Tutorials of Fluid

Mechanics
Krzysztof Sobczak, DSc, PhD
Division of Hydromachines and Fluid Mechanics
Institute of Turbomachinery
Lodz University of Technology
room 107
Consultations: Wednesdays 14.15-16.00

Tel.: 42-631-23-62
E-mail: [email protected]
1
 Hydrodynamic reaction
     
R =  1 v n1 v1 dA1 −  2 v n2 v 2 dA 2 −  n1 p1 dA1 −  n 2 p 2 dA 2 + G
A1 A2 A1 A2

For uniform parameter fields in the

control cross-sections:
 
 (v1 − v 2 ) − n1 p1 A1 − n 2 p 2 A 2 + G
   
R=m
Rx = m
 ( v x1 − v x2 ) − n x1 p1 A1 − n x2 p 2 A 2 =
=m
 [ v1 cos(1 − 1 ) + v 2 cos( 2 + 2 )] + p1 A1 cos 1 + p 2 A 2 cos  2

Ry = m
 ( v y1 − v y2 ) − n y1 p1 A1 − n y2 p 2 A 2 =
=m
 [ v1 sin( 1 − 1 ) + v 2 sin(  2 + 2 )] + p1 A1 sin 1 + p 2 A 2 sin  2

Net hydrodynamic reaction

 
 (v1 − v 2 ) − n1p1 A1 − n 2 p 2 A 2 + G
   
Rn = m
FLUID DYNAMICS 2
Hydrodynamic reaction
Task 1
A liquid of a density  flows through a
convergent pipe. An absolute pressure at the
inlet is equal to p1. A mass flow rate is equal to
ṁ. Determine components of the hydrodynamic
reaction Rx and Ry. Bending takes place in the
horizontal plane.

Given: d1 = 30 mm d2 = 25 mm
α = 30º p1 = 1.5 bar
ṁ = 5 kg/s  = 1000 kg/m3
Find: Rx, Ry

Rx = 44.9 N y
Ry = 55.7 N in coords:
x

FLUID DYNAMICS 3
Hydrodynamic reaction
Task 2
A liquid of a density ϱ flows through a divergent
pipe. A gauge pressure at the outlet is equal to
pg2 and a velocity is equal to v2. Determine
components of the net hydrodynamic reaction
Rn x and Rn y. Bending is in a vertical plane.

Given: d = 40 mm D = 50 mm
r = 1.2 m pg2 = 3.0 bar
α = 30º β = 45º
v2 = 5.0 m/s ϱ = 1000 kg/m3
Find: Rn x, Rn z

Rn x = -239 N z
Rn z = -855 N in coords:
x

FLUID DYNAMICS 4
Hydrodynamic reaction
Task 3
A liquid of a density  flows through a divergent
pipe. An absolute pressure at the inlet is equal to
p1 and a flow velocity at the inlet is equal to v1.
Determine components of the hydrodynamic
reaction Rx and Ry. Bending takes place in the
horizontal plane.

Given: d1 = 10 mm d2 = 30 mm
v1 = 20 m/s p1 = 2.5 bar
 = 650 kg/m3
Find: Rx, Ry

Rx = 270 N y
Ry = 40 N in coords:
x

FLUID DYNAMICS 5
Hydrodynamic reaction
Task 4
A liquid of a density  flows through the
convergent pipe. The gauge pressure at the inlet is
equal to pg1. The volume flow rate is equal to 𝐕.ሶ
Determine components of the net hydrodynamic
reaction Rn x and Rn z. Bending takes place in the
vertical plane.

Given: 𝐕ሶ = 8 l/s (liter/s)  = 1000 kg/m3

pg1 = 3.0 bar R = 0.5 m
D = 40 mm d = 30 mm
 = 60
Find: Rn x, Rn z

Rn x = 681 N z
Rn z = 139 N in coords:
x

FLUID DYNAMICS 6
 Hydrodynamic reaction
 
v1 = v2 = v


 a dA = 0
p n
A1 + A 2 + As + A b

 
R n =  n (p − p a ) dA b
Ab

   
−   v1 v1 dA1 +   v 2 v 2 dA 2 = −  n (p − p a ) dA b = R n
A1 A2 Ab
  
Rn = m
 ( v1 − v 2 )
FLUID DYNAMICS 7
Hydrodynamic reaction
Task 5
A heavy plate with a mass m with an
additional mass M suspended at its end is
supported by a stream of water ṁ, which
flows out from a nozzle. At the bottom
surface, an axisymmetric deflector directs the
flow downwards at an angle α. Determine the
nozzle diameter d0. Take into account the
deceleration of the stream due to gravity.

Given: ṁ = 6 kg/s  = 1000 kg/m3

L = 1.2 m K = 0.8 m
H=1m  = 30
m = 4 kg M = 1 kg
Find: d0

d0 = mm

FLUID DYNAMICS 8
Hydrodynamic reaction
Task 6
A cone made of a material of a density C is
supported by a jet of water ṁ, which flows out
from a nozzle. Determine the equilibrium position
of the cone with respect to the nozzle h. Take into
account the deceleration of the liquid stream due
to gravity.

