CHAPTER 1

Basic Concepts
Section 1.2 Solutions
1.2.1 If the current in an electric conductor is 2.4 A, how many coulombs of charge pass any point in a
30-s interval?

Solution:
​I = 2.4 A, Δt = 30 s
Q = I ⋅ Δt
Q = 72 C​

1.2.2 Determine the time interval required for a 12-A battery charger to deliver 4800 C.

Solution:
​I = 12 A, Q = 4800 C
Q
Δt = _
​ ​
I
Δt = 400 s​

1.2.3 If a 12-V battery delivers 100 J in 5 s, find (a) the amount of charge delivered and (b) the current
produced.

Solution:
V = 12 V, ΔW = 100 J in 5 s​
​
ΔW ​
a. ​ΔQ = ​_
V
ΔQ = 8.33 C​
ΔQ
b. ​I = _
​ ​, Δt = 5 s
Δt
I = 1.67 A​

1.2.4 The current in a conductor is 1.5 A. How many coulombs of charge pass any point in a time interval
of 1.5 min?

Solution:
​I = 1.5 A, Δt = 1.5 min = 90 s
Q = I ⋅ Δt
Q = 135 C​

1
2 CHA PTER 1 Basic Concepts

1.2.5 If 60 C of charge pass through an electric conductor in 30 s, determine the current in the conductor.

Solution:
​Q = 60 C, Δt = 30 s
Q
I=_
​ ​
Δt
I = 2 A​

1.2.6 Calculate the power absorbed by element A in Fig. P1.2.6.

3A

−
15 V A
+

FIGURE P1.2.6

Solution:

−
15 V A
+

−3 A

​PA​ ​= (​ 15)(​ −3)​

​PA​ ​= −45 W absorbed​

1.2.7 Calculate the power supplied by element A in Fig. P1.2.7.

2A

+
20 V A
−

FIGURE P1.2.7

Solution:
−2 A

+
20 V A
−

​PA​ ​= (​ 20)(​ −2)​

​PA​ ​= −40 W supplied​
 Solutions to Problems 3

1.2.8 The charge entering the positive terminal of an element is given by the expression ​q(​ t)​= −12 ​e​−2t​mC.​
The power delivered to the element is ​p(​ t)​= 2.4 ​e​−3t​W.​Compute the current in the element, the voltage across
the element, and the energy delivered to the element in the time interval 0​ < t < 100 ms.​

Solution:
​ ​(t)​= −12 e​ ​−2t​mC
q
P​(t)​= 2.4 e​ ​−3t​W
dq​(t)​
i​(t)​= _
​ ​= −2 ⋅ (​ −12 ​e​−2t​)​
dt
i​(t)​= 24 e​ ​−2t​mA
t2 100m
t1
W = ​ ​  ​ P(​ t)​dt = ​ ​  0 ​ 2​.4 ​e​−3t​dt

|
100 m
( −3t)
​​ 2.4 e​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​
W=_ ​
−3 0

W = 207.35 mJ
P​(t)​
V​(t)​= _
​( )​
i​ t ​
V​(t)​= 100 e​ ​−t​V​

1.2.9 The voltage across an element is ​12 ​e​−2t​V.​The current entering the positive terminal of the element
is 2​ ​e​−2t​A.​Find the energy absorbed by the element in 1.5 seconds starting from t​ = 0.​

Solution:

​V​(t)​= 12 e​ ​−2t​V
i​(t)​= 2 e​ ​−2t​A
t2 1.5
t1 0
W = ​ ​  ​ V​⋅ idt = ​ ​  ​ (​ 12 ​e​−2t)​ ​⋅ (​ 2 ​e​−2t)​ ​dt

|
1.5
( −4t)
​​ 24 e​ ​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​
W=_
−4 0
W = 5.99 J​

1.2.10 The power absorbed by the BOX in Fig. P1.2.10 is ​2 ​e​−2t​W.​ Calculate the amount of charge that
enters the BOX between 0.1 and 0.4 seconds.

