Domain Name System (DNS) in Application Layer

The Domain Name System (DNS) is like the internet’s phone book. It helps you find
websites by translating easy-to-remember names (like www.example.com) into the
numerical IP addresses (like 192.0.2.1) that computers use to locate each other on the
internet. Without DNS, you would have to remember long strings of numbers to visit your
favorite websites.
Types of Domain
There are various kinds of domains:
 Generic
Domains: .com(commercial), .edu(educational), .mil(military), .org(nonprofit
organization), .net(similar to commercial) all these are generic domains.
 Country Domain: .in (India) .us .uk
 Inverse Domain: if we want to know what is the domain name of the website.
IP to domain name mapping. So DNS can provide both the mapping for example
to find the IP addresses of geeksforgeeks.org then we have to type

Organization of Domain
It is very difficult to find out the IP address associated with a website because there are
millions of websites and with all those websites we should be able to generate the IP
address immediately, there should not be a lot of delays for that to happen organization of
the database is very important.
 Root DNS Server

 DNS Record: Domain name, IP address what is the validity? what is the time to
live? and all the information related to that domain name. These records are
stored in a tree-like structure.
 Namespace: Set of possible names, flat or hierarchical. The naming system
maintains a collection of bindings of names to values – given a name, a
resolution mechanism returns the corresponding value.
 Name Server: It is an implementation of the resolution mechanism
Name-to-Address Resolution
The host requests the DNS name server to resolve the domain name. And the name server
returns the IP address corresponding to that domain name to the host so that the host can
future connect to that IP address.

TWO TYPES OF ADDRESS MAPPING

1) RECURSIVE ADDRESS MAPPING

Dynamic Domain Name System (DDNS) in Application Layer

By using DDNS, users can create a hostname (e.g. “myhome.dyndns.org”) that will always
point to their router’s current IP address, making it easy to connect to devices on their home
network from anywhere in the world
Advantages :
1. Accessibility: DDNS allows users to connect to devices on their home network
from anywhere in the world, using a hostname instead of a constantly changing
IP address. This makes it easy to remotely access files, control IoT devices, and
perform other tasks.
2. Convenience: DDNS eliminates the need to manually update IP addresses,
which can be a tedious and time-consuming task.
3. Compatibility: DDNS is compatible with a wide range of devices and services,
including Remote Desktops, FTP, and VPN, making it easy to connect to a
variety of devices on a home network.
 4. Ease of use: DDNS services are often easy to set up and use, with user-friendly
interfaces and clear instructions.
5. Dynamic IP support: DDNS allows devices on a network to have dynamic IP
addresses, which are assigned by the router and can change over time. This
allows users to use a hostname to connect to the device even if the IP address
changes.
Disadvantages :
1. Reliability: DDNS services rely on the availability of the DDNS provider’s
servers. If the provider’s servers are down, the hostname will not resolve to the
correct IP address, making it impossible to connect to devices on the home
network.
2. Security: Because DDNS services link a hostname to a dynamic IP address, it
can potentially make it easier for hackers to find and target specific devices on a
home network.
3. Cost: Some DDNS providers charge a fee for their services, and the cost can
add up over time.
4. Latency: Some DDNS providers may experience latency issues when trying to
update the IP address associated with a hostname, which can cause delays in
connecting to devices on the home network.
Uses :
1. It is used for Internet access devices such as routers.
2. It is used by security appliance manufacturers and is even required for IP-based
security appliances like DVRs.
3. Remote access to home network resources such as computers, cameras, and file
servers
4. Running a personal website or web server from a home internet connection
5. Setting up a VPN or secure proxy connection to a home network
6. Enabling access to home automation systems and Internet of Things (IoT)
devices
7. Facilitating gaming and application hosting from a home network.