NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY

College Of Education
TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
BACHELOR OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
Estancia, Iloilo

COURSE NO.: EED 102

COURSE TITLE: TEACHING SCIENCE IN THE ELEMENTARY GRADES (BIOLOGY AND
CHEMISTRY)
UNITS EARNED: 3 units

INTRODUCTION
All living organisms produce their kind. The process by which living things produce their kind
is called reproduction. When organisms reproduce, the adult gives birth to the young that are
more or less with similar characteristics as the parents.
Plants are living things. They reproduce more plants of their kind. Sexual reproduction in
plants is possible because of the flowers. Plants can also reproduce without using seeds. The
process of using new plants without using the seeds is called asexual reproduction.

LESSON 1: LIVING THINGS REPRODUCE (GRADE 3)

Among animals, there are two major ways by which the young are produced – egg-laying
(oviparous) or young is given birth (viviparous) by the female. Chickens and other birds lay
eggs that hatch to become new chickens or birds.
Genes are the genetic factors that we inherit from parents. For example, when one parent
has dimples, you might have it. Cataract runs in the family, so if either of your parents has it,
you might also have it. Take note that family
Reproduction among plants could be sexual – involving male and female parts of the flower
to produce fruits and seeds. The seeds are the one planted that will grow to seedlings and
eventually become the mature plant. There are also plants that reproduce by vegetative
means involving roots, stems, and leaves such as runners, rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, and
adventitious plants.

LESSON 2: LIFE CYCLES OF HUMANS, ANIMALS, AND PLANTS

(GRADE 4)

TOPIC 1 (EXPERT GROUP 1): HUMAN FERTILIZATION

A new human begins to develop if sperm and egg cells unite in a process called fertilization. In humans, this
process is called conception. The time between fertilization and birth is called pregnancy. In humans, pregnancy
lasts for about 280 days or nine months. During that time, a single cell, the fertilized egg, changes into a complex
living thing made up of billions of cells.

Fertilization of human egg usually takes place in the fallopian tube. One sperm fertilizes the egg. Then a new
membrane forms around the outside of the egg. The membrane prevents other sperm from entering the egg. The
fertilized egg is called the zygote.

As it moves to the fallopian tube to the uterus, the zygote begins to divide by mitosis. It forms a hollow ball of
cells. About 10 days after fertilization, this ball of cells attaches to the lining of the uterus. The cells in the hollow ball
continue to divide.

TOPIC 2 (EXPERT GROUP 2): HUMAN FETUS DEVELOPMENT

From about the third week of development until the end of the second month, the developing organism is called
an embryo. The embryo is attached to the uterus by a special structure called the placenta. A placenta is a special
structure through which materials can pass between the embryo and the mother. The placenta has many blood vessels
that are part of the embryo’s blood supply. The mother’s blood comes very close to the blood vessels of the embryo.
However, the blood from the mother and the embryo do not mix. Nutrients and oxygen diffuse the mother’s blood to the
embryo’s blood. Carbon dioxide and other wastes diffuse from the blood of the embryo into the mother’s blood.

The umbilical cord is a ropelike structure containing blood vessels that connect the embryo to the placenta.
The embryo is surrounded by a clear membrane called the amnion. The amnion forms a sac containing a fluid that
cushions the embryo. During the embryo stage, all the major body systems begin to form.

From the beginning of the third month until birth, the developing baby is called a fetus. After 11 weeks, arms
and legs are well developed. Facial features, such as the eyes, have also formed. The fetus is about 7 cm long at this
time.

By 16 weeks of age, the fetus begins to move actively. The mother can feel these movements. The stethoscope
can hear the heartbeat. The fetus is about 20 cm long at this time. During the last three months of development, the
fetus proliferates.
 NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
College Of Education
TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
BACHELOR OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
Estancia, Iloilo

TOPIC 3 (EXPERT GROUP 3): BIRTH

Near the time of birth, the fetus usually turns within the uterus. Its head points down towards the cervix, the neck
of the uterus. At birth, the fetus is about 50 cm long and has a mass of about 3 kg. birth begins when the muscles of the
mother’s uterus begin to contract. These contractions of the muscles of the uterus are called labor. The period of labor
can be divided into three stages.

The first stage of labor usually lasts about 10 to 12 hours. During this time, contractions push the baby toward
the cervix. The cervix dilates or opens wider.

