Lecture#11 & 12

Pair of Straight Line

A pair of straight lines is created when the product of two linear equations in x and y represents a
straight line are done together. For example, if 5𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 are the two straight
lines, then the pair of straight lines are represented by (5𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 0⇒5𝑥 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 +
𝑦2.
A pair of straight lines can also be represented as a product of two linear equations
in x and y, representing a straight line. The concept of pair of straight lines is very helpful
in the mathematical world as it simplifies our complex problems more easily.
1. Find the angle between the straight lines 𝑎𝑥 2 +2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 =0 (the axes are assumed to be
rectangular).

Solution: Let 𝑏𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦+𝑎𝑦 2 =0 represent two straight lines at (0,0)

𝑦−𝑚1 𝑥 = 0………… (1)
and 𝑦 − 𝑚2 𝑥 = 0………… (2)
2ℎ 𝑎
Then, 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = − , 𝑚1 𝑚2 = 𝑏
𝑏
Let 𝜃 be the angle between the lines (1) and (2),
Then,
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ±
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
√(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )2 − 4𝑚1 𝑚2
=±
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
2
√4ℎ2 − 4 𝑎
𝑏 𝑏
=± 𝑎
1+
𝑏
2√ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = ±
𝑎+𝑏
2√ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏
∴ 𝜃 = ± tan−1
𝑎+𝑏
2. Find the equation of bisectors of the angles between the pair of lines represented by
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦+𝑏𝑦 2 =0 or 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦+𝑎𝑥 2 =0.
Solution: let 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦+𝑎𝑥 2 =0 represent two straight lines,

𝑦−𝑚1 𝑥 = 0………… (1)

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 1
 Lecture#11 & 12

and 𝑦 − 𝑚2 𝑥 = 0………… (2)

2ℎ 𝑎
Then, 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 =− , 𝑚1 𝑚2 =𝑏
𝑏

Now, the equation of bisectors of the angles between the lines (1) and (2) is given by,
𝑦 − 𝑚1 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑚2 𝑥
=±
√1 + 𝑚1 2 √1 + 𝑚2 2
⇒ (𝑦 − 𝑚1 𝑥)2 (1 + 𝑚2 2 ) = (𝑦 − 𝑚2 𝑥)2 (1 + 𝑚1 2 )
⇒ (𝑦 2 − 2𝑚1 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 2 𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑚2 2 ) = (𝑦 2 − 2𝑚2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚2 2 𝑥 2 )(1 + 𝑚1 2 )
⇒ 𝑦 2 − 2𝑚1 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑚2 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑚1 𝑚2 2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 2 𝑚2 2 𝑥 2
= 𝑦 2 − 2𝑚2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚2 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑚1 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑚2 𝑚1 2 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 2 𝑚2 2 𝑥 2
⇒ −2𝑚1 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑚1 2 𝑥 2 + 𝑚2 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑚1 𝑚2 2 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑚2 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑚2 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑚1 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑚2 𝑚1 2 𝑥𝑦 = 0
⇒ −2(𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )𝑥𝑦 + (𝑚1 2 − 𝑚2 2 )𝑥 2 − (𝑚1 2 − 𝑚2 2 )𝑦 2 + 2𝑚1 𝑚2 (𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )𝑥𝑦 = 0
⇒ −2𝑥𝑦 + (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑥 2 − (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑦 2 + 2𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑥𝑦 = 0
2ℎ 2 2ℎ 2 𝑎
⇒ −2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 𝑥𝑦 = 0
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
⇒ −𝑏𝑥𝑦 − ℎ𝑥 2 + ℎ𝑦 2 + 𝑎𝑥𝑦 = 0
⇒ ℎ(𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 ) = (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥𝑦
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑥𝑦
∴ =
𝑎−𝑏 ℎ

3. Find the condition that the general equation of 2nd degree should represent a pair of straight
lines.
Solution: Let, 𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 + 𝑛1 = 0 And 𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑛2 = 0 be two straight lines represented
by 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦+𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐=0.
We can write,
(𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 + 𝑛1 )(𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑛2 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦+𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑥 2 + (𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 )𝑥𝑦+𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2 + (𝑙1 𝑛2 + 𝑙2 𝑛1 )𝑥 + (𝑚1 𝑛2 + 𝑚2 𝑛1 )𝑦 + 𝑛1 𝑛2 = 𝑎𝑥 2 +
2ℎ𝑥𝑦+𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐
Equating the co-efficient like term from both sides,
𝑙1 𝑙2 = 𝑎 … … … … . (1)
𝑚1 𝑚2 = 𝑏 … … … . (2)

