INTERFACING OF TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER

USING 8085 MICROPROCESSOR

SUBJECT: MICROPROCESSOR & MICROCONTROLLERS (CSE-313)
BY:
• BHUVAN SHIVHARE (22U02032)
• HARSHIT VASHISTHA (22U02033)
• YASH CHOUKIKAR (22U02034)
• ANAND SINGH (22U02035)
• VIKAS KAUSHIK (22U02036)
CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Key Principle of Temperature Controller
• Overview of 8085 Microprocessor and Why to use it
• Components Required
• Working of Temperature Controller
• Conclusion
• Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
What is a Temperature Controller ?
A temperature controller is a device designed to regulate
the temperature of a system by comparing the actual
temperature to a desired setpoint.

Figure 1: A Temperature Controller

Reference: Figure 2.1, Page 23, Interfacing to Embedded Microprocessors
(2001) 2nd Edition by Stuart Ball
IMPORTANCE IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES:
• HVAC Systems: Ensures comfortable living and working environments by regulating
indoor temperatures.
• Food Processing: Maintains safe temperatures to preserve food quality and prevent
spoilage.
• Laboratories: Provides precise temperature control for experiments and sensitive
equipment.
KEY PRINCIPLE OF TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER

The basic principle of a temperature controller involves three main functions:

1.Temperature Measurement:
• A temperature sensor (such as a thermistor, RTD, or LM35) is used to measure the
current temperature of the environment or system.
• The sensor generates an analog signal (voltage) proportional to the temperature, which
serves as the input for the controller.
• Accurate temperature measurement is crucial for the controller to respond effectively.
2. Comparison and Control Decision:
• The controller continuously compares the measured temperature with the desired
reference temperature (set point).
• If the measured temperature deviates from the set point (either too high or too low), the
controller decides to either activate a heater or cooler to restore the temperature to
the desired level.
• This decision-making process ensures that the temperature stays within a narrow,
predefined range around the set point.
3. Actuation:
• The controller sends a signal to external devices like a heater or fan, which are responsible for
adjusting the temperature.
• If the temperature is below the set point, the controller activates the heater to raise the
temperature.
• If the temperature is above the set point, the controller activates the cooling mechanism (e.g., a
fan) to lower the temperature.
• The process continues until the temperature reaches the desired level, after which the heater or
cooler is turned off.
OVERVIEW OF 8085 MICROPROCESSOR AND WHY TO USE IT

Introduction:
• The 8085 microprocessor, developed by Intel in 1976, is an 8-bit general-purpose microprocessor widely
used in embedded control applications.
Key Technical Features:
• 8-bit Data Bus: The 8085 processes 8 bits of data simultaneously, allowing manipulation of data in
byte-sized chunks.
• 16-bit Address Bus: Supports addressing of up to 64 KB (2^16) of memory space, accommodating
both program and data memory.
• Clock Speed: Operates at 3 MHz, with a minimum instruction cycle of 4.8 μs.Power Supply: Operates
on a +5V DC supply, simplifying integration into embedded systems.
• Multiplexed Bus System: The lower 8 bits of the address bus are multiplexed with the data bus to
minimize pin count, requiring external demultiplexing when accessing memory or I/O.
• Accumulator-Based Architecture: The 8085 uses an accumulator register for most
arithmetic and logical operations, optimizing execution time for common tasks.
• Interrupt System: Supports five hardware interrupts (TRAP, RST7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5, INTR)
and an interrupt enable/disable flip-flop for real-time response to external events.
• Direct Memory Access (DMA) Support: Allows high-speed data transfer without CPU
intervention via the HOLD and HLDA signals.
• Instruction Set: Comprises 74 instructions divided into data transfer, arithmetic, logical,
branching, and machine control categories, providing robust support for complex control
algorithms.
WHY USE 8085 IN A TEMPERATURE
CONTROLLER ?
• Precise Control: The 8085 can interact with an ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) to convert
temperature sensor readings and control heating/cooling elements with high accuracy.
• Efficient Interrupt Handling: The 8085’s interrupt system allows immediate response to
critical conditions such as temperature thresholds being exceeded.
• Ease of Peripheral Interfacing: Can easily interface with peripherals such as LCDs, keypads,
and relays via I/O ports or memory-mapped I/O, simplifying the design of a temperature control
system.
• Cost-Effective: Its low power consumption and simplicity make it a suitable choice for basic
embedded systems like temperature controllers in small-scale industrial applications.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED

