3- Illustrate using figure the phases of database design.

4- Define DBMS.

DBMS stands for Database Management system. It is a collection of application

programs which allow the user to organize, restore and retrieve information about

data efficiently and as effectively as possible.

5- What is meant by data model, and mention its levels.

Is a collection of concepts that can be used to describe the structure of a database and

provides necessary means to achieve the abstraction by conceptual representation of data.

Data models are of three levels:

 High level (conceptual level) data model: provides concepts that are close to the

way many user perceive data such as entities, attributes, relationships.

 Low level (physical level) data model: provides concepts that describe the details

of how data is stored in the computer. It represents information such as record

format, ordering, access paths.

 Implementation (representational) data model: midway between both previous

levels and can be understood by end users and not too far from technical users and

the way data is organized within the computer. It hides some details. It describes

the database model used such as relational, network, hierarchical.

6- What is meant by relational model?

A relational database is a set of formally described tables from which

data can be accessed in many different ways without having to

reorganize the database tables.

7- What is an Entity? And its types.

 Any real-world object can be represented as an entity about which data

can be stored in a database.

Entity types:

 Strong entity: entity that has a primary key attribute which

uniquely identifies each entity.

 Weak entity: entity that doesn’t have a primary key attribute.

8- What are the different types of attributes?

 Single valued attributes: An attribute that has a single value for a

particular entity.

 Multi valued attributes: An attributes that may have multiple values

for the same entity.

 Compound /Composite attribute: Attribute can be subdivided into

two or more other Attribute
  Simple/Atomic attributes: The attributes which cannot be divided into
smaller subparts are called simple or atomic attributes.

 Stored attribute: An attribute, which cannot be derived from other

attribute, is known as stored attribute.

 Derived attribute: Attributes derived from other stored attribute.

9- What are the various types of relationships in Database?

Define them.

There are 3 types of relationships in Database:

 One-to-one: One table has the relationship with another table having the similar

kind of column. Each primary key relates to only one or no record in the related

table.
  One-to-many: One table has a relationship with another table that has primary

and foreign key relation. The primary key table contains only one record that

relates to none, one or many records in the related table.

 Many-to-many: Each record in both the tables can relate to many numbers of

record in another table.

10- Define schema , internal schema , conceptual schema , external schema , three schema

architecture.

Schema  the description of the database

Internal schema  describes the physical storage structure of the database with

complete details of data storage.

Conceptual schema  describes the whole database for community of users, it hides

details of physical storage.

External schema  describes the part of the database that a particular user view is

interested and hide the rest of database.

Three schema architecture 

11- What do you understand by Data Redundancy?

Duplication of data in the database is known as Data redundancy. As a result of Data

Redundancy, duplicated data is present at various locations, hence it leads to wastage of

the storage space and the integrity of the database is destroyed.

12- What is the difference between primary key, composite key,

and foreign key?

 Primary key is that column of the table whose every row data is uniquely

identified. Every row in the table must have a primary key and no two rows can

have the same primary key. Primary key value can never be null nor can be

modified or updated.

 Composite Key is a form of the candidate key where a set of columns will

uniquely identify every row in the table.

 Foreign key is a key in some table which uniquely identifies rows in another

table.

13- Explain normalization, mention and explain its types.

Normalization is the process of removing the redundant data from the database by

splitting the table in a well-defined manner in order to maintain data integrity. This

process saves much of the storage space.

Different Types of Normalization are:

  First Normal Form (1NF): A relation is said to be in 1NF only when all the entities

of the table contain unique or atomic values.

 Second Normal Form (2NF): A relation is said to be in 2NF only if it is in 1NF and

all the non-key attribute of the table is fully dependent on the primary key.

 Third Normal Form (3NF): A relation is said to be in 3NF only if it is in 2NF and

every non-key attribute of the table is not transitively dependent on the primary

key.

14- What is the advantages and disadvantages of Databases?

Advantages

 Reduced data redundancy.

 Reduced updating errors and increased consistency.

 Greater data integrity and independence from applications programs.

 Improved data access to users through use of host and query languages.

 Improved data security.

 Reduced data entry, storage, and retrieval costs.

 Facilitated development of new applications program.

