ECHELON REVIEW AND TRAINING CENTER

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SOCIAL WORK RESEARCH

Review Questions for Licensure Examination for Social Workers 2021
Ms. Norhainah C. Abdul Aziz, RSW, EMSW

This practice test will help you improve your thinking skills as well as to have an advanced
knowledge of the possible subject coverage of the licensure examination. Choose the best answer
to the following questions.

1. A researcher is interested in the travel time of Utrecht University students to college. A

group of 50 students is interviewed. Their mean travel time in 16.7 minutes. For this study
the mean of 16.7 minutes is an example of a(n)
A. Parameter
B. Statistic
C. Population
D. Sample

2. A researcher is curious about the IQ of students at the Utrecht University. The entire group
students is an example of a:
A. Parameter
B. Statistic
C. Population
D. Sample

3. Statistical techniques that summarize and organize the data are classified as:
A. Population statistics
B. Sample statistics
C. Descriptive statistics
D. Inferential statistics

4. A sports psychologist was interested in the effects of a six-week imagery intervention on

an athlete’s ability to execute a sport-specific skill such penalty taking in football. How
might you define the imagery variable?
A. Independent variable
B. Dependent variable
C. Outcome variable
D. Resultant variable

5. Five-point Likert scales (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree) are
frequently used to measure motivations and attitudes. A Likert scale is a:
A. Discrete variable.
B. Ordinal variable.
C. Categorical variable.
D. All of the above

6. In a 500m speed skating race, time results would be considered an example of which level
of measurement?
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
D. Ratio

7. A teacher asks students to identity their favorite reality television show. What type of
measurement scale do the different television shows make up?
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
D. Ratio

8. The median is always:

A. The most frequently occurring score in a data set
B. The middle score when results are ranked in order of magnitude
C. The same as the mean
D. The difference between the maximum and minimum scores.

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 9. What is the mean for the following scores: 2, 5, 4, 1, 8?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 20

10. What is the median for the following scores: 2, 5, 4, 1, 8?

A. 3.5
B. 4
C. 4.5
D. 7

11. Which of the following sets of scores has the greatest variability (range)?
A. 2, 5, 8, 11
B. 13, 13, 13, 13
C. 20, 25, 26 ,27
D. 42, 43, 44, 45

12. Which of is true about a 95% confidence interval of the mean of a given
A. 95 out of 100 sample means will fall within the limits of the confidence interval.
B. There is a 95% chance that the population mean will fall within the limits of the
confidence interval.
C. 95 out of 100 population means will fall within the limits of the confidence interval.
D. There is a .05 probability that the population mean falls within the limits of the
confidence interval.

13. Which statistical test is used to identify whether there is a relationship between two
categorical variables?
A. Student’s t-test.
B. Spearman’s correlation test.
C. Pearson’s Chi-square test.
D. Mann-Whitney test.

The following table shows the annual salary of social workers in the Province of Surigao
del Sur, please refer to hereunder data,

Annual Salary Frequency

35, 500 3
42 750 5
51 000 5
99 000 1
150 000 1
Totals 15

14. What is the mean salary?

A. 54, 950
B. 54, 956
C. 54, 685
D. 54, 334
E. 548, 686

15. What is the median salary?

A. 42, 750
B. 51,000
C. 55,880
D. 35, 500
E. 41,443

16. What is the mode salary?

A. 35, 500
B. 42 750
C. 51 000
D. Both B and D
E. None of the choices

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 The following table shows the number of hours of watching TV per day in a sample of 500
adolescents, please refer hereunder.

Hours 0-1 2-3 4-5 6-7 8-9 10-11 12-13

Frequency 55 87 145 90 73 35 15

17. What is the mean number of TV viewing hours in this group?

A. 5.316
B. 544
C. 655
D. 4.88
E. 6.554

18. What length of time is most often spent in front of a TV for this group (mode)?
A. 4-5
B. 6-7
C. 8-9
D. 12-13
E. 0-1

19. Which is not correct in hereunder statements about participatory action research?
I. Has been widely form of research and well-established procedures for conducting
this form of inquiry do not exist.
II. Is a type of inquiry that aims to improve the lives of individuals by studying the
issues or problems they face.
III. Thus, the intention of action research is to produce change and solve social
problems.
IV. This unique type of methodology allows researchers to analyze more closely how
“organizational
structures, processes, and practices shape and influence how people of unequal
power and privilege are in relationship with each other
A. I
B. II
C. III
D. IV
E. All of the given choices

