EXPERIMENT NO: - 01 AIM: - To determine tensile test on a Mild steel and HYSD bar OBJECT: - To conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen and determine the following: @ Limit of proportionality (ii) Elastic limit (iii) Yield strength (iv) Ultimate strength (vy) Young’s modulus of elasticity (V1) Percentage elongation (vii) Percentage reduction in area. APPARATUS: - (Universal Testing Machine (UTM) (ii) Mild steel specimens (iii) Graph paper | (iv) Vernier Caliper DIAGRAM: - ‘Upper ow coat Upper beam A Lond ston ae Columa OVERALL LENGTH Lonarinset | | STANCE BETVEEN SHOULDERS wiosingtnie SSP UYG | fy towertenm a, oe LI eats nae =e er ‘iF SECTION A “aEoUCED™ SECTION Uh asining na ace covor pico Base Universal Testing Machine THEORY: The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this test ends of test piece are fixed into grips connected to a straining device and to a load measuring device. If the applied load is 2|Page MT Labsmall enough, the deformation of any solid body is entirely elastic. An elastically deformed solid will return to its original from as soon as load is removed. However, if the load is too large, the material can be deformed permanently. The inital part of the tension curve which is recoverable immediately after unloading is termed. AAs elastic and the rest of the curve which represents the manner in which solid undergoes plastic deformation is termed plastic. ‘A tensile test, also known as a tension test, is one of the most fundamental and common types 0 mechanical testing. A tensile test applies tensile (pulling) force to a material and measures the specimen's response to the stress. By doing this, tensile tests determine how strong a material is and how much it can elongate. Tensile tests are typically conducted on universal testing instruments, are simple to perform, and are fully standardized. By measuring the material while itis being pulled, we can obtain a complete profile of its tensile properties. When plotted on a graph, this data results in a stress/strain curve which shows how the material reacted to the forces being applied. The point of break or failure is of much interest, but other important properties include the modulus of elasticity, yield strength, and strain. Ultimate Tensile Strength One of the most important properties we can determine about a material is its ultimate tensile strength (UTS). This is the maximum stress that a specimen sustains during the test. The UTS may or may not equate to the specimen's strength at break, depending on whether the material is brittle ductile, or exhibits properties of both. Sometimes a material may be ductile when tested in a lab, but, when placed in service and exposed to extreme cold temperatures, it may transition to brittle behavior. Hooke's Law For most materials, the initial portion of the test will exhibit a linear relationship between the applied force or load and the elongation exhibited by the specimen. In this Linear region, the line ‘obeys the relationship defined as “Hooke's Law" where the ratio of stress to strain is a constant, or © EB is the slope of the line in this region where stress (0) is proportional to strain (¢) and is called the "Modulus of Elasticity” or "Young's Modulus." Modulus of Elasticity The modulus of elasticity is a measure of the material's stiffness which only applies in the initial linear region of the curve. Within this linear region the tensile load can be removed from the 3|Page MT Labspecimen and the material will return to the exact same condition it had been in prior to the load being applied. At the point when the curve is no longer linear and deviates from the straight-line relationship, Hooke's Law no longer applies, and some permanent deformation occurs in the specimen. This point is called the "elastic or proportional limit. From this point on in the tensile test, the material reacts pla lly to any further increase in load or stress. It will not return to its original, unstressed condition if the load is removed. Yield Strength A material's "yield strength" is defined as the stress applied to the material at which plastic deformation starts to occur. PROCEDURE: - * Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. + The length may either be length of gauge section which is marked on the specimen with a preset punch or the total length of the specimen. + Insert the specimen into grips of the test machine and attach strain-measuring device. + Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data. + Take readings more frequently as yield point is approached. + Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler. + Continue the test till Fracture occurs. * By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together, measure the final length and diameter of specimen. OBESERVATION: - Material: A) Original dimensions Length = Diameter = Area = B) Final Dimensions: Length Area Diameter = 4|Page MT Lab \ | j :{mit of proportion = 1. Limit of proportion Ni? Load at limit of elastic limit 2. Blastic limit = riginal area of cross section N/mm? Yield load 3.Yield strength = —QyiginaTarea of cross section - N/mm? 4, Ultimate strength = — Maximum tensileload Original area of eross section ™™ Stress below proportionality limit 5. Young’s modulus= Corresponding strain. ———~=~Ssmm? Length at fracture — original length original length 6. Percentage elongation Original area — area at fracture 7. percentage reduction in area= Original area. RESULT: - i) Average Breaking Stress = ii) Ultimate Stress = iii) Average % Elongation = PRECAUTION: + Ifthe strain measuring device is an extensometer it should be removed before necking begins. + Measure deflection on scale accurately & carefully. 5|Page MT Lab