UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

KNS1063
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Assignment 3

Code & Title KNS 1063 Strength of Materials, Assignment (CO3, PO2)

Date 01 July 2024

Lecturer Ir Jude Ting

Group 6

Number Matrix 1. Muhamad Nazrin bin Mohd Sahari (73592)

2. Marcela Valencia Anak Edwin (84405)
3. Hadi Hadzrin Bin Haidi (82573)
4. Clarissa Diane Matin (83542)
5. Viviana Anak Lewis (101299)
6. Muhammad Danial Syazwan Bin Rumaizu (82721)
7. Muhammad Aqil Danish Bin Mohd Ashyek (82715)
8.
1.0 INTRODUCTION

In structural engineering, understanding the behavior of beams under various loading

conditions is crucial for designing safe and efficient structures. Two fundamental diagrams used
for analyzing beams subjected to loads are the Shear Force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment
Diagram (BMD). Shear force diagrams (SFD) and Bending Moment diagrams (BMD) give
designers an overview of the result of the combination of different forces and their likely
implications on the structure and its stability and likely constructional constraints which should be
taken care of while designing (Kamal, 2018). These diagrams visually represent the internal forces
within a beam along its length and are essential tools in structural analysis.

For accurate analysis, the modulus of elasticity (E) of the material is given as 200 GPa.
The parameters 0.1m and 60kNm to indicate specific load distributions and locations along the
beam's span. This project involves numerical computation and graphical representation to
understand how internal forces and stresses vary throughout the beam's length under applied
loading conditions.

Shear Force Diagram (SFD) shows the variation of shear forces along the length of the
beam, indicating points of maximum and minimum shear forces. Bending Moment Diagram
(BMD), on the other hand, illustrates how bending moments change along the beam, crucial for
determining the design of beam sections to resist bending stresses effectively.

Furthermore, analyzing the stress distribution across the beam's cross-section helps
engineers assess where material stresses are highest, informing decisions on reinforcement and
material selection. Finally, calculating slope and deflection allows for understanding the beam's
deformation under load, identifying critical points where structural integrity may be compromised.

Through computational tools Matlab, engineers can efficiently simulate and visualize these
diagrams and values, aiding in the design and evaluation of structural components to meet safety
and performance requirements. This project not only enhances understanding of beam behavior
but also equips engineers with practical skills in structural analysis and design using computational
methods.

1.2 Objectives and Goals

Consider a simply supported beam with a W350 x 92 rolled steel shape subjected to a distributed
load of 60 kN/m. The goal is to develop a program using Matlab to :

(a) Construct the Shear Force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram (BMD) for the
beam.
(b) Create a stress block diagram that illustrates the distribution of bending and transverse
shear stresses across the cross-section of the beam.
(c) Calculate the slope and deflection at point D, considering incremental distances from 0 to
6 meters as specified in Table 1.
(d) Identify the location and magnitude of maximum deflection.
2.0 BACKGROUND

This report focuses on the structural analysis of a simply supported steel beam subjected
to a uniformly distributed load. The beam is a W350 x 92 rolled steel shape,which is a common
structural steel section used in construction for its strength and versatility. The beam has a length
of 6 meters and is subjected to a distributed load of 60kN/m, as we are from group 6.

Structural analysis is an important aspect in civil engineering to ensure that structures can
withstand the loads subjected to them without experiencing failure. The analysis involves
determining internal forces, moments, and stresses within the structure and assessing the resulting
deformations (Hibbeler, 2017).

Shear force and bending moment diagrams are fundamental tools in structural analysis.
The shear force diagram illustrates how the internal shear force varies along the length of the beam.
The bending moment diagram shows how the internal bending moment varies. These diagrams are
crucial for identifying critical points where the beam might experience maximum stress (Gere &
Timoshenko, 1997).