20. The basic purpose of phenomenology is to reduce the experiences of persons with a
phenomenon to a description of the universal essence a “grasp of the very nature of the
thing.
A. Phenomenology
B. Grounded theory
C. Qualitative research
D. Action research
E. Quantitative research

21. A form of research that is emancipatory aims to help individuals to “recover, and release
themselves, from the constraints or irrational, unproductive, unjust, and unsatisfying social
structures that limit their self-development
and self-determination.
A. Phenomenology
B. Grounded theory
C. Social inquiry
D. Action research

22. Is used to calculate to calculate sample size (n) given the population size (N) and a margin
of error (e).
A. Sloven formula
B. Sampling formula
C. Probability
D. Nonprobability
E. C and D

23. It’s a random sampling technique formula to estimate sampling size and it is computed as
n = N / (1+Ne2).
A. Sloven formula
B. Sampling formula
C. Inferential statistics

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 D. Measures of central tendency
E. C and D

24. A researcher plans to conduct a survey. If the population on High City is 1,000,000, find
the sample size if the margin of error is 25%.
A. 1597
B. 456
C. 346
D. 865
E. B and C

25. Suppose that you have a group of 1,000 city government employees and you want
to survey them to find out which tools are best suited to their jobs. You decide that you are
happy with a margin of error of 0.05.
A. 286
B. 456
C. 346
D. 865
E. A and B

26. Is the science of people or collections of people, such as groups, firms, societies, or
economies, and their individual or collective behaviors.
A. Social science
B. Natural science
C. Physical science
D. Applied science

27. The goal is to discover laws and postulate theories that can explain natural or social
phenomena, or in other words, build scientific knowledge.
A. Scientific research
B. Natural science
C. Social science
D. Applied
E. Basic science

28. The goal of a researcher is to infer theoretical concepts and patterns from observed data.
A. Inductive research
B. Deductive research
C. Theory testing
D. Theory building
E. A and D

29. The goal of the researcher is to test concepts and patterns known from theory using new
empirical data.
A. Inductive research
B. Deductive research
C. Theory testing
D. Theory building
E. B and C

30. The scientific research must satisfy characteristics

I. Replicability, Precision, Falsifiability, Parsimony
II. Acquiescence, Preticions, Falsifiability, Parsimony
III. Replicability, Precision, Preticions, Acquiscene
IV. Acquiescence, Precision, Falsification, Harmony
A. I
B. II
C. III
D. IV
E. III and IV only

31. A theory must be stated in a way that it can be disproven. Theories that cannot be tested
or falsified are not scientific theories and any such knowledge is not scientific knowledge.
A theory that is specified in imprecise terms or whose concepts are not accurately
measurable cannot be tested, and is therefore not scientific. Sigmund Freud’s ideas on
psychoanalysis fall into this category and is therefore not considered a “theory”, even
though psychoanalysis may have practical utility in treating certain types of ailments.
A. Replicability

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 B. Precision
C. Falsifiability
D. Parsimony
E. Acquiescence

32. When there are multiple explanations of a phenomenon, scientists must always accept
the simplest or logically most economical explanation
A. Replicability
B. Precision
C. Falsifiability
D. Parsimony
E. Acquiescence

33. Which is not true about exploratory research?

I. Is often conducted in new areas of inquiry, where the goals of the research are: (1)
to scope out the magnitude or extent of a particular phenomenon, problem, or
behavior,
II. To generate some initial ideas (or “hunches”) about that phenomenon,
III. Or to test the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study regarding that
phenomenon. For instance, if the citizens of a country are generally dissatisfied
with governmental policies regarding 4ps program, exploratory research may be
directed at measuring the extent of citizens’ dissatisfaction, understanding how
such dissatisfaction is manifested, such as the frequency of public protests, and
the presumed causes of such dissatisfaction,
IV. This research may not lead to a very accurate understanding of the target problem,
but may be worthwhile in scoping out the nature and extent of the problem and
serve as a useful precursor to more in-depth research.