4e−t V + BOX
−

FIGURE P1.2.10

Solution:
​P​(t)​= 2 e​ ​−2t​W
V​(t)​= 4 e​ ​−t​V
P​(t)​
i​(t)​= _
​ ( ) ​= 0.5 e​ ​−t​A
V​ t ​
0.4
Δq​(t)​= ​ 0.1​  ​ i(​ t)​dt
= (​ −0.5 e​ ​−t​)​|​0.4
0.1​

q​(t)​= 117.26 mC, 0.1 s < t < 0.4 s​

4 CHA PTER 1 Basic Concepts

1.2.11 The power absorbed by the BOX in Fig. P1.2.11 is ​0.1 e​ ​−4t​ W.​ Calculate the energy absorbed by
the BOX during this same time interval.

10e−2t V + BOX
−

FIGURE P1.2.11

Solution:

P​(t)​= 0.1 ​e​−4t​W

∞

 0
​  ​(t)​dt = ​ ​  ​ 0​.1 ​e​−4t​dt
W = ​ ​ P​

|
∞
( −4t)
​​ 0.1 ​e​ ​ ​​ ​ ​ ​
W=_
−4 0

W = 25 mJ

1.2.12 Five coulombs of charge pass through the element in Fig. P1.2.12 from point A to point B. If
the energy absorbed by the element is 120 J, determine the voltage across the element.
B
+
V1

−
A
FIGURE P1.2.12

Solution:
W = 120 J, Q = 5 C
W = −​V1​ ​⋅ Q

​W ​
​V1​ ​= − _
​ Q
​V1​ ​= −24 V​
 Solutions to Problems 5

1.2.13 The current that enters an element is shown in Fig. P1.2.13. Find the charge that enters the
­element in the time interval ​0 < t < 20 s.​
i(t) mA

10

0 10 20 t (s)

FIGURE P1.2.13

Solution:
​i(​ t)​= m ⋅ t + b

​ 10m − 0 ​= −1m

m = ________
10 − 20
i​(t)​= −1m ⋅ t + b
10m = −1m ⋅ (​ 10 s)​+ b
b = 20m
i​(t)​= (​ −t + 20)​mA
20
0
q​(t)​= ​ ​  ​ i(​ t)​dt

10 20
  ​20 − t ​​ dt
q​(t)​= ​ ​  ​ 10​× ​10​​−3​dt + ​ ​  ​  _
0 10 1000

0​ ​+ ​1000 ( ​​t​ ​)
|
2 20
q​(t)​= ​10 × 1​ 0​​−3​⋅ t|​10 _ 1 ​ 20t − _ ​ ​​ ​
2 10

q​(t)​= 0.15 C, 0 < t < 20 s​

1.2.14 Element A in the diagram in Fig. P1.2.14 absorbs 30 W of power. Calculate Vx.
2A

+
Vx A
−

FIGURE P1.2.14

Solution:
−2 A

+
Vx A
−

​30 = V
​ x​ ​⋅ (​ −2)​
​Vx​ ​= −15 V​
6 CHA PTER 1 Basic Concepts

1.2.15 Element B in the diagram in Fig. P1.2.15 supplies 60 W of power. Calculate Ix.

−
24 V B
+

Ix

FIGURE P1.2.15

Solution:
Ix

+
−24 V B
−

​60 = (​ −24)​⋅ ​Ix​ ​

​Ix​ ​= −2.5 A​

1.2.16 Element B in the diagram in Fig. P1.2.16 supplies 72 W of power. Calculate Ix.

+
18 V B
−

Ix

FIGURE P1.2.16

Solution:
​72 = (​ 18)​⋅ ​Ix​ ​
​Ix​ ​= 4 A​

1.2.17 Two elements are connected in series, as shown in Fig. P1.2.17. Element 1 supplies 24 W of power.
Is element 2 absorbing or supplying power, and how much?

