UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE CATALUNYA (UPC)

(Barcelona, Spain)

TECHNICAL REPORT
2020 TR 01

INDUCTIVE METHOD AND BARCELONA TEST

Albert de la Fuente Antequera

Eduardo Galeote Moreno
Ignacio Segura Pérez

Barcelona, January 2020

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Contents

1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Work team .................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Objectives .................................................................................................................................................... 1

2 INDUCTIVE METHOD................................................................................................. 2
2.1 Implementation........................................................................................................................................ 2
2.2 Measurement procedure and analysis ......................................................................................... 3
2.3 Accuracy of the method ....................................................................................................................... 6
2.4 Aspects to be considered..................................................................................................................... 8

3 BARCELONA TEST ...................................................................................................... 8

3.1 Test procedure ......................................................................................................................................... 8
3.2 Analysis of results ................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3 Correlation between Barcelona test and three-point bending test ........................... 10

REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 14
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1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Work team

SMART ENGINEERING is a technology-based company participated by the Polytechnic

University of Catalonia (UPC-BarcelonaTech). The company was created in June 2013
by researchers from this university. This group is one of the most important and active
research groups in Spain and Europe in the field of Structural and Materials Technology and
in the field of FRC. The research group covers different research topics related to concrete
structures:

• Design and Development of Special Concretes.

• Development of Novel Systems to Control Structures and Materials.
• Design, Analysis and Management of Structures.

Moreover, members of the workgroup participate actively in committees and associations

as the International Tunnelling Association (ITA), supporting the development of guidelines
for the design of tunnel segments with FRC (ITAtech Group: the design, specification,
production and quality control of precast fibre reinforced concrete segment for tunnel
linings). Another example is the participation in the fib TG 1.4.1 (Fibre reinforced concrete
segments for tunnel linings) concerning the design, execution and control of FRC.

The working team consists of a group of researchers and professor of the Civil and
Environmental Engineering Department of UPC. The members working on this project are
presented subsequently. In alphabetical order:

• Albert de la Fuente Antequera. PhD Civil Engineer. Reader in Concrete Technology and
Structures.
• Eduardo Galeote Moreno. PhD Civil Engineer. Post-doctoral researcher.
• Ignacio Segura Pérez. PhD Civil Engineer. Lecturer in Materials and Concrete Technology.

1.2 Objectives

The main goal of this document is to provide some guidelines for the characterization of
FRC based on the inductive method and the Barcelona test. For this, information about the
characteristics and procedure to conduct both tests is presented. More specifically, the
document presents information regarding the topics shown as follows:

• Description of the inductive method and the procedure to perform the test.
• Accuracy of the results of the inductive test and aspects that need to be taken into
consideration.
• Description and analysis of the Barcelona test.
• Correlations for using the Barcelona test in quality control stages.
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2 INDUCTIVE METHOD

2.1 Implementation

The inductive test is a recently developed method to characterize steel fibre reinforced
concrete (SFRC) [1,2] and can be used to determine the orientation and content of steel
fibres. The test presents undeniable advantages when compared to traditional methods to
assess the content of fibres in concrete. One of these methods consists on washing the
concrete while in fresh state to remove the fines and separate the fibres from the aggregates
by hand. The second method consists on crushing the hardened concrete specimen and
separate the fibres by hand.

Unlike these two methods, the inductive test is a non-destructive test that allows
determining the content of fibres and their orientation within hardened concrete. Such
advantages are an interesting asset in terms of applicability and flexibility, given that the
inductive test is performed in less than a minute and the necessary equipment can be
carried anywhere.

As a result of these advantages, the inductive method has been used especially in tunnelling
construction in several projects, as in those shown in Figure 1. The main advantage of using
such method in these type of works is its efficiency and convenience, especially when large
volumes of concrete are involved.

FolloLine Tunnel (Oslo, Norway)

CSST Tunnel (Ottawa, Canada)

Bank Station (London, UK)

Tunnel Project (Majes, Perú)

Santoña Tunnel (Santander, Spain)

Figure 1. Application of the inductive method in different works.