34. When planning to do social research, it is better to:

A. Approach the topic with an open mind
B. Do a pilot study before getting stuck into it
C. Be familiar with the literature on the topic
D. Forget about theory because this is a very practical undertaking

35. Which comes first, theory or research?

A. Theory, because otherwise you are working in the dark
B. Research, because that's the only way you can develop a theory
C. It depends on your point of view
D. The question is meaningless, because you can't have one without the other

36. The core ingredients of a dissertation are:

A. Introduction; Data collection; Data analysis; Conclusions and recommendations.
B. Executive summary; Literature review; Data gathered; Conclusions; Bibliography.
C. Research plan; Research data; Analysis; References.
D. Introduction; Literature review; Research methods; Results; Discussion; Conclusion.

37. Because of the number of things that can go wrong in research there is a need for:
A. Flexibility and perseverance
B. Sympathetic supervisors
C. An emergency source of finance
D. Wisdom to know the right time to quit

38. An inductive theory is one that:

A. Involves testing an explicitly defined hypothesis
B. Does not allow for findings to feed back into the stock of knowledge
C. Uses quantitative methods whenever possible
D. Allows theory to emerge out of the data

39. It attempts to “connect the dots” in research, by identifying causal factors and outcomes
of the target phenomenon.
A. Exploratory research
B. Descriptive research
C. Applied research
D. Basic research
E. C and D

40. Which do you think is weak formulation of hypotheses?

I. Students’ IQ scores are related to their academic achievement”

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 II. “Students’ IQ scores are positively related to their academic achievement”,
III. Students’ IQ scores have positive effects on their academic achievement”
A. I
B. II
C. III
D. II and III
E. I and IV

41. What is true about research question in a research?

I. It can be dealing with a specific behavior, event, or phenomena of interest.
II. Or it can be specific questions about a behavior, event, or phenomena of interest
that you wish to seek answers for in your research.
III. Examples include what factors motivate consumers to purchase goods and
services online without knowing the vendors of these goods or services, how can
we make high school students more creative, and why do some people commit
terrorist acts.
IV. Research questions can delve into issues of what, why, how, when, and so forth
A. I
B. II
C. III
D. IV
E. All of the given choices

42. It helps detect potential problems in your research design and/or instrumentation (e.g.,
whether the questions asked is intelligible to the targeted sample), and to ensure that the
measurement instruments used in the study are reliable and valid measures of the
constructs of interest.
A. Pilot Testing
B. Data Collection
C. Data Analyses
D. Research Methodology

43. The final phase of research documenting the entire research process and its findings in
the form of a research paper, dissertation, or monograph.
A. Research Report
B. Documentation
C. Writing
D. Journal
E. Thematizing

44. When researches such as laboratory experiments and survey research, are aimed at
theory (or hypotheses) testing, while interpretive methods, such as action research and
ethnography, are aimed at theory building. It employs a deductive approach to research,
starting with a theory and testing theoretical postulates using empirical data.
A. Positivist methods
B. Interpretivist methods
C. both A and B
D. Empiricism
E. Capitalism

45. It employs an inductive approach that starts with data and tries to derive a theory about
the phenomenon of interest from the observed data.
A. Positivist methods
B. Interpretivist methods
C. both A and B
D. Empiricism
E. Capitalism

46. Sometimes, joint use of qualitative and quantitative data may help generate unique insight
into a complex social phenomenon that are not available from either types of data alone.
Hence, it combines qualitative and quantitative data are often highly desirable.
A. Quantitative
B. Qualitative
C. Mixed methods design research
D. Interpretivist

47. Refers to whether the observed associations can be generalized from the sample to the
population (population validity), or to other people, organizations, contexts, or time.