+
1 3V
−
−
2 6V
+

FIGURE P1.2.17
 Solutions to Problems 7

Solution:

+
1 3V
−
−
2 6V
+
I
​P1​ ​= 24 = V
​ 1​ ​⋅ I
24
_
​ I = ​ 3 ​= 8 A​
​P2​ ​= ​V2​ ​⋅ I = (​ 6)​(8)​
​​P2​ ​= 48 W absorbed​
1.2.18 The energy absorbed by the BOX in Fig. P1.2.18 is given below. Calculate and sketch the current
flowing into the BOX. Also calculate the charge that enters the BOX between 0 and 12 s.

i (t)

10 V + BOX
−

w(t) (J)

6 7 8 10 12

1 2 3 4 5 9 11 t (s)

−2.5

FIGURE P1.2.18
8 CHA PTER 1 Basic Concepts

Solution:
i(t) (A)

1
4

1
8
4 6 7 8

1 2 3 5 9 10 11 12 t (s)

−1
4

dw ​
​P = ​_
dt
P = V ⋅ i = (​ 10)​⋅ i

‾
0​ s ≤ t ≤ 2 s​

​5 − 0 ​= 2.5 W, i = _
P=_ ​2.5 ​= _
​P ​= _ ​1 ​A
2−0 V 10 4

‾
​ 2 s ≤ t ≤ 4 s​

​5 − 5 ​= 0 W,
P=_ i=0A
4−2

‾
​ 4 s ≤ t ≤ 6 s​

​0 − 5 ​= −2.5 W,​​ i = _
P=_ 2.5 ​= −​_
​P ​= −​_ 1 ​A
6−4 V 10 4

‾
6​ s ≤ t ≤ 7 s​

​0 − 0 ​= 0 W,
P=_ i=0A
7−6

‾
​ 7 s ≤ t ≤ 8 s​

​−2.5 − 0 ​= −2.5 W, i = _
P=_ 2.5 ​= −​_
​P ​= −​_ 1 ​A
8−7 V 10 4
​ 8 s ≤ t ≤ 10 s​
‾
​−2.5 − ​ −2.5
  ​​= 0 W, i = 0 A
( )
P = ___________
10 − 8
​ 10 s ≤ t ≤  
12 s​
‾
​0 − ​ −2.5 ​​= 1.25 W, ​1.25 ​= ​_
​P ​= _ 1 ​A
( )
P=_ i=_
12 − 10 V 10 8


q = ​ ​ ​ i​dt

q=(​1 ​)​⋅ (​ 2)​+ (

​_ ​−1 )
​_ ​ ​⋅ (​ 2)​+ ( ​ ​⋅ (​ 1)​+ (
​−1 )
​_ ​1 ​)​⋅ (​ 2)​
​_
4 4 4 8
q = 0 C​
 Solutions to Problems 9

1.2.19 The energy absorbed by the BOX in Fig. P1.2.19 is shown in the graph below. Calculate and sketch
the current flowing into the BOX between 0 and 10 milliseconds.

i (t)

12 V + BOX
−

w(t) (mJ)

30

20

10

5 6 7

1 2 3 4 8 9 10 t (ms)

−10

−20

−30

FIGURE P1.2.19
10 CH A PTER 1 Basic Concepts

Solution:
i(t) (A)

5
6

t (ms)
−5
6

−5
3

dw ​
P = ​_
dt
P = V ⋅ i = (​ 12)​⋅ i
​0 s ≤ t ≤   
1 ms​
‾
10m − 0 ​= 10 W, i = _
P = ​_ ​5 ​A
​10 ​= _
​P ​= _
1m − 0 V 12 6
​1 ms ≤ t ≤  
3 ms​
‾
10m − 10m ​= 0 W,
P = ​_ i=0A
​ 3m − 1m
​3 ms ≤ t ≤  
4 ms​
‾
0 − 10m ​= −10 W,​​ i = _
P = ​_ 5 ​A
10 ​= −​_
​P ​= −​_
4m − 3m V 12 6
​4 ms ≤ t ≤  
5 ms​
‾
P = ​_0 − 0 ​= 0 W, i = 0 A
5m − 4m
​5 ms ≤ t ≤  
6 ms​
‾
−20m − 0 ​= −20 W, i = _
P = ​_ 5 ​A
20 ​= −​_
​P ​= −​_
6m − 5m V 12 3
​6 ms ≤ t ≤  
7 ms​
‾
−20m − (​ −20m
P = ​____________  ​​= 0 W, i = 0 A
  
