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11.0 References 6.4 Fastenen and eonntctions

(1) Strengthened I reinforced soils and other fills-BS 8006 : 1995. Fasteners and connections are often necessary in reinforced soil structures, particularly
(2) Engineering with Geosynthetics - G. V.S.VenkatBppa Rao. G.V.S. Suryanarayan Raju.
where reinforcing elements are connected to some fonn of facing. Appropriate materials
factors should be applied to the strength of the connection in the same way as for the
(3) Mechanics of Reinforced soil- Andrzej Sawicki.
reinforcing elements.
(4) Geosynthetic application in civil enginecring- G,V Rao &. S.P Kaushish.
(5) Earth Reinforcement and Soil Structures - Colin lFP Jones.
(6) Use ofGeosyntherics in India Ex.periences and Potential - Astate - of-the - Art Report. 6.S Design Information:
(7) Indian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 26, No. 1,January 15196. In order to develop the design of reinforced soil structure the following:
(8) Case Histories ofGeosynthetics in InlTasmJcture Projects - a.N. Mathur, G.Y.Rao & Infonnation is required to be evaluated:
Dr.A.S.Chawla. (A) Site investigation
( B) Environmental consideration
(C) Load tombination
(D) Design record

CA) Site investigation:

In site investigation initial field study. ground investigation and its field study report
should be considered in design and in some case (construction over soft soil)
investigation during consbllction should be monitor

i) Initial field study

The llVailability and characteristics of the potential local fill materials should
be accessed together with details of local drainage.

ii) Ground investigation

i) Area of investigation
ground conditions
behaviour of the foundation strata under the imposed loads
information of settlement( total &. differential)

ii) Ground water investigation

Ground water conditions (pH and chemical content of ground water

may affect the durability of reinforcing elements. fasteners &. facing).
Fluctuations in ground water regime may affect the overall structund
behaviour.
iii} Field study report

Site investigation report should contain the relevant design parameters for
the appropriate structure. The fill or ground material which is proposed to
be used in structure should be tested for particle size distribution ,short and
long tenn strength parameters and consolidation parameters where applicable
should be included.

45 18
9.0 Test Properties For Design 7.0 Design of reinforced earth retaining walls
As such a typical list of important properties of geosynthetics required for reinforcement The aim of design is to achieve of an acceptable probability that designed structures will
function may thus include :­ perform satisfactorily during lheir intended life. With an appropriate degree of safety. they
should sustain all the loads and deformations of normal construction and use along with
1. Basic Physical Properties adequate durability and resistance to the effects of misuse and fire etc.
Constituent material and method ormanufacture
Mass per unit area Design of reinforced earth structure investigate two main eriteria to develop the dimensions
Thickness and layout of the reinforced earth structure. The external stability of a reinforced soil wall is
Roll width, roll length easily investigated since it behaves as a rigid gravity structure and confonns to the simple
laws of statics. The analysis of internal stability is essentially one of designing
2. Mechanical Properties reinforcement against tension failure and ensuring that it has a sufficient anchorage length
Tensile strength into the stable soil.
Tensile modulus
Seam strength Design methods are based on both limit equilibrium and limit slllte approaches and most
Interface friction common methods of design are described. as under.
Fatigue resistance
Creep resistance 7.1 Design of walls and abutments

3. Hydraulic Properties Vertical walls and associated abutment structures can be constructed using horizontal grid
Compressibility reinforcement as shown in Fig. 15
Opening size
Pennittivity
Transmissivity Gqrid""mo:-w

4. Constructability/survivability Properties
Strength and stiffness
Tear resistance
Puncture resistance
Penetration resistanee
Burst resistance
Cutting resistance
Inflammability
Absorption

5. Durability (Longevity)
Abrasion resistance
Ultra-violet stability
Temperature stability
Chemical stability
Biological stability
Wetting & drying stability Fig IS : Different strueture with grid reinforcement
An these may not be important for every application. For design purpose ultimate tensile
strength. partial factor of safety for environment and creep reduction factor are required.

43 20
 The flow diagram of the design procedwe is shown in Fig 18

Initial size of structure

i
External stability
check

Select type of
reinforcement

~ ; Internal stability 1­

Anchored earth 1 Tie batk

, wedge method I Coherent,grnvity method

Calculate'tensile forces
to be resisted by each
layer ofanchors

Calculate pull-out Calculate adherence

capacity of anchors capacity of the
reinforcements

(e) View of reinforced earth embankment Check long tenn Wedge stability check Check long term rupture
[ _ru~ture
Fig.: 31
Check serviceabiliJy Check serviceabili

Check internal
forward slidin

For standard load cases/geometry

internal design comDlete

~
Coherent giiVity method
For non-standard load
caseslgeomelry ~s reinforcement

L
C DesigiiCOnnectiOIi ~
Fig 18 : Design Procedwe for reinforced soil walls

Generally two design methods are identified for internal stability

i) Tie-back wedge method
H) Coherent Gravity method

41 22
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