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 2
 Lecture#11 & 12

𝑛1 𝑛2 = 𝑐 … … … . . (3)
𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 = 2ℎ … … … … (4)
𝑙1 𝑛2 + 𝑙2 𝑛1 = 2𝑔 … … … … … (5)
𝑚1 𝑛2 + 𝑚2 𝑛1 = 2𝑓 … … … … (6)
From (4), (5) & (6), we get
8𝑓𝑔ℎ = (𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 )(𝑙1 𝑛2 + 𝑙2 𝑛1 )(𝑚1 𝑛2 + 𝑚2 𝑛1 )
= 𝑙1 𝑙2 (𝑚1 2 𝑛2 2 + 𝑚2 2 𝑛1 2 ) + 𝑚1 𝑚2 (𝑙1 2 𝑛2 2 + 𝑙2 2 𝑛1 2 ) + 𝑛1 𝑛2 (𝑙1 2 𝑚2 2 + 𝑙2 2 𝑚1 2 )
+ 2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑛1 𝑛2
= 𝑎{(𝑚1 𝑛2 + 𝑚2 𝑛1 )2 − 2𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑛1 𝑛2 } + 𝑏{(𝑙1 𝑛2 + 𝑙2 𝑛1 )2 − 2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑛1 𝑛2 }
+ 𝑐{(𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 )2 − 2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2 } + 2𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑛1 𝑛2
= 𝑎{4𝑓 2 − 2𝑏𝑐} + 𝑏{4𝑔2 − 2𝑐𝑎} + 𝑐{4ℎ2 − 2𝑎𝑏} + 2𝑎𝑏𝑐
∴ 2𝑓𝑔ℎ = 𝑎𝑓 2 + 𝑏𝑔2 + 𝑐ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏𝑐
⇒ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2 − 𝑐ℎ2 = 0
𝑎 ℎ 𝑔
That is, | ℎ 𝑏 𝑓| = 0
𝑔 𝑓 𝑐
∴ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2 − 𝑐ℎ2 = 0, which is the required condition.

4. Prove that a homogeneous equation of the n-th degree represents n straight lines, real
or imaginary, which all pass through the origin.
Solution: Consider the homogenous equation
𝑦 𝑛 +a1𝑥𝑦 𝑛−1 + a2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑛−2 +………+ ar𝑥 𝑟 𝑦 𝑛−𝑟 +an𝑥 𝑛 =0 ……….. (1)
This equation can be written as
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
( ⁄𝑥)𝑛 +a1( ⁄𝑥)𝑛−1 +a2( ⁄𝑥)𝑛−2+…………. +ar( ⁄𝑥)𝑛−𝑟 +……..+an=0
𝑦
Since this is an equation of the n-th degree in ⁄𝑥, it must have n roots. Let the roots of
this equation be
m1, m2,……………… ,mr ,………… mn
Then,
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
( ⁄𝑥 −m1)( ⁄𝑥 −m2)………….. ( ⁄𝑥 −mr)……… ( ⁄𝑥 −mn) =0
⇒ (𝑦 −m1𝑥) (𝑦 −m2𝑥)……….. (𝑦 −mr𝑥)……….. (𝑦 −mn𝑥) =0

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 3
 Lecture#11 & 12

This equation is satisfied by the points which satisfy the separate equations
(𝑦 −m1𝑥) =0, (𝑦 −m2𝑥) =0, (𝑦 −mr𝑥) =0, (𝑦 −mn𝑥) =0, which all pass through the origin.
Conversely, the co-ordinates of all the points which satisfy these n equations satisfy
equation (1) also.
Hence the theorem is proved.