1.Temperature Sensor:
• The temperature sensor (e.g., thermistor, RTD, or
LM35) detects the ambient temperature of the
environment. It produces an analog signal
(voltage) that is proportional to the temperature.
Here we are using LM35
• This signal represents the current temperature,
which needs to be converted into digital form for
processing by the microprocessor.
Figure 2: Labelled Diagram of LM35 Temperature Sensor
Reference: Figure 3.1, Page 46, Microcontroller-Based Temperature
Monitoring and Control 1st Edition (2002) by Dogan Ibrahim
2. Analog-to-Digital Converter 0808
(ADC0808):
• Since the 8085 microprocessor can only
process digital data, the analog signal from the
temperature sensor is fed into an
Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC).
• The ADC converts the analog voltage from the
sensor into a corresponding digital value, which
is then sent to the 8085 microprocessor for
processing.
• The microprocessor reads this digital value via
Figure 3: Pin Diagram of ADC 0808
its data bus. Reference: Figure 3.17, Page 61, Microcontroller-Based
Temperature Monitoring and Control 1st Edition (2002) by
Dogan Ibrahim
3. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
• Shows the current temperature or system
status (e.g., heating, cooling) to the user.
• It is interfaced with the microprocessor to
display real-time temperature data or
system feedback. Figure 4: 2X16 line LCD Display
Reference: Figure 4.5, Page 87, Microcontroller-Based
Temperature Monitoring and Control 1st Edition (2002)
by Dogan Ibrahim
4. Control Circuit (Relay/Triac):
• The 8085 microprocessor controls external
devices like heaters or fans through a control
circuit.
• Typically, a relay or a Triac is used as a switching
mechanism. The relay receives signals from the
microprocessor and acts as a switch to turn the
heating or cooling element on or off.
• A relay is commonly used for DC devices, while
Figure 5: A Control Circuit demonstrated with circuit diagram
a Triac is used for AC-powered devices. Reference: Figure 4.1, Page 79, Microcontroller-Based Temperature
Monitoring and Control 1st Edition (2002) by Dogan Ibrahim
5. Heater/Fan (Actuating Devices):
• The heater or fan is the final component in the control system, responsible for adjusting
the temperature.
• The heater is activated if the temperature is below the set point, while the fan is
activated if the temperature is above the set point.
• These actuators are powered through the relay or Triac controlled by the 8085
microprocessor.
WORKING OF TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER

Data Actuating
Temperature Processing Output
Sensing by 8085 Devices

Analog to Control Feedback

Digital Decision Loop
Conversion
1.Temperature Sensing:
• Temperature sensor LM35, is used to measure the current temperature of the environment.
• The sensor generates an analog signal proportional to the temperature being measured.

2. Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC):

• Since the 8085 microprocessor processes only digital data, the analog signal from the sensor must
be converted into a digital format. This is done using an Analog-to-Digital Converter 0808 (ADC).
• The ADC reads the analog voltage corresponding to the temperature and converts it into a digital
value, which the 8085 can read through its data bus.
3. Data Processing by 8085:
• The 8085 microprocessor reads the digital temperature data from the ADC.
• This data is compared with a pre-set reference temperature, which is stored in the microprocessor's
memory or inputted by the user.
4. Control Decision:
Based on the comparison between the measured temperature and the reference temperature, the
microprocessor makes a decision:
• If the measured temperature is lower than the reference: The microprocessor will activate the heating
element (e.g., turning on a heater).
• If the measured temperature is higher than the reference: The microprocessor will activate the cooling
system (e.g., turning on a fan or an air conditioner).
5. Actuating Output Devices:
• The output signal from the microprocessor controls the heating or cooling devices. This is typically done
via a relay or a Triac (in case of AC devices), which acts as a switch.
• The relay or Triac gets turned on or off based on the control signal from the microprocessor, which in
turn controls the power supply to the heater or cooler.

6. Feedback Loop:
• The system operates in a continuous loop, constantly reading the temperature and adjusting the output to
ensure the environment stays at the desired temperature.
• This forms a feedback control loop where the system adjusts itself automatically to maintain the target
temperature.
SIMULATION OF TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER
IN PROTEUS
Why Use Proteus for This Project?
• Circuit Design and Schematic Creation
• Sensor and Device Simulation
• Testing Without Physical Hardware
Figure 6: Temperature Controller Simulated in Proteus
DRIVER CODE FOR TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER
CONCLUSION

• Successfully designed and simulated a temperature control system using the 8085
microprocessor.
• The system efficiently maintains the desired temperature by controlling heating and
cooling devices based on sensor feedback.
• Practical applications include HVAC systems, industrial furnaces, and automated climate
control.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books -
• 0000 To 8085 : Introduction to Microprocessors for Engineers and Scientists (2004) by P.K. Ghosh
• Microcomputers And Microprocessors (1985) by John Uffenbeck
• Interfacing to Embedded Microprocessors (2001) by Stuart Ball
• Microcontroller-Based Temperature Monitoring and Control 1st Edition (2002) by Dogan Ibrahim
Research Papers -
• 8086 Microprocessor and Interfacing (2012) by Arun Kumar Das