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 A. External validity
B. Generalizability
C. Internal validity
D. Randomization
E. A and B

48. This is in contrast to most other research designs where collecting primary data for
research is part of the researcher’s job. An effective means of research where primary
data collection is too costly or infeasible.
A. Secondary data analysis
B. First hand data analysis
C. Document analysis
D. All of the above

49. Is an in-depth investigation of a problem in one or more real-life settings over an extended
period of time. Data may be collected using a combination of interviews, personal
observations, and internal or external documents. It can be positivist in nature (for
hypotheses testing) or interpretive (for theory building).
A. Case study
B. Qualitative
C. Quantitative
D. Grounded theory
E. B and D

50. Is a type of research that involves bringing in a small group of subjects (typically 6 to 10
people) at one location, and having them discuss a phenomenon of interest for a period
of 1.5 to 2 hours.
A. Focus Group Research
B. Multi Case Study
C. Qualitative
D. Mixed Methods
E. Case Study

51. Also called categorical scales, measure categorical data. These scales are used for
variables or indicators that have mutually exclusive attributes. Examples include gender
(two values: male or female), industry type (manufacturing, financial, agriculture, etc.), and
religious affiliation (Christian, Muslim, Jew, etc.).
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Ratio
D. Nameless data
E. All of the choices

52. Are those that measure rank order data, such as the ranking of students in a class as first,
second, third, and so forth, based on their grade point average or test scores. However,
the actual or relative values of attributes or difference in attribute values cannot be
assessed.
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Ratio
D. Nameless data
E. All of the choices

53. This scale includes items that are simply-worded statements to which respondents can
indicate their extent of agreement or disagreement on a five or seven-point scale ranging
from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree”.
A. Likert scale
B. Nominal scale
C. Ordinal scale
D. Ratio scale
E. B and D

54. is a sampling technique in which some units of the population have zero chance of
selection or where the probability of selection cannot be accurately determined. Typically,
units are selected based on certain non-random criteria, such as quota or convenience.
A. Probability
B. Non probability sampling
C. Simple random sampling

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 D. Random sampling

55. It is an academic research on topics relating to questions relevant to the social scientific
fields, such as sociology, human geography, social policy, politics, and criminology. It also
involves research that draws on the social sciences for conceptual and theoretical
inspiration.
A. Research
B. Quantitative Research
C. Social Research
D. Environmental Research

56. Why do Social Research?

I. Academics conduct such research because, in the course of reading the literature
on a topic or when reflecting on what is going on in modern social life, questions
occur to them.
II. They may notice a gap in the literature or an inconsistency between a number of
studies or an unresolved issue in the literature.
III. These provide common circumstances that act as springboards for social research
in academic circles.
IV. When there is a development in society that provides an interesting point of
departure for the investigation of a research question
A. I and IV
B. I, III, IV
C. I only
D. IV only
E. I, II, III, IV

57. The way that we make sense of the social world. They are essentially labels that we give
to aspects of the social world that seem to have common features that strike us as
significant.
A. Concepts
B. Theories
C. Literatures
D. Research

58. Question that provides an explicit statement of what it is the researcher wants to know
about. A research purpose can be presented as a statement (for example, ‘I want to find
out whether (or why) . . .’), but a question forces the researcher to be more explicit about
what is to be investigated.
A. Survey Question
B. Research Question
C. Evaluative Question
D. Census Question

59. Form of research question, but it is not stated as a question and provides an anticipation
of what will be found out.
A. Hypothesis
B. Theories
C. Assumption
D. Rationale

60. Research questions are crucial because they will:

I. Guide your literature search
II. Guide your decisions about the kind of research design to employ;
III. Make your research easy and beautiful
IV. Provide your readers with a clearer sense of what your research is about.
A. II, III and IV
B. I III and IV
C. I, II and IV
D. I, II and III

61. These research methods are used so that the researcher can keep more of an open mind
about the contours of what he or she needs to know about, so that concepts and theories
can emerge out of the data.
A. Survey and interviewing
B. Census and survey
C. Observation and survey
D. Participant observation and semi-structured interviewing

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62. Is a stage that incorporates several elements. At the most obvious level, it might be taken
to mean the application of statistical techniques to the data that have been collected.
A. Assessment
B. Data finding
C. Data Analysis
D. Diagnosis

63. This means that they examined the data to extract core themes that could be distinguished
both between and within transcripts.
A. Thematic Analysis
B. Theme Analysis
C. Core Theme Analysis
D. Analysis

64. The selection of cases (in this case people) who are relevant to the research questions.
A. Data Collection
B. Sampling Data
C. Data Finding
D. Sampling Cases