)
7m − 6m
​7 ms ≤ t ≤  
9 ms​
‾
0 − ​(−20m)​​= 10 W, i = _
P = ​_ ​5 ​A
​10 ​= _
​P ​= _
9m − 7m V 12 6

‾
​ t > 9 ms ​
P = 0 W, i = 0 A​
 Solutions to Problems 11

1.2.20 (a) In Fig. P1.2.20(a), ​​P1​ ​= 36 W.​Is element 2 absorbing or supplying power, and how much?
(b) In Fig. P1.2.20(b), ​P​ 2​ ​= −48 W.​Is element 1 absorbing or supplying power, and how much?

+ −
1 12 V 1 6V
− +
+ +
2 6V 2 24 V
− −

(a) (b)

FIGURE P1.2.20

Solution:

I
+
1 12 V
−
+
2 6V
−

a) ​P1​ ​= 36 = V
​ 1​ ​⋅ I
36 ​= 3 A​
I = ​_
12
​P2​ ​= ​V2​ ​⋅ I = (​ 6)​(3)​
​P2​ ​= 18 W absorbed​
I
−
1 6V
+
+
2 24 V
−

b) ​P2​ ​= −48 = −​V2​ ​⋅ I

−48 ​= 2 A​
I = ​_
−24
​P1​ ​= ​V1​ ​⋅ I = (​ 6)​(2)​
​P1​ ​= 12 W absorbed​
12 CH A PTER 1 Basic Concepts

1.2.21 The charge that enters the BOX in Fig. P1.2.21 is shown in the graph below. Calculate and sketch
the current flowing into and the power absorbed by the BOX between 0 and 10 milliseconds.
i (t)

12 V + BOX
−

q(t) (mC)

1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 t (ms)

−1

−2

−3

FIGURE P1.2.21
 Solutions to Problems 13

Solution:
dq
i​(t)​= ​_​
dt
P = V ⋅ i = (​ 12)​⋅ i
0​ s ≤ t ≤   
1 ms​
‾
1m − 1m ​= 0 A,
i = ​_ P=0W
1m − 0
​ 1 ms ≤ t ≤  
2 ms​
‾
i = ​_0 − 1m ​= −1 A, P = (​ 12)​(−1)​= −12 W
2m − 1m
​ ​2 ms ≤ t ≤  
3 ms​
‾
i = ​_0 − 0 ​= 0 A, P=0W
3m − 2m
​ 3 ms ≤ t ≤  
5 ms​
‾
−2m − 0 ​= −1 A,
i = ​_ P = (​ 12)​(−1)​= −12 W
5m − 3m
​5 ms ≤ t ≤  
6 ms​
‾
3m − ​(−2m)​​= 5 A, P = (​ 12)​(5)​= 60 W
i = ​___________
6m − 5m
​ 6 ms ≤ t ≤  
8 ms​
‾
1m − 3m ​= −1 A,
i = ​_ P = (​ 12)​(−1)​= −12 W
8m − 6m
​ 8 ms ≤ t ≤  
9 ms​
‾
1m − 1m ​= 0 A,
i = ​_ P=0W
9m − 8m
​   
9 ms ≤ t ≤ 10 ms​
‾
i = ​_0 − 1m ​= −1 A, P = (​ 12)​(−1)​= −12 W​
10m − 9m
i(t) (A)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
−1 t (ms)

P(t) (W)

60

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
−12 t (ms)
14 CH A PTER 1 Basic Concepts

