Title: Refraction at Plane Surfaces.
Apparatus:
• Rectangular glass block
• Glass prism
• Optical pins
• Wooden board
• Paper
• Protractor
• Ruler
• Pencil
Aims/Objective:
i. To verify the laws of refraction (Snell’s law).
ii. To determine the refractive index of a glass block (aug) and the
refractive index from glass to air (gua).
iii. To calculate the average refractive index and verify the product
relationship aug x gua = 1 .
iv. To plot a graph of sin i against sin r and find the refractive index
from the slope.
Theory:
When light travels from one medium to another, it bends due to a change in speed.
Snell’s law states:

Procedure:
1. I Placed the glass block on a sheet of paper and trace its outline.
2. I Marked the positions of the longer sides (AB and CD) of the block.
3. I Inserted pins P and Q at an angle of incidence i , approximately 10
cm apart.
4. I Viewed the pins from the other side and insert pins R and S such that
they appear aligned with P and Q when viewed through the glass.
5. I Removed the glass block and connect the lines to trace the path of
the incident and refracted rays.
6. I Measured angles i (incidence) and r (refraction) using a
protractor.
7. I Repeated for different values of i (e.g., 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°,
60°).
8. I Recorded my data in a table.




Precautions:
1. Slight misalignment of pins during the experiment.
2. Human error in measuring angles using the protractor.
3. Impurities or imperfections in the glass block.