5. Prove that the product of the perpendiculars from (𝑥1 ,𝑦1 ) on the lines given by
𝑎𝑥12 +2ℎ𝑥𝑦+𝑏𝑦12
𝑎𝑥 2 +2hxy+𝑏𝑦 2 =0 is .
√(𝑎−𝑏)+4ℎ2

Solution: let 𝑎𝑥 2 +2hxy+𝑏𝑦 2 =0 represent two straight lines,

y−𝑚1 𝑥=0………… (1)
And y−𝑚2 𝑥=0………… (2)
2ℎ 𝑎
Then, 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 =− , 𝑚1 𝑚2 =𝑏
𝑏

Let 𝑑1 be the perpendicular distance from (𝑥1 ,𝑦1 ) on (1), then,

y1−m1 x1
𝑑1 =
√1+m1 2

Again, let 𝑑2 be the perpendicular distance from (𝑥1 ,𝑦1 ) on (2), then,
y1−m2 x1
𝑑2 =
√1+m2 2

Now the product of the perpendicular is

(y1−m1 x1 ) (y1−m2 x1 )
=
√1 + m1 2 √1 + m2 2

y1 2 − (m1 + m2 )x1 y1 + m1 m2 x1 2
=
√1 + m1 2 + m2 2 + m1 2 m2 2
2h a
y1 2 +
x1 y1 + x1 2
= b b
√1 + (m1 + m2 )2 − 2m1 m2 + m1 2 m2 2
2h a
y1 2 +x1 y1 + x1 2
= b b
2 2
√1 + 4h2 − 2 a + a 2
b b b
by1 2 + 2hx1 y1 + ax1 2
=
√b 2 + 4h2 − 2ab + a2

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 4
 Lecture#11 & 12

ax1 2 + 2hxy + by1 2

= (Proved).
√(a − b) + 4h2
6. The equation of the pair of lines through the origin perpendicular to the pair whose
equation is
𝑎𝑥 2 +2hxy+𝑏𝑦 2 =0 is 𝑏𝑥 2 −2hxy+𝑎𝑦 2 =0
Solution: let 𝑎𝑥 2 +2hxy+𝑏𝑦 2 =0 represent two straight lines,

𝑦−𝑚1 𝑥 = 0………… (1)

And 𝑦 − 𝑚2 𝑥 = 0………… (2)
2ℎ 𝑎
Then, 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 =− , 𝑚1 𝑚2 =𝑏
𝑏

Now, the equation of the line passing through the origin and perpendicular to the line (1) is

𝑚1 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0

Similarly, the equation of the line passing through the origin and perpendicular to the line
(2) is

𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 0

Hence the equation of the pair of lines is,

(𝑚1 𝑦+𝑥)( 𝑚2 𝑦+𝑥)=0

⇒ 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑦 2 + (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 =0

⇒ 𝑎⁄𝑏 𝑦 2 − 2ℎ⁄𝑏 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 =0

⇒ 𝑏𝑥 2 − 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑎𝑦 2 =0 (Proved).

7. The condition that the pair of lines 𝑎𝑥 2 +2ℎ𝑥𝑦 +𝑏𝑦 2 =0 and 𝑎′ 𝑥 2 +2ℎ′ 𝑥𝑦+𝑏 ′ 𝑦 2 =0
Should have one line in common is 4(𝑎ℎ′ − 𝑎′ ℎ) (ℎ𝑏 ′ − ℎ′ 𝑏) =(𝑎𝑏 ′ − 𝑎′ 𝑏)2 .

Solution: Given equations

𝑎𝑥 2 +2ℎ𝑥𝑦+𝑏𝑦 2 =0…………….. (1)
and 𝑎′ 𝑥 2 +2ℎ′ 𝑥𝑦 +𝑏 ′ 𝑦 2 =0…………… (2)
let 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 be the common line of (1) and (2), then 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 satisfied both (1) and (2), we
have

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 5
 Lecture#11 & 12

𝑎𝑥 2 +2ℎ𝑥. 𝑚𝑥 +𝑏. 𝑚2 𝑥 2 =0
⇒ 𝑏𝑚2 + 2ℎ𝑚 + 𝑎=0 ………….. (3)
And 𝑎′ 𝑥 2 +2ℎ′ 𝑥. 𝑚𝑥 +𝑏 ′ . 𝑚2 𝑥 2 .=0
⇒ 𝑏 ′ 𝑚2 + 2ℎ′ 𝑚 + 𝑎′ =0 ………….. (4)
Now from (3) and (4), we have,
𝑚2 𝑚 1
= ′ =
2𝑎ℎ − 2𝑎 ℎ 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑏 2ℎ𝑏 − 2ℎ′ 𝑏
′ ′ ′ ′

