02 Protocol Architecture
02 Protocol Architecture
DATA COMMUNICATION
02--Protocol Architecture
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TCP/IP Layers
Application layer
Host-to-host, or transport layer
Internet layer
Network access layer
Physical layer
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Physical Layer
Concerned with physical interface between a
data transmission device (e.g., workstation,
computer) and a transmission medium or
network
Concerned with issues like
• characteristics of the transmission medium
• nature of the signals
• the data rate, and related matters
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Transport Layer(TCP)
Common layer shared by all applications
Provides reliable delivery of data
In same order as sent
Commonly uses TCP
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Application Layer
Provides support for user applications
Need a separate module for each type of
application
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Addressing Requirements
Two levels of addressing required
Each host on a subnet needs a unique global
network address: its IP address
Each application on a (multi-tasking) host
needs a unique address with the host : a port
address
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Operation of TCP/IP
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TCP Header
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UDP Header
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IP Header
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IPv6 Header
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TCP/IP Applications
Have a number of standards TCP/IP
application such as
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP)
• File Transfer Protocol(FTP)
• Telnet
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OSI
Open Systems Interconnection
Developed by the International organization
(ISO)
Has seven layers
Is a theoretical system delivered too late
TCP/IP is the de facto standard
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OSI Layers
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OSI vs TCP/IP
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Primitive Types
REQUEST A primitive issued by a service user to invoke some service to
pass the parameters needed to specify fully the requested
service
INDICATION A primitive issued by a service provider either to: indicate that
a procedure has been invoked by the peer service user on the
connection and to provide the associated parameters, or notify
the service users of a provider- initiated action
RESPONSE A primitive issued by a service user to acknowledge or
complete some procedure previously invoked by an indication
to that user
CONFIRM A primitive issued by a service provider to acknowledge or
complete some procedure previously invoked by a request by
the service user
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