Section 1.3 Solutions

1.3.1 Find Vx in the network in Fig. P1.3.1 using Tellegen’s theorem.
16 V
2A + −
1 −+ 2 3
+ − + V −
12 V 24 V x

9V − − 12 V
+ +

FIGURE P1.3.1

Solution:
​P9​ V​= (​ 9)​(2)​= 18 W → 18 W absorbed
​P1​ ​= (​ 12)​(2)​= 24 W → 24 W absorbed
​P24
​ V​= (​ −24)​(2)​= −48 W → 48 W supplied
​P2​ ​= ​Vx​ ​(2)​= 2 ​Vx​ ​W → 2 ​Vx​ ​W absorbed
​ ​P3​ ​= (​ 16)​(2)​= 32 W → 32 W absorbed
​P12
​ V​= (​ −12)(​ 2)​= −24 W → 24 W supplied​

​ ​= ​Pabs
​Psup ​ ​
48 + 24 = 18 + 24 + 2​Vx​ ​+ 32
​Vx​ ​= −1 V​

1.3.2 Find the power that is absorbed or supplied by the circuit elements in Fig. P1.3.2.
6V 8V
+ − 2A Ix = 4 A + −
1 1

+ +
20 V 2A + 14 V 16 V 4A + 2Ix
− −
− −
2A 4A

(a) (b)

FIGURE P1.3.2

Solution:

a. ​P2​ A​= (​ −20)​⋅ (​ 2)​= −40 W

​P2​ A​= 40 W supplied​
​P1​ ​= (​ 6)​⋅ (​ 2)​= 12 W absorbed
​ V​= (​ 14)​⋅ (​ 2)​= 28 W absorbed​
​P14

b. ​P4​ A​= (​ −16)​(4)​= −64 W

​P4​ A​= 64 W supplied​
​P1​ ​= (​ 8)​(4)​= 32 W absorbed
​ IX​ ​​= [​ 2​(4)]​ ​⋅ (​ 4)​= 32 W absorbed​
​P2​
 Solutions to Problems 15

1.3.3 Find the power that is absorbed or supplied by element 2 in Fig. P1.3.3.

4V 2Vx
2A + −
1 −+

+
12 V + 2 Vx
−
−
2A

FIGURE P1.3.3

Solution:
​ P​12 V​= (​ −12)​⋅ (​ 2)​= −24 W → 24 W supplied
​P1​ ​= (​ 4)​⋅ (​ 2)​= 8 W → 8 W absorbed
​ Vx​ ​​ = (​ −2​Vx​ ​)​⋅ (​ 2)​= −4​Vx​ ​W → 4​Vx​ ​W supplied
​P2​
​
​P2​ ​= (​ ​Vx​ ​)​⋅ (​ 2)​= 2​Vx​ ​W → 2​Vx​ ​W absorbed​

​ ​= ​Pabs
​Psup ​ ​
​ x​ ​= 8 + 2 ​Vx​ ​
24 + 4 V
​Vx​ ​= −8 V​

​P2​ ​= (​ −8)​⋅ (​ 2)​= −16 W

​P2​ ​= 16 W supplied​

1.3.4 Find Ix in the circuit in Fig. P1.3.4 using Tellegen’s theorem.

4V 8V 18 V 12 V
2A + − + − + − +−
2A Ix Ix
+ +
+ 24 V 12 V 2A 6V
−
− −

FIGURE P1.3.4

Solution:
​ P​24 V​= (​ −24)​(2)​= −48 W → 48 W supplied
​ P​4 V​= (​ 4)​(2)​= 8 W → 8 W absorbed
​ P​8 V​= (​ 8)​(2)​= 16 W → 16 W absorbed
​ P​2 A​= (​ −12)(​ 2)​= −24 W → 24 W supplied

​​ P​18 V​= (​ 18)​(​Ix​ ​)​= 18​Ix​ ​W → 18​Ix​ ​W absorbed

​ P​12 V​= (​ −12)​(​Ix​ ​)​= −12​Ix​ ​W → 12​Ix​ ​W supplied
​ P​6 V​= (​ 6)​(​Ix​ ​)​= 6​Ix​ ​W → 6​Ix​ ​W absorbed​
​P​sup​= ​P​abs​
48 + 24 + 12​Ix​ ​= 8 + 16 + 18​Ix​ ​+ 6​Ix​ ​
​Ix​ ​= 4 A​
16 CH A PTER 1 Basic Concepts