The inductive test is an application of Faraday’s law of magnetism and takes advantage of
the inductance variations produced by metallic elements when interacting with the
magnetic field. For such a test, the specimens must be placed within a plastic container with
an established cylindrical geometry. Copper or aluminium wire coils are placed around the
container, constituting the sensor element of the system, which is shown in Figure 2. A small
electrical current goes through the coil and produces a magnetic field around the device,
interacting with the steel fibres inside the concrete.
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Figure 2. Analyser and cylindrical sensor.

The inductance variation measured when conducting the inductive test is essentially
produced by the interaction between the fibres present in SFRC and the magnetic field. In
this line, the results of the inductive test mainly depend on the type of fibre, the content and
the orientation. Previous research [3] has shown that there exist inductance differences
when different types of fibres are used, while inductance also depends on the content and
orientation of the fibres [4]. Additional parameters such as the type of concrete, the content
of water or concrete age do not influence the magnetic permeability given that the influence
of steel on the magnetic field is several orders of magnitudes higher than that of concrete.
Accordingly, it is possible to simplify the inductance measurements by disregarding the
contribution of concrete on the inductance variation.

2.2 Measurement procedure and analysis

When the sample is put into the coil, the ferromagnetic nature of the fibres produces a
variation of the magnetic field generated by the coil. In this line, the parameter used to
assess the contribution of the fibres in a certain direction is the average orientation number.
Such number is given by the average of the cosine of the angle formed between the fibres
that compose the material and a line parallel to the direction of consideration.
Consequently, it is necessary to spin the specimen around different positions depending on
the geometry of the specimen to determine the effect of the fibres on the different spatial
directions, as shown in Figure 3.
X Y Z
a) b)

B Z X Y

Y Z X

!" !# c)
X Y Z

Z Z Y

Y X X

Figure 3. Fibres inside a magnetic flux (a) and magnetic field across cubic (b) and cylindrical (c) specimens.
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Measurements on cubic and cylindrical specimens should always be conducted following

the same procedure to maintain repeatability and prevent the results from induced errors.
The measurements of cubic specimens need to be taken on three positions, whereas
measurements of cylindrical specimens are taken on four positions. Figure 4 schematically
describes the positions of the specimens to perform the measurements.
Turn 90° around Y-axis Turn 90° around X-axis

Rough surface

Z ("& ) X ("* ) X ("* )

X ("* ) Z ("& ) Y (") )

Y (") ) Y (") ) Z ("& )

Turn 90° around Y-axis Turn 45° around Z-axis Turn 45° around Z-axis

Z ("& )
("'( ° )
X ("#° ) X ("#° ) 45° ("'( ° ) Y ("%# ° )
X ("#° )
45° ("'( ° ) Y X ("#° )
("%# ° )
45° ("'( ° ) Z ("& ) Z ("& ) Z ("& )
Y ("%# ° ) 45°

Y ("%# ° )

Figure 4. Measurement procedure for cubic and cylindrical specimens.

Cubic samples are measured according to the three main spatial directions by spinning the
specimen around the three main axis (X-, Y- and Z-axis) to determine the inductance 𝐿" at
each direction. The measurement procedure begins by placing the specimen with the rough
or casting surface upwards (Z-axis). Afterwards, the two additional positions are achieved
by turning the specimen 90° towards the two remaining directions (X- and Y-axis).

Cylindrical specimens are measured following a similar procedure to the cubic specimens,
although an additional measurement needs to be taken. In this case, the procedure starts
again by placing the rough or casting surface upwards to determine the inductance at the Z-
axis direction (𝐿$ ). The next measurement is conducted by turning the specimen 90°
towards a horizontal plane so the circumferential cross-section remains vertical and take
the measurement at 𝐿&° . After that, the sample needs to be spinned around its longitudinal
axis 45° two additional times to measure the two remaining directions (𝐿()° and 𝐿*&° ).

The orientation number for each direction (𝜂, , 𝜂. and 𝜂$ ) in cubic specimens can be
deducted from the inductance measured in each direction according to Eq. 1.