65. A critical examination of existing research relating to the phenomena of interest and of
relevant theoretical ideas.
A. Concept
B. Literature Review
C. Data Collection
D. Sampling Cases

66. That is, ones to do with what is regarded as appropriate knowledge about the social world;
one of the most crucial aspects is the question of whether or not a natural science model
of the research process is suitable for the study of the social world.
A. Ethnocentrism issues
B. Epistemological issues
C. Ontological issues
D. Feminist issues

67. Also called accidental or opportunity sampling, this is a technique in which a sample is
drawn from that part of the population that is close to hand, and readily available. For
instance, if you stand outside a shopping center and hand out questionnaire surveys to
people or interview them as they walk in, the sample of respondents you will obtain will be
of this sample.
A. Convenience sample
B. Random sampling
C. Simple random sampling
D. Deduction
E. Non random sampling

68. Is a term given to a contrasting epistemology to positivism. The term subsumes the views
of writers who have been critical of the application of the scientific model to the study of
the social world and who have been influenced by different intellectual traditions.
A. Positivism
B. Objectivism
C. Interpretivism
D. Phenominalism

69. Is simply a technique for collecting data. It can involve a specific instrument, such as a
self-completion questionnaire or a structured interview schedule, or participant
observation whereby the researcher listens to and watches others.
A. Research Design
B. Research Method
C. Research Technique
D. Research Strategy

70. The segment of the population that is selected for investigation. It is a subset of the
population. The method of selection may be based on a probability or a non-probability
approach.
A. Constant
B. Population

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 C. Sample
D. Sampling Error

71. Basically, the universe of units from which the sample is to be selected. The term ‘units’
is employed because it is not necessarily people who are being sampled—the researcher
may want to sample from a universe of nations, cities, regions, firms, etc.
A. Constant
B. Population
C. Sample
D. Sampling Error

72. Sample that has been selected using random selection so that each unit in the population
has a known chance of being selected.
A. Probability Sample
B. Sampling Frame
C. Non-Probability sample
D. Sampling Error

73. Error in the findings deriving from research due to the difference between a sample and
the population from which it is selected. This may occur even though probability sampling
has been employed.
A. Probability Sample
B. Sampling Frame
C. Non-Sampling Error
D. Sampling Error

74. The enumeration of an entire population.

A. Census Data
B. Consensus
C. Survey
D. Census

75. Type of Non-Probability Sampling that is simply available to the researcher by virtue of its
accessibility. Imagine that a researcher who teaches education at a university is interested
in the kinds of features that teachers look for in their headmasters. The researcher might
administer a questionnaire to several classes of students, all of whom are teachers taking
a part-time master’s degree in education. The chances are that the researcher will receive
all or almost all of the questionnaires back, so that there will be a good response rate.
A. Convenience Sampling
B. Stratified Sampling
C. Simple Sampling
D. Sampling

76. What is the epistemological position held by a positivist?

A. There is no substitute for an in-depth, hermeneutic understanding of society
B. Scientific research should be based on value-free, empirical observations
C. Events and discourses in the social world prevent us from having direct knowledge of
the natural order
D. It is important to remain optimistic about our research, even when things go wrong

77. The interpretivist view of the social sciences is that:

A. Their subject matter is fundamentally different to that of the natural sciences
B. We should aim to achieve the interpretive understanding of social action
C. It is important to study the way people make sense of their everyday worlds
D. All of the above

78. The qualitative research strategy places a value on:

A. Using numbers, measurements and statistical techniques
B. Generating theories through inductive research about social meanings
C. Conducting research that is of a very high quality
D. All of the above

79. What is a research design?

A. A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory
B. The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods
C. The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. a graph
D. A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data

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80. If a study is "reliable", this means that:
A. It was conducted by a reputable researcher who can be trusted
B. The measures devised for concepts are stable on different occasions
C. The findings can be generalized to other social settings
D. The methods are stated clearly enough for the research to be replicated

81. "Internal validity" refers to:

A. Whether or not there is really a causal relationship between two variables
B. Whether or not the findings are relevant to the participants' everyday lives
C. The degree to which the researcher feels that this was a worthwhile project
D. How accurately the measurements represent underlying concepts