1.3.5 Is the source, Vs, in the network in Fig. P1.3.5 absorbing or supplying power, and how much?

6V VS
+ −
−+
3A 9A 6A
− − −
10 V 9A 16 V 8V
+ + +
3A

FIGURE P1.3.5

Solution:
​P10
​ V​= (​ 10)​(3)​= 30 W → 30 W absorbed
​P6​ V​= (​ 6)​(3)​= 18 W → 18 W absorbed
​P9​ A​= (​ −16)​(9)​= −144 W → 144 W supplied

​ ​P​V​ ​​​= ​Vs​​(6)​= 6 ​Vs​​W → 6 ​Vs​​W absorbed

s

​P8​ V​= (​ 8)(​ 6)​= 48 W → 48 W absorbed​

​Psup
​ ​= ​Pabs
​ ​
144 = 30 + 18 + 6 ​Vs​​+ 48

​ ​Vs​​= 8 V
​P​V​ s​​​ = (​ 8)​(6)​= 48 W absorbed​

1.3.6 Calculate the power absorbed by each element in the circuit in Fig. P1.3.6. Also, verify that
­Tellegen’s theorem is satisfied by this circuit.
10 V
4A + −
3

5V 5V
+ − + −
2 4
1A 3A

40 V + 15 V +
− + −
5A 30 V 4A 1A
− +
−
5V 1 10 V 5
+ −

FIGURE P1.3.6
 Solutions to Problems 17

Solution:
​P40
​ V​= (​ −40)​(5)​= −200 W → 200 W supplied
​P4​ A​= (​ 30)​(4)​= 120 W → 120 W absorbed
​ V​= (​ 15)​(1)​= 15 W → 15 W absorbed
​P15
​P1​ ​= (​ 5)​(5)​= 25 W → 25 W absorbed
​P2​ ​= (​ 5)(​ 1)​= 5 W → 5 W absorbed

​ ​P3​ ​= (​ 10)​(4)​= 40 W → 40 W absorbed

​P4​ ​= (​ −5)​(3)​= −15 W → 15 W supplied
​P5​ ​= (​ 10)​(1)​= 10 W → 10 W absorbed​

​Psup
​ ​− ​Pabs
​ ​= 0
(​ 200 + 15)​− (​ 120 + 15 + 25 + 5 + 40 + 10)​= 0
​ )​− (​ 215)​= 0​
​(215

1.3.7 Find the power that is absorbed or supplied by the network elements in Fig. P1.3.7.
8V
Ix = 2 A + −2A
1

12 V + + 2Ix
− −
2A

(a)

24 V 20 V
+ −
−+ 1
2A Ix = 2 A
2A
+
+ 4Ix 2 12 V
−
−
2A

(b)

FIGURE P1.3.7

Solution:
​ 12​ V​= (​ −12)​(2)​= −24 W
a. ​P
​ V​= 24 W supplied​
​P12
​P1​ ​= (​ 8)​(2)​= 16 W absorbed
​P​2​
​ Ix​ ​​= [​ 2 ⋅ (​ 2)​]​⋅ (​ 2)​= 8 W absorbed​

b. ​​P4​
​ Ix​ ​​ = [​ −4​(2)​]​⋅ (​ 2)​= −16 W
​ Ix​ ​​= 16 W supplied​
​P4​
​P24
​ V​= (​ −24)​(2)​= −48 W