∆𝐿" · (1 + 2𝛾) − ∆𝐿 · 𝛾
𝜂" = 1.03 · 5 − 0.1 (1)
∆𝐿 · (1 − 𝛾)

The orientation number for the whole profile of cylindrical specimens around the 360°
requires additional calculations. The orientation number at each direction is calculated
following Eqs. 2 to 7.
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1
𝐿;<" = =(𝐿&° − 𝐿*&° )> + (𝐿&° + 𝐿*&° − 2𝐿()° )> (2)
1−𝛾
𝐿&° + 𝐿*&° − 𝐿;<" (1 + 𝛾)
𝐿"?@ = (3)
2
1 𝐿&° + 𝐿*&°
𝜃B;, = ± · 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 H I (4)
2 𝐿;<" · (1 − 𝛾)
𝜃B"< = 𝜃B;, − 90° (5)
𝐿K = 𝐿"?@ + 𝐿;<" · [𝛾 + (1 − 𝛾) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 > (𝜃 + 𝜃B;, )] (6)

𝐵
𝐿K · (1 + 𝛾) − O𝐿&°P*&° + 𝐿$ · 𝐵R,, S · 𝛾
R,$
𝜂K = 1.03 · N − 0.085 (7)
𝐵R,,
O𝐿K + 𝐿&°P*&° + 𝐿$ · 𝐵 S · (1 + 𝛾)
R,$

Based on the results of previous experimental programmes conducted on both cubic and
cylindrical specimens [2][4], the parameter for the shape factor (𝛾) takes the value 0.05.
The values of the magnetic flux density for cylindrical specimens are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Magnetic flux density for cylindrical specimens.

Cylindrical specimen 𝑩𝑽,𝒙 𝑩𝑽,𝒚 𝑩𝑽,𝒛

𝜙100 × 100 𝑚𝑚 536 536 538
𝜙150 × 150 𝑚𝑚 1789 1789 1809

The results of the measurements conducted on cylindrical specimens provide the maximum
and the minimum orientation number as well as the orientation number of the fibres in any
given direction (𝜂K ). An example of the orientation number along the different directions is
presented in Figure 5.

!#&'
Orientation number !

!#$%

0° 45° 90° 135° 180°

X-axis Y-axis X-axis
Direction "

Figure 5. Orientation number (𝜂K ) profile of a cylindrical specimen.

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2.3 Accuracy of the method

Studies were performed to analyse the accuracy and repeatability of the inductive method.
The accuracy is evaluated in terms of trueness and precision. The trueness is given by the
mean difference between the real values measured in the experimental results and those
estimated with equations. In this line, trueness shows how close the average predictions are
from the reality, being small absolute values indicative of high accuracy. The precision is
obtained as the standard deviation of the differences between estimated and real values. It
provides information on how individual values might vary around the average. Once more,
small absolute values indicate higher precision.

Fibre content

Results of previous research [4] indicate the high accuracy of the method. Figure 6
shows the fibre content (𝐶` ) assessed after crushing and the equivalent inductance (𝐿a )
calculated from the results of inductive method for cubic and cylindrical specimens. Notice
that even considering specimens of different shapes, the results fit to the same linear
regression with a R2 of 0.99.

Figure 6. Relation between inductance and fibre content.

The average trueness calculated as the difference between the fibre content measured and
the predicted with the equivalent inductance is 0.38 kg/m3. The value obtained considering
only the cylindrical or the cubic specimens are 0.46 and -0.33 kg/m3, respectively. Such
small errors may be considered negligible considering the usual fibre content in steel fibre
reinforced concrete (SFRC) and the wide range of Cf measured (from 20 to almost 100
kg/m3), thus confirming the high accuracy of the method.

Orientation of fibres

The orientation of the fibres was evaluated producing a hand-made 𝜙150 × 150 mm
cylindrical specimen with a known fibre orientation. Figure 7 shows the curves for the real
and estimated orientation number by using the results of the inductive method. Both curves
practically coincide. The trueness and the precision from the proposal indicate an error of
prediction that might be considered negligible, again confirming the accuracy of the
equations derived for the inductive test.
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Figure 7. Variation of the orientation number.

Orientation profile

Figure 8 presents the comparison between the real values obtained in the experimental
program and the ones estimated with the simplified equations deducted. This evaluation is
performed for the maximum (𝐿B;, ) and the minimum (𝐿B"< ) inductance calculated, as well
as for the angle of the direction with the maximum fibre orientation (𝜂B;, ) and the angle
of the direction with the minimum fibre orientation (𝜂B"< ). In the case of the experimental
results, a linear regression was used to assess these parameters, whereas in the analytical
approach the equations were used with the measurements at 0°, 45° and 90°.