82. In an experimental design, the dependent variable is:

A. The one that is not manipulated and in which any changes are observed
B. The one that is manipulated in order to observe any effects on the other
C. A measure of the extent to which personal values affect research
D. An ambiguous concept whose meaning depends on how it is defined

83. What is a cross-sectional design?

A. A study of one particular section of society, e.g. the middle classes
B. One that is devised when the researcher is in a bad mood
C. The collection of data from more than one case at one moment in time
D. A comparison of two or more variables over a long period of time

84. Panel and cohort designs differ, in that:

A. Cohort studies involve quantitative research, whereas panel studies are qualitative
B. A panel study does not need rules to handle new entrants to households
C. Only a cohort study will suffer from sample attrition
D. A panel study can distinguish between age effects and cohort effects, but a cohort
design can only detect ageing effects

85. Which of the following is a form of harm that might be suffered by research participants?
A. Physical injury
B. Stress and anxiety
C. Impaired development
D. All of the above

86. Probability sampling is rarely used in qualitative research because:

A. Qualitative researchers are not trained in statistics
B. It is very old-fashioned
C. It is often not feasible
D. Research questions are more important than sampling

87. Which of the following is not a type of purposive sampling?

A. Probability sampling
B. Deviant case sampling
C. Theoretical sampling
D. Snowball sampling

88. What is meant by the term "theoretical saturation"?

A. Deciding on a theory and then testing it repeatedly
B. The point at which a concept is so well developed that no further data collection is
necessary
C. The problem of having used too many theories in one's data analysis
D. A state of frustration caused by having used every possible statistical test without
finding any significant results

89. What is meant by the term "grounded theory"?

A. Theories should be tested by rigorous scientific experiments
B. As a social researcher, it is important to keep your feet on the ground
C. Theories should be grounded in political values and biases
D. Theoretical ideas and concepts should emerge from the data

90. Which of the following is not a criticism of qualitative research?

A. The studies are difficult to replicate
B. There is a lack of transparency
C. The approach is too rigid and inflexible

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 D. The accounts are too subjective and impressionistic

91. What is triangulation?

A. Using three quantitative or three qualitative methods in a project
B. Cross-checking the results found by different research strategies
C. Allowing theoretical concepts to emerge from the data
D. Drawing a triangular diagram to represent the relations between three concepts

92. How might qualitative research facilitate quantitative research?

A. By providing hypotheses that can later be tested
B. By helping with the design of survey questions
C. By informing the schedule of a structured interview
D. All of the above

93. Which of the following is not a type of research question?

A. Predicting an outcome
B. Evaluating a phenomenon
C. Developing good practice
D. A hypothesis

94. Which of the following is not a data-collection method?

A. Research questions
B. Unstructured interviewing
C. Postal survey questionnaires
D. Participant observation

95. Social Constructionism is least exemplified as

A. Reality is socially constructed. Our observation is also influenced by what we already
know.
B. Relationship are very dependent.
C. What knowers know prior to observation is immaterial to their interpretation
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

96. Which among the following is not part of quantitative process of research
A. objective, deductive
B. forms hypotheses prior to data collection.
C. To produce precise and generalizable findings.
D. deeper understandings of the meanings of human experience.
E. None of the above

97. Which process best reflect deductive process:

A. Theory—observation—confirmation—pattern
B. Theory—hypothesis—observation—confirmation
C. observation— hypothesis—confirmation— theory
D. observation—pattern—hypothesis—theory
E. none of the above

98. Best describe dependent variable

I. Exogenous variables
II. Influence, cause, or affect the phenomenon being studied
III. Not determined within the system under investigation
IV. The causes of them lie outside that system
A. only II
B. I and II
C. All except IV
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

99. The integrative process of “selecting the core category, systematically relating it to other
categories, validating those relationships [by searching for confirming and disconfirming
examples], and filling in categories that need[ed] further refinement and development.”
A. Coding
B. Axial coding
C. Selective coding
D. Memoing
E. None of the above

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100. How can a social work researcher avoid or minimize threats in coding
A. Strategies for rigor- prolonged engagement
B. Reactivity and respondent’s biases,
C. Triangulation: corroboration between two or more sources,
D. Peer debriefing and support, auditing, member checking, negative case
analysis.
E. All of the above

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