.
2. Exhaustion of Natural Resource
 Crude Oil that we extract from the Earth is a non-renewable resource.
 Non- renewable resources are those resources which will get exhausted
after a particular time of use.
 We have a finite stock on her which cannot be replenished.
 Global crude oil reserves will last about 50 years at the current extraction
rate, though the situation varies by country. India relies heavily on oil
imports, making it vulnerable to price hikes. The U.S., with low reserves,
often seeks to secure oil through military or economic means.

How we conclude:
1. Development must take place while conserving the environment.
2. Resources conserve for the future generations.
3. Standard of living of all people must be raised
Importance
1. Limited availability of resources.
2. Major resources are non-renewable.
3. Over- exploitation will deplete these resources, and we many finish them.
Advantages
1. Secure and proper lifestyle for future generations.
2. Reduces various kinds of pollution of Earth.
3. Economic growth and development.