Stress block diagrams are used to visualize the distribution of stress across the beam's
cross-section. These diagrams help in understanding how the bending and transverse shear stresses
vary within the beam.This are essential to ensure the beam's structural integrity (Beer & Johnston,
2015).

The slope and deflection of the beam are calculated to determine how much the beam
deforms under the applied load. These calculations are critical for assessing the beam's
performance and ensuring it meets requirements. The location and magnitude of the maximum
deflection are particularly important for design and safety considerations (Popov, 1999).

All in all, this report presents the detailed structural analysis of a simply supported steel
beam under a uniformly distributed load. By constructing shear and bending moment diagrams,
stress block diagrams, and calculating slope and deflection, we can ensure that the beam performs
as intended and maintains structural integrity.
2.1 Theory

In structural engineering, analyzing the behavior of beams under various loading conditions is
fundamental. Here, we consider a simply supported W350 x 92 rolled steel beam subjected to a
uniform distributed load of 60 kN/m. The analysis involves constructing the shear and bending
moment diagrams, visualizing the stress distribution across the beam's cross-section, and
determining the slope and deflection at a specific point. The first step in analyzing the beam is to
construct the shear force and bending moment diagrams. These diagrams are essential for
understanding the internal forces within the beam. To begin, we calculate the reactions at the
supports. By applying the equilibrium equations for a simply supported beam:

● Sum of vertical forces: ∑Fy = 0

● Sum of moments about one support: ∑MA = 0

We determine the vertical reactions at both supports. Once these reactions are known, we
proceed to construct the shear force diagram. Starting from one end of the beam, we integrate the
load distribution to find the shear force at any section along the beam. For a uniformly distributed
load 60 kN/m:

V(x) = 𝑉0 - 60x

Where 𝑉0 is the initial shear force at the support. This relationship illustrates how the shear
force linearly decreases along the length of the beam. Next, we construct the bending moment
diagram by integrating the shear force diagram. The bending moment at any section is given by:

M(x) = 𝑀0 + 𝑉0 x - 30𝑥 2

Where is the initial bending moment, typically zero at the supports for a simply supported
beam. This quadratic relationship reflects the parabolic shape of the bending moment diagram for
a uniformly distributed load. Finally, we calculate the slope and deflection of the beam, which are
crucial for assessing serviceability. The slope (θ) and deflection (δ) are determined using the
beam's bending moment equation. For a uniformly distributed load 60 kN/m on a simply supported
beam of length 6m:
 𝑑2 𝑥
𝐸𝐼 𝑑𝑥 2 = 𝑀(𝑥)

By integrating this equation twice, we obtain the deflection curve δ. Boundary conditions,
such as zero deflection at the supports are used to solve the integration constants. In theory, the
analysis of a simply supported W350 x 92 rolled steel beam under a uniform distributed load
involves constructing the shear force and bending moment diagrams, understanding the stress
distribution, and calculating the slope and deflection. These steps ensure that the beam can safely
and effectively carry the applied loads, maintaining structural integrity and serviceability. By
systematically applying the principles of structural analysis, we can design and evaluate beams to
meet the necessary performance criteria.
3.0 METHODOLOGY

MATLAB, also known as MATrix LABoratory by MathWorks, is a programming platform that is

designed specifically for engineers and scientists to analyze data, algorithm development and
create models and applications (What Is MATLAB?, n.d.). MATLAB is a high-level programming
language that is designed for engineers and scientists to directly express matrix and array
mathematics (Programming With MATLAB, n.d.).

In this analysis, our group has used MATLAB to build shear force and bending moment
diagrams, and construct a stress block diagram along the cross section of the beam with respect to
bending moment and transverse shear stresses of a simply supported W350×92 rolled steel beam
of 60 kN/m.

