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Line and Follower Report

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23 views6 pages

Line and Follower Report

Uploaded by

pjbagga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Report on Line Follower Robot Using

Arduino
Created By -
Anumeha Singh (22BME009)
Bhavna Choudhary( 22BME020)
Vritti Punjabi (22BME135)
Vrushti Shah (22BME137)
Line Follower Robot Using Arduino
1. Introduction
A Line Follower Robot (LFR) is an autonomous robot that follows a pre-defined path, typically
marked by a dark line on a lighter surface. The robot uses sensors to detect the line and make
real-time adjustments to its movement. This project demonstrates the creation of a simple
line-following robot using an Arduino microcontroller. The goal of this project is to explore
basic robotics, sensor integration, and automation.

2. Objectives
● To design and build a simple line-following robot using Arduino.
● To understand the working of sensors like infrared sensors for detecting the line.
● To gain hands-on experience with motors, motor drivers, and Arduino coding for robotic
movement.
● To understand how a robot can be made autonomous through the use of sensors.

3. Components Required
To build a Line Follower Robot, the following components are required:

1. Arduino UNO board – The microcontroller to control the robot’s logic.


2. IR Sensors (Infrared sensors) – Used to detect the line. These sensors emit infrared
light and detect the reflection to distinguish between the line and the surface.
3. DC Motors – To drive the robot's wheels.
4. Motor Driver (L298N or L293D) – Used to control the direction and speed of the DC
motors.
5. Chassis – A frame for mounting all components.
6. Wheels – To provide movement to the robot.
7. Battery Pack – To power the robot.
8. Jumper Wires – For connections between the components.
9. Breadboard – For testing connections before soldering.

4. Working Principle
The line follower robot works on the principle of detecting the line's position using infrared
sensors. The sensors are placed on the front of the robot and continuously monitor the surface
to detect the black line (usually on a white surface). Depending on the position of the line, the
robot adjusts its motor speed and direction as follows:
● Sensor detects the line: If the left sensor detects the line, the robot will steer to the
right, and if the right sensor detects the line, the robot will steer to the left.
● No line detected: If both sensors detect no line, the robot moves forward in a straight
line.
● Line is lost or off-track: If both sensors lose the line, the robot will continue in the last
known direction, or it can be programmed to search for the line again.

5. Benefits of the Line Follower Robot


The Line Follower Robot provides several learning and practical benefits:

● Automation learning: It demonstrates how sensors and algorithms can be used to


automate basic tasks.
● Introduction to robotics: The project is a great introduction to the world of robotics, as
it covers key concepts such as sensors, motors, and programming.
● Hands-on experience with Arduino: Using an Arduino to control the robot provides
experience with embedded systems and microcontrollers.
● Problem-solving skills: The project allows you to tackle real-world problems, such as
line detection and adjusting robot behavior.
● Educational purpose: This project is commonly used in schools, colleges, and hobbyist
activities to teach robotics concepts.

6. Design and Construction


Step 1: Setting up the Chassis

● Assemble the robot chassis by attaching the wheels to the motors.


● Fix the motors onto the chassis using screws or double-sided tape.

Step 2: Connecting the Motors

● The DC motors are connected to the Motor Driver (L298N or L293D). These drivers
control the direction of the motors.
● Connect the Motor Driver to the Arduino. The Arduino will control the motor driver via
PWM signals to determine the movement.

Step 3: Wiring the Infrared Sensors

● Connect the IR sensors to the Arduino for line detection. The sensor typically has three
pins: power (VCC), ground (GND), and signal (OUTPUT).
● Place the sensors in the front of the robot, ensuring they are close enough to the ground
to detect the line.
Step 4: Arduino Coding

Write the code in the Arduino IDE to program the robot’s movement. The basic logic includes:

● Read the signals from the left and right IR sensors.


● If the left sensor detects the line, turn the robot to the left.
● If the right sensor detects the line, turn the robot to the right.
● If both sensors detect the line, move forward.
7. Applications of Line Follower Robot
Line Follower Robots have a wide range of practical applications, particularly in automation,
robotics, and industrial processes. Here are some key areas where such robots can be applied:

1. Automated Material Handling in Warehouses

In large warehouses, goods often need to be moved from one place to another. A line follower
robot can be used to automate the transportation of materials along predefined paths. These
robots can follow designated tracks on the floor to deliver goods to specific locations without the
need for human intervention.

Example:

● Amazon's warehouse robots use similar technologies to move packages across vast
facilities.

2. Industrial Assembly Lines

In manufacturing industries, line follower robots can be used on assembly lines to transport
parts or products between different stages of the production process. These robots help
streamline the production flow, reduce human labor, and minimize errors associated with
manual handling.

Example:

● A line follower robot might be used to transport parts from one workstation to another,
ensuring that assembly tasks continue smoothly and efficiently.

3. Autonomous Vehicles in Logistics

The concept of line-following robots can be extended to autonomous vehicles, particularly in


environments like airports or factories where they follow specific paths for transportation. These
autonomous vehicles, also known as automated guided vehicles (AGVs), follow lines or
tracks to move items like luggage or parts around a large area.

Example:

● Airport baggage handling systems often use AGVs that follow lines on the ground to
carry luggage from one point to another.

4. Automated Floor Cleaning

Robots that follow a line can also be used in cleaning applications, such as automated floor
cleaners (e.g., robotic vacuums). These robots can follow a specific path to clean floors in
commercial or residential areas without human control. The robot can easily navigate by
following predefined lines on the floor, ensuring full coverage of the area.

Example:

● Roomba, a popular robotic vacuum, uses similar technologies for navigation and
cleaning, although it may also incorporate other sensors and methods.

8. Conclusion
The Line Follower Robot is an excellent project to introduce fundamental concepts of robotics,
sensor technology, and automation. Through this project, you gain practical experience with
Arduino programming, sensor integration, and robotic control systems. By building and refining
the robot, you can learn how to solve challenges related to real-time decision-making and
motion control, setting a solid foundation for more advanced robotics projects.

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