During the second stage of labor, the baby emerges. At this point the contractions of the uterus become
stronger and last longer. The baby is usually born head first. When the baby is born, the umbilical cord is still attached to
the placenta inside the uterus. The cord is clamped and cut so that the baby does not lose blood from the blood vessels
inside the cord.

The third stage of labor occurs shortly after the baby is born. More contractions of the uterus force the placenta
and the amnion out of the mother’s body. This mass of tissue is called afterbirth. Release of the afterbirth is the end of
the labor.

Changes in the mother’s body continue after the birth of the baby. Hormones cause milk to be formed in the
breasts. The baby can feed on this milk by nursing.

The process of human development begins with the process known as the prenatal
development. It begins with the union of egg cell and sperm cell in the process called
fertilization or conception. The chromosomes of the egg cell combines with the chromosomes
of the sperm cell to form a new cell called zygote. The zygote contains a combination of
genetic material from both parents develop into the embryo. The embryo then develops into
an embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues which will later form the fetal membranes and the
placenta. Embryo is the term used for the developing organism from the third week of
development until the end of the second month, fetus is the term used for the developing
organism from the beginning of the third month to birth. The Amnion is a membrane that
surrounds the developing organism, it contains a clear fluid that cushions the growing
organism. The placenta is a structure through which materials are exchanged between the
blood of the fetus and that of the mother. The umbilical cord attaches the fetus to the
placenta: and blood vessels inside the cord transport materials to and from the placenta.

1. Birth is the release of the baby from the womb or uterus to the outside world.
During the first stage of labor, contraction of the uterus pushes the baby towards the cervix,
and the cervix dilates, during the second stage the baby emerges, and the umbilical cord is
cut; during the third stage, the placenta and the amnion is forced outside of the mother’s
contractions of the uterus.

2. Infancy or Babyhood
After birth, the human undergoes different stages of physical growth and development. The
different stages are Infancy and Babyhood Stage, Early Childhood Stage, Late Childhood
Stage, the Adolescence Stage, the Early Adulthood Stage, and the Old Age Stage. Infancy and
Babyhood Stage is the stage from birth to 2 years of age. This stage marks rapid physical
growth. It is considered one of the most remarkable and busiest times of development.
Physical growth occurs rapidly during the first two years of life. Development occurs in gross
and fine motor, language, emotions, and temperament.

3. Early and Later Childhood Early Childhood Stage happens from two up to 6 years of
age. Healthy
children at this stage exhibit important growth and development in various areas such as
social and emotional, language and communication, movement and physical, and cognitive.
The Late Childhood Stage happens from 6 up to 12 years old. Physical development is slow
and steady in this stage. The child gains greater control over his body. In terms of social
development, the child’s relationship changes towards others and the child will generally
have multiple social contacts outside the family. Emotionally, the child controls and
understands his emotions and becomes skilled in expressing his emotions. Most of the child’s
cognitive development takes place in school as the brain continues to develop.

4. Adolescence
Adolescence Stage happens from 13 up to 19 years of age. This stage is considered the
transition stage between childhood and adulthood stage. Sex maturation and rapid physical
 NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
College Of Education
TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
BACHELOR OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
Estancia, Iloilo
development happen in this stage. Boys begin to show secondary sexual traits such as
deeper voice due to thickened vocal cords, and increased growth of hair on the face, chest,
armpits, and pubic regions. Some parts of the body may have more muscles and fats. Inside
the body of the male, the testes enlarge and produce sperms. Among females, secondary
characteristics include enlargement of the breast, development of hair in the armpits and
pubic area, and the menstrual cycle. The female can produce an egg one at a time in the 28-
day cycle. Every month there are changes in the uterus to prepare for the fertilization of the
egg and pregnancy when the egg is fertilized. This includes the thickening of the uterine
walls due to the increase of the female hormones. When an egg is not fertilized, it is released
with the lining of the uterus as menstruation which occurs for about three to seven days.
Then another

5. Early Adulthood
The Early Adulthood Stage happens from 19 to 40 years of age. This stage of life generally
consists of leaving home, completing education, beginning full-time work, attaining financial
independence, establishing long-term intimate relationships, and starting a family.

6. Middle Age
The Middle Age Stage happens between the ages of forty and above sixty-five. This stage in
life is the transition stage and physical adjustment stage. An individual may experience a
decline in physical and mental capabilities.

7. Old Age
The old Age Stage happens from sixty-five to death. In this stage, an individual could
experience rapid physical and mental decline as well as psychological and physical illness.