Disadvantages

 Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design.

 Substantial hardware and software start-up costs.

 Damage to database affects virtually all applications programs.

  Extensive conversion costs in moving form a file-based system to a database

system.

 Initial training required for all programmers and users.

15- What is SQL?

Structured Query language, SQL is an standard programming language which is designed

specifically for storing and managing the data in the relational database management

system (RDBMS) using all kinds of data operations.

16- What is the difference between DML, DDL and DCL?

 Data Definition Language (DDL) commands are used to define the structure that

holds the data. These commands are auto-committed. Changes done by the DDL

commands on the database are saved permanently.

 Data Manipulation Language (DML) commands are used to manipulate the data of

the database. These commands are not auto-committed and can be rolled back.

 Data Control Language (DCL) commands are used to control the visibility of the data

in the database like revoke access permission for using data in the database.

17- What is the difference between Delete and Drop?

After the execution of ‘DELETE’ operation, COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements can be

performed to retrieve the lost data.

‘DROP’ command is used to drop the table or key like the primary key/foreign key.
18- What is Join and the different types of Join?

Join is the process of explaining the relationship between different tables by combining

columns from one or more table having common values in each.

Retrieving data from different tables.

 (INNER) JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables

 LEFT (OUTER) JOIN: Return all records from the left table, and the matched records

from the right table

 RIGHT (OUTER) JOIN: Return all records from the right table, and the matched

records from the left table

 FULL (OUTER) JOIN: Return all records when there is a match in either left or right

table

19- What are the different types of Constraints on attributes?

 Primary key constraints.

 Check constraints.

 Null/not null constraints.

20- Explain the terms ‘Record’, ‘Field’ and ‘Table’ in terms of

database.

 Record: Record is a collection of values or fields of a specific entity.

 Field: A field refers to an area within a record which is reserved for a specific piece

of data.

 Table: Table is the collection of records of specific types.

21- What is meant by view? What are the advantages and

disadvantages of views in the database?

View is a virtual table which does not have its data on its own rather the data is defined

from one or more underlying base tables.

Advantages of Views:

 As there is no physical location where the data in views is stored, it generates

output without wasting resources.

 Data access is restricted as it does not allow commands like insertion, updating,

and deletion.

Disadvantages of Views:

 View becomes irrelevant if we drop a table related to that view.

 More memory is occupied when the view is created for large tables.

22-What do you understand by Functional dependency?

A relation is said to be in Functional dependency when one attribute uniquely defines

another attribute.

23-What do you understand by E-R model?

 E-R model is an Entity-Relationship model which defines the conceptual view of the

database.
  E-R model basically shows the real world entities and their association/relations.

Entities here represent the set of attributes in the database.

24-What is Data Warehousing?

The storage as well as access to data that is being derived from the transactions and

other sources from a central location in order to perform the analysis is called Data

Warehousing.

25- What do you know about the term “Big Data”?

Big data refers to the growth in the volume of structured and unstructured data, the

speed at which it is created and collected, and the scope of how many data points are

covered. Big data often comes from multiple sources and arrives in multiple formats.

26-What is Business Intelligence?

Business intelligence (BI) is a technology-driven process for analyzing data and presenting

actionable information to help executives, managers and other corporate end

users make informed business decisions.

27- What are foundations of data mining? And explain its

advantages.

Data mining is the process of sorting through large data sets to identify patterns and

establish relationships to solve problems through data analysis. Data mining tools allow

enterprises to predict future trends.

  In general, the benefits of data mining come from the ability to uncover hidden

patterns and relationships in data that can be used to make predictions that

impact businesses.

 Specific data mining benefits vary depending on the goal and the industry.

28- In your opinion, what data analyst do?

 Collect, process and perform statistical analyses of data

 work with IT teams, management and/or data scientists to determine

organizational goals

 Mine data from primary and secondary sources

 Clean and prune data to discard irrelevant information

 Analyze and interpret results using standard statistical tools and techniques

 Pinpoint trends, correlations and patterns in complicated data sets

 Identify new opportunities for process improvement

 Provide concise data reports and clear data visualizations for management

 Design, create and maintain relational databases and data systems

 Triage code problems and data-related issues