Figure 8. Comparison between real and estimated values for 𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝐿𝑚𝑖𝑛 (a) and for 𝜂𝑚𝑎𝑥 and 𝜂𝑚𝑖𝑛 (b) based on
the experimental results.

The figures reveal that the basic parameters that determine the fibre orientation profile are
well predicted, showing small errors in all cases. Observe, for instance, the error of
prediction of the angle of the direction with the maximum and the minimum fibre
orientation. In both cases, the real values are predicted with a trueness smaller than 1°. A
similar outcome is also verified for the maximum and the minimum inductance, in which
even better predictions are achieved.
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2.4 Aspects to be considered

The inductive method presents several indications that need to be considered for its correct
performance. It is also important to take into account some limitations regarding the
evaluation of the content of fibres and the use of different dimensions of specimens.

Before starting and during the measurement procedure, both the measurement base and
the coil support frame must be placed on a non-metallic surface. Any metallic elements
within 20 cm may produce an interaction with the magnetic field, thus providing anomalous
measurements.

Determining the content of fibres requires a calibration curve to correlate the inductance
measurements with the real fibre content (in 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 h). For this, it is necessary to
characterize at least three samples by means of the inductive test, which need to be
subsequently crushed and grinded to weigh the fibres inside the specimen. The calibration
is then made considering a zero value of inductance for the zero-fibre content sample and
the relation between inductance and weight of fibres of the samples analysed and crushed.
Once this calibration is done, no further calibration must be done in case that the same type
of fibre is used, although the procedures must be repeated each time the fibre type is varied.

The inductance analyser has been specifically designed to measure samples of 150 mm side
(cubic samples: 150 × 150 × 150 mm; cylindrical samples: 𝜙150 × 150 mm). Specimens of
smaller dimensions can be measured provided that a lift is placed on the measurement base
to adjust the height of the sample inside the coil. The smallest size of specimen that can be
measured by the inductance analyser is 100 mm side to provide accurate measurements.

3 BARCELONA TEST

3.1 Test procedure

The Barcelona test (BCN) consists of a double punch test on a cylindrical (𝜙150 × 150 mm)
or cubic (150 × 150 × 150 mm) specimen. The test is performed by placing, concentrically
above and below the specimen, cylindrical steel punches with a height of 25 mm and a
diameter equal to ¼ of the smaller dimension of the cross-section of the specimen. The
hydraulic press applies a load to the punches at a constant displacement rate of 0.5 ± 0.05
mm per minute. In the process, a conical triaxial state is formed from the centre to the edges
of the specimen, leading to internal tensile stresses that increase with the load. Cracks
appear when the stresses reach the tensile strength of the concrete matrix. After that, the
fibres bridge the crack, providing a residual strength. The results obtained may be
represented through a Load-Total Circumferential Opening Displacement (TCOD) curve or
Load-Axial Displacement relationship depending on the equipment used in the test (Figure
9).
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Test setup Cracked specimen Typical curve

Load [kN]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
TCOD [mm]

Load [kN]
0 1 2 3 4
Axial displacement [mm]
Figure 9. Barcelona test in cylindrical and cubic specimens.

3.2 Analysis of results

The BCN was originally developed to control the TCOD through a circumferential
extensometer, as described in the standard UNE 83515. The test was subsequently
simplified by defining a correlation between the TCOD and the vertical displacement [5] to
use the latter as the control variable. The analytical and theoretical description of such
correlation is described in Figure 10, showing how the load-axial displacement curve can be
used to show the results of load-TCOD.

INPUT
EXPERIMENTAL LOAD-δ CURVE OUTPUT RESULTING LOAD-TCOD CURVE
PARAMETERS
Fcr - δcr - FR,0 - PARAMETERS
200 δ à TCOD 200
δR,0 - n - l
175 Fcr 175
150 THEORETICAL CORRELATION 150
Load (kN)

Load (kN)

125 125
7
100 6 100
FR,0 5
TCOD (mm)

75 75
FR,i 4
50 3 50
25 2 25
1
0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Axial displacement (mm) Axial displacement (mm) TCOD(mm)
Figure 10. Correlation between axial displacement and TCOD.