8. Death
This is the physical condition of the body when all the organs do not function anymore to
continue life. This is sometimes called cellular or organ death. This state may not always
happen after old age. Some people die young.

Life Cycles of Mosquito, Butterfly, and Frog

1. Metamorphosis in Mosquitoes
Mosquitoes lay eggs that hatch in water, to become the larva commonly known as
wrigglers. Even with a small amount of water, the larvae can grow. Eventually, it becomes a
pupa with an outer covering or a cocoon. Inside the cocoon, the larva reorganizes to produce
the parts of an adult. The adult then emerges from the pupal stage when the cocoon breaks.
Mosquitoes need water and land as habitat to continue their life cycle.
2. Metamorphosis in Butterflies
The butterflies lay eggs in the underside of the lower surface of the leaves of some plants
that are preferred food like calamansi and gabi. The caterpillar or larva hatches from the
eggs. It is wormlike and eats voraciously on the leaves as it grows in size. Sometimes these
would eat almost all the leaves of the plant. The next stage is pupa which is covered by a
cocoon. At this stage, the pupa does not move. Inside the cocoon, the larva reorganizes to
produce parts of an adult. Then the cocoon finally breaks releasing the adult butterfly. Many
butterflies have colorful wings that flutter in the early morning from one flower to another.
3. Metamorphosis in Frogs
On the other hand, the female frog lays jelly-coated eggs in water which fertilizes externally
by sperm released by male adult frogs. Black tadpoles hatch from the egg. The tadpoles
appear fishlike and later develop legs and external gills. After about three months, the gills
are replaced by the lungs, and the young frog emerges and moves to land.

Life Cycle of Flowering Plant

The life cycle of a flowering plant starts when the adult plant produces a flower.
The flower has pistils that are involved in the development of egg cells. The stamen of
the flower produces pollen grains that contain sperm cells. The pollen grains are
transferred from the anther of the stamen to the stigma of the pistil by insects and
other pollinating agents. Fertilization of an egg cell by the sperm cell occurs in the
ovule of the ovary. The ovule develops into mature seeds and the ovary grows into a
fruit. The seeds inside the fruit can become a new plant.
Seeds from parent plants are scattered or dispersed by animals, wind, and
water. Mature seeds germinate when favorable conditions are present such as water,
proper temperature, and nutrients. The young plant grows to become a mature plant.
 NORTHERN ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY
College Of Education
TEACHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
BACHELOR OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
Estancia, Iloilo

LESSON 3: REPRODUCTION AMONG FLOWERING PLANTS

(GRADE 5)

A. Sexual Reproduction in Plants

The flower is the reproductive organ of a flowering plant. Some kinds of plants have flowers
that produce both male and female sex cells. Other kinds have flowers that produce either
male or female sex cells.
1. Pollination can take place only between plants of the same kind. A mango flower
must be pollinated by pollen grains from another mango flower. When an insect or a
small bird visits the flower, that animal transfers the male sex cells from one flower to
another. This transfer is part of the process of sexual reproduction in the flower.
2. In fertilization, a male sex cell joins with the female sex cell to produce a
fertilized cell.
3. After fertilization, the ovules develop into seeds. The seed contains the embryo.
Ovules develop into mature seeds, while the ovary develops into a fruit. A fruit is a
ripened ovary that contains one or more mature seeds.
4. When conditions are proper for growth, seeds undergo germination. Germination
is the growth of an embryo into a young plant.

B. Asexual Reproduction or Vegetative Propagation in Plants

Many plants that produce seeds can also reproduce by asexual means. Asexual reproduction
involves only one parent. Asexual reproduction in seed plants is called VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION. Vegetative propagation is the development of a new plant from a stem, root,
or leaf of a parent plant. In this process, there is no union of an egg cell and a sperm cell, and
no seed forms.

LESSON 4: REPRODUCTION IN NON-FLOWERING PLANTS

(GRADE 6)

Mosses are small green plants with stem-like and leaf-like parts. They are a few centimeters
tall and have root-like structures that anchor them to the surface. These plants grow in moist
places and forest floors and form dense mats on the ground, especially during the rainy
season.
How do mosses spread on the ground?
Other than mosses, there are several kinds of fern in moist places and even in your home
and school gardens. They grow fast and plentiful during the rainy season.
Conifers like pine that grow in cold places like Baguio, do not bear flowers.
They have cones that are sometimes used as Christmas tree decors. They are fast-growing
tall trees with needle-like evergreen leaves.
Let us explore how the moss, fern, and pine reproduce.