Given: d0 = 20 mm D = 40 mm
 = 1000 kg/m3 C = 5000 kg/m3
ṁ = 3.6 kg/s  = 30
Find: h

h = 1.05 m

FLUID DYNAMICS 9
Hydrodynamic reaction
Task 7
The plate with the mass M, under the action
of the volume flow 𝐕ሶ of the liquid of density
ϱ flowing out of the nozzle of diameter d0, set
at the angle . Find the angle . Disregard the
effect of gravitational acceleration on the
liquid jet between the nozzle and the plate.

Given: L = 1.5 m h = 1.2 m

d0 = 30 mm ṁ = 6 kg/s
 = 1000 kg/m3 𝐕ሶ = 300 L/min
M = 10 kg ϱ = 920 kg/m3
Find: 

 = 27.9°

FLUID DYNAMICS 10
 Hydrodynamic reaction
Task 8
A flap of a mass M is supported by a stream
L of water ṁ, which flows out from a nozzle of
a diameter d0. Determine the angle  of the
h
flap. Take into account the deceleration of the
stream due to the gravity.

 
O H Given: L=2m h = 1.2 m
v0 H = 0.8 m d0 = 15 mm
 = 60  = 1000 kg/m3
d0 M = 5 kg ṁ = 2 kg/s
Find: 

 = 26.0

FLUID DYNAMICS 11
 Hydrodynamic reaction
a) b) c) d)

 = 45  = 90  = 135  = 180

Task X
The fluid jet is deflected on the axisymmetric elements of different shape. Formulate the
general formula for the hydrodynamic reaction and indicate relations between four considered
cases.
Neglect the change in the vertical position of section 1and 2.

FLUID DYNAMICS 12
 Hydrodynamic reaction - thrust
A2
A1 a)

n1 u Rw w2
x Flow engine
w1 n2
pa pa
    
 (w1 − w 2 ) − n1 p1 A1 − n 2 p 2 A 2
Rw = m

if p1 = p2 = pa ∧ A1 ≅ A2 ⇒ R xw = mሶ w1 − w2
if pa < p2 ≠ p1 = pa ∧ A1 ≅ A2 ⇒ R xw = mሶ w1 − w2 − p2 − pa A2
A2
b)

u Rw w2
x Rocket
n2
pa

R xw = −m
 w 2 − p 2 A 2 R xw = −mw
ሶ 2 − p2 − pa A 2

FLUID DYNAMICS 13
Hydrodynamic reaction
Task 9
A nozzle of an outlet diameter d is located in
a rear wall of a container. Determine the
thrust of jet a liquid of a density  for
stationary container and for container which
moves with velocity u.

Given: h = 0.8 m d = 25 mm
u = 0.5 m/s  = 1000 kg/m3
Find: R

Ru=0 = 7.7 N

FLUID DYNAMICS 14
 Hydrodynamic reaction
Task 10
Determine the thrust and power of the turboengine if the mass flow rate of exhaust gases is
equal to ṁ and the relative velocities at the inlet and outlet are equal to w1 and w2.

Given: u = w1 = 250 m/s w2 = 700 m/s ṁ = 50 kg/s

Find: R, P

R = 22.5 kN P = R·u = 5.6 MW

FLUID DYNAMICS 15
Hydrodynamic reaction
Task 11
Determine the launch (start) thrust of a rocket and the thrust when it
moves with velocity u. Mass flow rate of the exhaust gases is equal to ṁ
and their velocity is equal to w.

Given: w = 800 m/s u = 200 m/s ṁ = 50 kg/s

Find: R

R u=0 = R u=200 = 40 kN

Calculate the value of the thrust and power if the pressure at the engine
(nozzle) outlet is
Δp = 1.5 bar higher than the atmospheric one and the outlet diameter is
d = 0.50 m.
FLUID DYNAMICS 16
Hydrodynamic reaction
for a real fluid flow
Task 12
A fountain raises a stream of water to the
height H. It is supplied by a nozzle of the inlet
diameter D and the outlet diameter d. The
local loss coefficient of the nozzle is ζ.
Determine the volume flow rate of water 𝐕,ሶ
the gauge pressure at the nozzle inlet pg1 and
the hydrodynamic reaction on the nozzle R.
Given: D = 80 mm d = 40 mm
 = 1000 kg/m3 H = 10 m
ζ = 0.2
Find: 𝐕,ሶ pg1, R

𝐕ሶ = 0.0176 m3/s
pg1 = 93.1 kPa
R = 283 N

FLUID DYNAMICS 17
Hydrodynamic reaction
for a real fluid flow
Task 13
Air flows in a pipe of a diameter d with a
velocity v1. A diffuser with the outlet diameter
D is used to convert kinetic energy of the gas
before discharging it to atmosphere. The local
loss coefficient of the diffuser is ζ. Determine
the hydrodynamic reaction on the diffuser R.

Given: d = 50 mm D = 100 mm
 = 1.2 kg/m3 v1 = 100 m/s
ζ = 0.3
Find: R

R = 10.2 N

FLUID DYNAMICS 18