The correlation between the circumferential opening and the vertical displacement allows
replacing cylindrical specimens for cubic samples. Even though the use of cylindrical
specimens for testing is an advantage in case of extracting cores from existing structures,
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testing cubic specimens under the BCN allows indirectly determining the approximate
preferential orientation of the fibres [6].

Cracks should appear in the direction corresponding to the preferential orientation of the
fibres. This means that the direction of minimum orientation is perpendicular to the crack
since the energy required to propagate the crack would be smaller when the amount and
orientation of fibres bridging the crack are lower. For this, cubic specimens can be tested in
different directions to take advantage of the relation between the post-cracking strength
and fibre orientation. This provides an estimation of the orientation of fibres in % according
to the contribution of the fibres in each direction to the residual strength [6].

3.3 Correlation between Barcelona test and three-point bending test

One of the main advantages of the BCN is that the test can be straightforwardly carried out
in a regular compressive testing equipment, which makes it suitable for any laboratory.
Additionally, the specimen is lighter than bending test beams given its shape and size and
has the added value of being applicable to cores extracted from existing structures in case
of cylindrical specimens.

However, the main difficulties to obtain acceptable correlations lay on the differences in the
crack mechanism observed in both tests and, especially, the high variability intrinsic to the
FRC. The fracture mechanism of the three-point bending test (3PBT) is purely dominated
by Mode I, while in the BCN the propagation of the crack is a mixed response between Modes
I and II. This is shown in Figure 11, which shows how the penetration of the two cones into
the specimen (Mode II) produces the opening of several radial cracks where tensile stresses
appear perpendicular to the fracture surface (Mode I).

𝒉
𝜎

𝜎l

Figure 11. Cracking mechanism and distribution of stresses.

Even though the failure mechanisms between 3PBT and the BCN might be different,
correlations can be obtained between both tests. In fact, several codes and studies from the
literature propose correlations between the results of test methods with completely
different cracking mechanisms (for example, between compressive and tensile strength or
between tensile and flexural strength, among others).
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As shown in the results of previous research [7], an equation that provides the best
correlations between the BCN and the 3PBT could be identified. In order to increase 𝑅>
values, a multivariable regression was performed. The outcome of the equation is a
parameter of the 3PBT, whereas the input consists of parameters of the BCN or other
characteristics of the concrete. The correlation relates the force measured for a certain
value of CMOD in the 3PBT with the force and the energy for the same axial displacement
measured in the BCN. Eq. 8 shows the equation proposed as a result of the regression study.

𝐹hopq," = 𝑎 · 𝐹prs," + 𝑏 · 𝐸prs," > (8)

In this equation, the terms 𝑎 and 𝑏 are constants obtained in the regression for a CMOD and
an axial displacement of 𝑖. These parameters need to be determined every time the
correlations need to be used. For this, it is necessary to perform an experimental
programme consisting of 3PBT and BCN tests with the specific concrete to be used to
calibrate such parameters. After the calibration, parameters a and be can be used to
determine the values of 3PBT based on the results of the BCN.

A real case of application is here presented. In this case, only the results of three concrete
batches were provided and preliminary results of the correlation were calculated. It is
necessary to count with results of both the bending and the Barcelona test. Notice that when
further results are provided, both the robustness and the accuracy of the correlation
improve given the increased reliability of the calibrated parameters.

Example of application

The average results of the three-point bending tests conducted on the three batches (B1, B2
and B3) are presented in Table 2. The residual strengths at crack openings of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5
and 3.5 𝑚𝑚 (𝑓wx , 𝑓w> , 𝑓wh and 𝑓w( , respectively) are shown, along with the coefficient of
variation of each parameter. The results of the cubic specimens tested under the Barcelona
test are presented in Table 3. The results show the average residual strength for vertical
displacements of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 𝑚𝑚 (𝑓w&.) , 𝑓wx.) , 𝑓w>.) and 𝑓wh.) , respectively), as well
as the scatter associated to each strength.
Table 2 Bending test results of B1, B2 and B3.