​​P24​ V​= 48 W supplied​

​P1​ ​= (​ 20)​⋅ (​ 2)​= 40 W absorbed

​​P2​ ​= (​ 12)​⋅ (​ 2)​= 24 W absorbed​

18 CH A PTER 1 Basic Concepts

1.3.8 Find the power absorbed or supplied by element 1 in Fig. P1.3.8.

6V 4V
− + + −
1 2
Ix 2A
+
18 V + 24 V + 2Ix 20 V
− −
−
Ix

FIGURE P1.3.8

Solution:
​ V​= (​ −18)​⋅ ​Ix​ ​= −18​Ix​ ​W → 18 ⋅ ​Ix​ ​W supplied
​P18
​P1​ ​= (​ −6)​⋅ ​Ix​ ​= −6​Ix​ ​W → 6 ⋅ ​Ix​ ​W supplied
​ V​= (​ −24)​⋅ (​ 2)​= −48 W → 48 W supplied
​P24
​P2​ ​= (​ 4)​⋅ (​ 2​Ix​ ​)​= 8​Ix​ ​W → 8 ⋅ ​Ix​ ​W absorbed
​ Ix​ ​​ = (​ 20)​(2​Ix​ ​)​= 40​Ix​ ​W → 40​Ix​ ​W absorbed​
​P2​

​Psup
​ ​= ​Pabs
​ ​
18​Ix​ ​+ 6​Ix​ ​+ 48 = 8​Ix​ ​+ 40​Ix​ ​
​
​Ix​ ​= 2 A​

​P1​ ​= (​ −6)​⋅ (​ 2)​= −12 W

​P1​ ​= 12 W supplied​

1.3.9 Find Ix in the network in Fig. P1.3.9.

1Ix
Ix + 12 V −
1 −+
2A 2A
+ +
36 V + 2 24 V 3 28 V
−
− −

FIGURE P1.3.9

Solution:

​P36
​ V​= (​ −36)​⋅ ​Ix​ ​= −36​Ix​ ​W → 36 ⋅ ​Ix​ ​W supplied
​P1​ ​= (​ 12)​⋅ ​Ix​ ​= 12​Ix​ ​W → 12 ⋅ ​Ix​ ​W absorbed
​P2​ ​= (​ 24)​⋅ (​ 2)​= 48 W → 48 W absorbed

​​P1​ ​Ix​ ​= [​ −1​(​Ix​ ​)​]​⋅ 2 = −2 ⋅ ​Ix​ ​W → 2 · ​Ix​ ​W supplied

​P3​ ​= (​ 28)​⋅ (​ 2)​= 56 W → 56 W absorbed​

​ P​sup​= ​Pabs
​ ​
36​Ix​ ​+ 2 ⋅ ​Ix​ ​= 12​Ix​ ​+ 48 + 56
​
​ I​x​= 4 A​
 Solutions to Problems 19

1.3.10 Determine the power absorbed by element 1 in Fig. P1.3.10.

12 V 8V
Ix + − + −
1 2
2A
+ +
36 V + 24 V 2Ix 3 16 V
− − −

FIGURE P1.3.10

Solution:
​P36
​ V​= (​ −36)​⋅ I​ x​ ​= −36 ⋅ I​ x​ ​W → 36 ⋅ ​Ix​ ​W supplied
​P1​ ​= (​ 12)​⋅ I​ x​ ​= 12​Ix​ ​W → 12 ⋅ ​Ix​ ​W absorbed
​ Ix​ ​​= (​ 24)​⋅ (​ 2​Ix​ ​)​= 48 ⋅ I​ x​ ​W → 48​Ix​ ​W absorbed
​P2​

​ ​P2​ ​= (​ −8)(​ 2)​= −16 W → 16 W supplied

​P3​ ​= (​ −16)​(2)​= −32 W → 32 W supplied​

​Psup
​ ​= ​Pabs
​ ​
36​Ix​ ​+ 16 + 32 = 12​Ix​ ​+ 48​Ix​ ​
​
​Ix​ ​= 2 A​
​P1​ ​= (​ 12)​(2)​= 24 W absorbed​
​
1.3.11 Find the power absorbed or supplied by element 1 in Fig. P1.3.11.

