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02 Protocol Architecture

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test46.aman
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© © All Rights Reserved
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9/13/2022

DATA COMMUNICATION

02--Protocol Architecture
02

The Need For A Protocol Architecture


Data exchange can involve complex
procedures, e.g. file transfer
Better if task is broken into subtasks
Implemented separately in stack
• Each layer provides functions needed to perform
communications for layers above
• Using functions provided by layers below
Peer layers communicate with a protocol

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Key Elements of a Protocol


Syntax: Concerns the format of the data
blocks
Semantics: Includes control information for
coordination and error handling
Timing: Includes speed matching and
sequencing

The TCP/IP Protocol Architecture


Developed by the Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency (DARPA)
For ARPANET packet-switched network
Used by global internet
protocol suite consists of a large collection of
protocols that have been issued as Internet
standards by the Internet Activities Board
(IAB)

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Simplified Network Architecture

TCP/IP Layers
Application layer
Host-to-host, or transport layer
Internet layer
Network access layer
Physical layer

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Physical Layer
Concerned with physical interface between a
data transmission device (e.g., workstation,
computer) and a transmission medium or
network
Concerned with issues like
• characteristics of the transmission medium
• nature of the signals
• the data rate, and related matters

Network Access Layer


exchange of data between an end system
(server, workstation, etc.) and the network to
which it is attached
Concerned with issues like
• Destination address provision
• Invoking specific services like priority
• Access to and routing data across a network lik
between two attached systems
Allows layers above to ignore link specifics

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Internet Layer (IP)


Routing functions across multiple networks
For systems attached to different networks
Using IP protocol
Implemented in end systems and routers
Routers connect two networks and relays data
between them

Transport Layer(TCP)
Common layer shared by all applications
Provides reliable delivery of data
In same order as sent
Commonly uses TCP

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Application Layer
Provides support for user applications
Need a separate module for each type of
application

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Operation of TCP and IP

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Addressing Requirements
Two levels of addressing required
Each host on a subnet needs a unique global
network address: its IP address
Each application on a (multi-tasking) host
needs a unique address with the host : a port
address

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Operation of TCP/IP

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Transmission Control Protocol(TCP)


Usual transport layer is TCP
Provides a reliable connection for transfer of
data between applications
A TCP segment is a basic protocol unit
TCP tracks segments between entities for
duration of each connection

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TCP Header

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User Datagram Protocol(UDP)


An alternative to TCP
No guaranteed delivery
No preservation of sequence
No protection against duplication
Minimum overload
Adds port addressing to IP

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UDP Header

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IP Header

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IPv6 Header

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TCP/IP Applications
Have a number of standards TCP/IP
application such as
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP)
• File Transfer Protocol(FTP)
• Telnet

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Some TCP/IP Protocols

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OSI
Open Systems Interconnection
Developed by the International organization
(ISO)
Has seven layers
Is a theoretical system delivered too late
TCP/IP is the de facto standard

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OSI Layers

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OSI vs TCP/IP

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Standardized Protocol Architectures

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Layer Specific Standards

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Service Primitives and Parameters


 Define services
between adjacent
layers using:
 Primitives to specify
function performed
 Parameters to pass data
and control information

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Primitive Types
REQUEST A primitive issued by a service user to invoke some service to
pass the parameters needed to specify fully the requested
service
INDICATION A primitive issued by a service provider either to: indicate that
a procedure has been invoked by the peer service user on the
connection and to provide the associated parameters, or notify
the service users of a provider- initiated action
RESPONSE A primitive issued by a service user to acknowledge or
complete some procedure previously invoked by an indication
to that user
CONFIRM A primitive issued by a service provider to acknowledge or
complete some procedure previously invoked by a request by
the service user

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Traditional vs Multimedia Applications


Traditional Internet dominated by information
retrieval applications
• Typically using text and image transfer
• Eg. Email, file transfer ,web
See increasing growth in multimedia
applications
• Involving massive amounts of data
• Such as streaming audio and video

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