Param. B1 B2 B3 B1-B2-B3
[MPa] Average CV % Average CV % Average CV % Average CV %
𝑓wx 2.36 22.2% 3.10 23.6% 3.02 23.9% 2.83 14.4 %
𝑓w> 2.49 26.1% 3.06 24.8% 3.17 25.6% 2.91 12.7 %
𝑓wh 2.39 26.9% 2.83 22.1% 3.03 23.8% 2.75 11.8 %
𝑓w( 2.27 27.5% 2.60 23.5% 2.80 23.2% 2.56 10.4 %
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Table 3 Barcelona test result of B1, B2 and B3.

Param. B1 B2 B3 B1-B2-B3
[MPa] Average CV % Average CV % Average CV % Average CV %
𝑓w&.) 1.48 14.0% 1.54 9.1% 1.47 23.3% 1.50 2.5 %
𝑓wx.) 1.05 17.7% 1.02 12.0% 0.98 22.6% 1.02 3.5 %
𝑓w>.) 0.86 19.0% 0.75 19.0% 0.80 20.8% 0.80 6.9 %
𝑓wh.) 0.74 21.2% 0.60 24.6% 0.68 21.3% 0.67 10.4 %

To achieve the correlation between the mechanical parameters of both tests, the
parameters 𝑎 and 𝑏 of Eq. 8 need to be calibrated. Using the load and the energy of the
Barcelona test at displacements of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 𝑚𝑚 it is possible to obtain a
correlated value of the load of the bending test at crack openings of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 𝑚𝑚.
Each crack opening of the bending test is correlated with the displacement counterpart of
the Barcelona test in Eq. 8. In other words, to obtain the estimated flexural load at a CMOD
of 0.5 𝑚𝑚 (𝐹hopq,&.) ), the load and the energy of the Barcelona test at displacements 0.5 𝑚𝑚
(𝐹prs,&.) and 𝐸prs,&.) ) needs to be used. The parameters 𝑎 and 𝑏 after the calibration are
shown in Table 4 for each crack opening.
Table 4. Calibrated parameters of correlation.

CMOD [mm] a b
0.5 1.19·10-1 7.11·10-4
1.5 1.76·10-1 1.80·10-4
2.5 1.76·10-1 1.53·10-4
3.5 1.95·10-1 8.94·10-5

A schematic representation of how to obtain the load and the energy parameters of the
bending and the Barcelona test is shown in Figure 12. The energy of the Barcelona test is
calculated as the area under the load-displacement curve up to the selected displacement.
The example represents the parameters for a CMOD or a vertical displacement of 0.5 𝑚𝑚,
even though the rest of parameters are calculated similarly.

16 160
14 a) b)
12 120
Load [kN]

Load [kN]

10
8 80
𝐹prs, &.)
6
4 𝐹hopq, &.) 40
2 𝐸prs, &.)
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
CMOD [mm] Displacement [mm]

Figure 12. a) Three-point bending test and b) Barcelona test curve.

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The values in Table 5 show the experimental results of the bending test compared to the
results of the correlation calculated with the parameters in Table 4 and the experimental
results of the Barcelona test for B3. A confidence interval of 99% for each load and crack
opening is also presented according to the results of the calibration.
Table 5. Experimental and correlated results.

𝒆𝒙𝒑
CMOD 𝑭𝟑𝑷𝑩𝑻 𝑭𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓
𝟑𝑷𝑩𝑻 𝑪𝑰𝟗𝟗% 12
[mm] [kN] [kN] [kN]
10
0.5 9.14 8.24 1.33 8

Load [kN]
6
1.5 8.85 8.53 1.51
4

2 Experimental
2.5 8.26 7.64 1.54
Correlation
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4
3.5 7.55 6.84 1.45
CMOD [mm]
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[2] S.H.P. Cavalaro, R. López, J.M. Torrents, A. Aguado, Improved assessment of fibre
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[3] P. Juan-Garcia, J.M. Torrents, R.D. Lopez-Carreno, S.H.P. Cavalaro, Influence of Fiber
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[4] S.H.P. Cavalaro, R. López-Carreño, J.M. Torrents, A. Aguado, P. Juan-García,

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[5] P. Pujadas, A. Blanco, S. Cavalaro, A. de la Fuente, A. Aguado, NEW ANALYTICAL

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