4V 12 V
+ −
1 −+
4A
+ + + +
4Ix 12 V 2 8V 3 20 V 4 20 V
− − − −
4A 2A Ix

FIGURE P1.3.11

Solution:

​P4​
​ Ix​ ​​= (​ −12)​⋅ (​ 4​Ix​ ​)​= −48​Ix​ ​W → 48​Ix​ ​W supplied
​P1​ ​= (​ 4)​(4​Ix​ ​)​= 16​Ix​ ​W → 16​Ix​ ​W absorbed
​P2​ ​= (​ 8)(​ 4)​= 32 W → 32 W absorbed
​ V​= (​ −12)​(4)​= −48 W → 48 W supplied
​P12
​ ​P3​ ​= (​ 20)​(2)​= 40 W → 40 W absorbed
​P4​ ​= (​ 20)​⋅ I​ x​ ​= 20​Ix​ ​W → 20​Ix​ ​W absorbed​

​Psup
​ ​= ​Pabs
​ ​
48​Ix​ ​+ 48 = 16​Ix​ ​+ 32 + 40 + 20​Ix​ ​
​
​Ix​ ​= 2 A​
​P1​ ​= 16​(2)​= 32 W absorbed​
​
20 CH A PTER 1 Basic Concepts

1.3.12 Find Io in the network in Fig. P1.3.12 using Tellegen’s theorem.

8V
6A+ −
1
4A
+
24 V + 2 10 V Ix=2 A
−
−
6V +
− +
3 4 16 V
Io −
+
4Ix + 5 6V
−
−
3A 8V
− + 1A
6
3A

FIGURE P1.3.12

Solution:

​P24
​ V​= (​ −24)​(6)​= −144 W → 144 W supplied
​P4​
​ Ix​ ​​= [​ −4​(2)​]​(3)​= −24 W → 24 W supplied
​P1​ ​= (​ 8)​(6)​= 48 W → 48 W absorbed
​P2​ ​= (​ 10)​(4)​= 40 W → 40 W absorbed
​P3​ ​= (​ 6)​⋅ ​Io​ ​= 6​Io​ ​W → 6​Io​ ​W absorbed

​ ​P4​ ​= (​ 16)​(2)​= 32 W → 32 W absorbed

​P5​ ​= (​ 6)​(1)​= 6 W → 6 W absorbed
​P6​ ​= (​ 8)​(3)​= 24 W → 24 W absorbed​

​Psup
​ ​= ​Pabs
​ ​
144 + 24 = 48 + 40 + 6​Io​ ​+ 32 + 6 + 24
​
​Io​ ​= 3 A​

1.3.13 Calculate the power absorbed by each element in the circuit in Fig. P1.3.13. Also, verify that
­Tellegen’s theorem is satisfied by this circuit.
3Ix 24 V
+ −
−+ 5
2A

2A
12 V 6V 9V
+ − + − − +
1 2 4
2A 4A
4A
+ +
24 V + 12 V 6A 6V 3 15 V +
− −
− −
4A Ix = 2 A

FIGURE P1.3.13
 Solutions to Problems 21

Solution:
​P3​
​ Ix​ ​​ = [​ −3​(2)​]​⋅ (​ 2)​= −12 W → 12 W supplied
​ V​= (​ −24)​(4)​= −96 W → 96 W supplied
​P24
​P6​ A​= (​ 12)​(6)​= 72 W → 72 W absorbed
​ V​= (​ −15)​(4)​= −60 W → 60 W supplied
​P15
​P1​ ​= (​ 12)(​ 2)​= 24 W → 24 W absorbed
​P2​ ​= (​ −6)(​ 4)​= −24 W → 24 W supplied
​ ​P​ ​= (​ 6)​(2)​= 12 W → 12 W absorbed
3

​P4​ ​= (​ 9)​(4)​= 36 W → 36 W absorbed

​P5​ ​= (​ 24)​(2)​= 48 W → 48 W absorbed​

​Psup
​ ​− ​Pabs
​ ​= 0
(​ 12 + 96 + 60 + 24)​− (​ 72 + 24 + 12 + 36 + 48)​= 0
​
(​ 192)​− (​ 192)​= 0​

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