3.1 Shear and Bending Moment Diagram

First of all, the support of beam structure is determined by pin support at the right side while roller
support at the left side which places some limitations for the beam. Then, the reaction forces at
both supports need to be computed after the supports have been located by utilized the equilibrium
equations as listed below:

∑⬚
⬚ ⬚ 𝐹𝑥 = 0

∑⬚
⬚ ⬚ 𝐹𝑦 = 0

∑⬚
⬚⬚𝑀 = 0

Also, the equation for shear force is given by the sum of the vertical forces in a segment, while the
equation for bending moment is given by the sum of the moments of any point in the segment.
These formulas show how the bending moment and shear force change as the beam lengthens.
 By using MATLAB, the shear force and bending moment can be obtained at discrete points
along the beam. So, the equation that we used to calculate and plot the shear force and bending
moment are V = Ra - w (b - a) - Rb and M = Ra(x) - w (b - a) (x - (a + b) / 2) respectively

Where;

Ra = [w (b - a) (L - (b + a) / 2)] / L

Rb = w * (b - a) - Ra

Where, L= 6 m, w = 60 kN/m, a = 0.1 m, b = 6 m.

The results from MATLAB are then compared with manual calculation using the equation
of V + Ra = 0 and M + Rax = 0.

⬚⬚

3.2 Stress Block Diagram

Next, the equation that we are used to construct the shear stress block diagram and bending shear
𝑀𝑦 𝑉𝑄
stress are, σ = and τ = , where Q is the sum of 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 . Firstly, we has calculated the
𝐼 𝐼𝑡

∑⬚
⬚ ⬚ỹ𝐴
neutral axis (y̅) using the equation, 𝑦̅ = , where A is the area of each section and ỹ is the
∑⬚
⬚ ⬚𝐴

distance of the centroid of each section from a reference axis. Hence, we sum up the products of
each section and centroid distance, then divide by the total area of each section.

Secondly, to calculate the moment of inertia (I), we sum all the moment of inertia to get the total
𝑏ℎ3
moment of inertia for each section by using this equation which is, 𝐼 𝑥𝑥 = + Ad𝑦 2 , where d𝑦 2
12

is the distance from the centroid to the neutral axis.

𝑉𝑄
Thirdly, to calculate the shear force we using the shear stress formula which is, τ = . Where, V
𝐼𝑡

is the shear force in the beam, Q is the statical moment of area, I is the moment of inertia of the
beam, and 𝑡 is the thickness of the beam. Here, the equation to calculate the Q, the statical moment
of area is, Q = y̅A, where A is the area of the section and y̅ is the distance from the neutral axis to
the centroid of section.

Lastly, to construct the shear stress block diagram, we calculated the bending and transverse shear
stress along the beam by plotting the shear stress values at different points, which is flange, bottom
flange, and web.

By using MATLAB, the equation of bending stress that is inserted into MATLAB coding is
sigma_b(:, i) = M(i) * y / I whereas that of transverse shear stress is Q = b * y .* (h/2 - abs(y) / 2)
after bending moment and shear force with moment of inertia are calculated.

3.3 Slope and Deflection

A method in structural engineering that is applied to determining the slope and deflection of beams
under different loads is the double integration method. This method depends on the relationship
between the cross-sectional area of the beam's bending moment (M), modulus of elasticity (E),
𝑑2⬚ 𝑥
and moment of inertia (I). The differential equation the fundamental equation 𝑀 = 𝐸𝐼 that
𝑑𝑦2⬚

underpins this approach

Where;

𝑏ℎ3⬚
I= + 𝑑𝑦2⬚
12

We begin by integrating the bending moment equation with respect to x in order to utilize the
double integration method. The beam's slope is obtained from the first integration. Within this
formula, slope is indicated by 𝜃 in this equation, and the integration constant, C1, will be found
later using boundary conditions. After that, we integrate the slope equation with respect to y to
determine the beam's y-deflection where C2 is an additional integration constant. Known values
of deflection and slope at specific locations along the beam, as at the supports, are commonly
included in boundary conditions. Lastly, we calculated the slope and deflection at point D and the