2(𝑎ℎ′ − 𝑎′ ℎ) 𝑎𝑏 ′ − 𝑎′ 𝑏
⇒𝑚= , 𝑚 =
𝑎𝑏 ′ − 𝑎′ 𝑏 2(ℎ𝑏 ′ − ℎ′ 𝑏)
2(𝑎ℎ′ − 𝑎′ ℎ) 𝑎𝑏 ′ − 𝑎′ 𝑏
⇒ =
𝑎𝑏 ′ − 𝑎′ 𝑏 2(ℎ𝑏 ′ − ℎ′ 𝑏)
⇒ 4(𝑎ℎ′ − 𝑎′ ℎ)(ℎ𝑏 ′ − ℎ′ 𝑏)=(𝑎𝑏 ′ − 𝑎′ 𝑏)2 (Proved)
8. If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 represent a pair of lines intersecting in
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), then the equation of the lines bisecting the angles between them will be
(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )2 − (𝑦 − 𝑦1 )2 (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )(𝑦 − 𝑦1 )
=
𝑎−𝑏 ℎ
Solution: Given equation
𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 … … … … … (1)
The lines represented by (1) intersect at (𝑥1 , 𝑦1) shift the origin to this point, keeping the
directions of the axes unchanged. If (X, Y) be the coordinates of any point referred to the
new axes, whose coordinates referred to the old axes were (x, y) then,
X=𝑥 − 𝑥1 and Y=𝑦 − 𝑦1
i.e. 𝑥=X+𝑥1 and 𝑦=Y+𝑦1
Substituting for (𝑥1 , 𝑦1) in (1), we get
𝑎(𝑋 + 𝑥1 )2 + 2ℎ(𝑋 + 𝑥1 )(𝑌 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑏(𝑌 + 𝑦1 ) + 2𝑔(𝑋 + 𝑥1 ) + 2𝑓(𝑌 + 𝑦1 ) + 𝑐 = 0
⇒ (𝑎𝑋 2 + 2ℎ𝑋𝑌 + 𝑏𝑌 2 ) + 2(𝑎𝑥1 + ℎ𝑦1 + 𝑔)𝑋 + 2(ℎ𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑓)𝑌 + (𝑎𝑥1 2 + 2ℎ𝑥1 𝑦1 +
𝑏𝑦1 2 + 2𝑔𝑥1 + 2𝑓𝑦1 + 𝑐) = 0 … … … … . (2)
This is the equation referred to the new set of axes and the two lines represented by (2)
pass through the new origin. Therefore, there should be no terms of the first and zero
degree in X and Y. thus the equation (2) becomes
𝑎𝑋 2 + 2ℎ𝑋𝑌 + 𝑏𝑌 2 = 0
Now the equation of bisectors of the angles between the lines is
𝑋 2 − 𝑌 2 𝑋𝑌
= … … … … … . (3)
𝑎−𝑏 ℎ

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 6
 Lecture#11 & 12

Putting the values of X and Y in (3), we get

(𝑥−𝑥1 )2 −(𝑦−𝑦1 )2 (𝑥−𝑥1 )(𝑦−𝑦1 )
= (Proved).
𝑎−𝑏 ℎ

9. If 𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 represent a pair of lines, the area of the

triangle formed by their bisectors and the axis of 𝑥 is
√(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + 4ℎ2 𝑎𝑐 − 𝑔2
( )
2ℎ 𝑎𝑏 − ℎ2
Solution: The given equation is
𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 … … … … . (1)

Let (α, β) be the point of intersection of the lines represented by (1).

Now the equation of the bisectors of the angles between the line is
(𝑥 − 𝛼)2 − (𝑦 − 𝛽)2 (𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑦 − 𝛽)
= … … … … . . (2)
𝑎−𝑏 ℎ
Let the bisector (2) meet X-axis at B and C.
On the X- axis, y=0, then we get
(𝑥 − 𝛼)2 − 𝛽 2 (𝑥 − 𝛼)(−𝛽)
=
𝑎−𝑏 ℎ
𝑥 2 −2𝛼𝑥+𝛼2 −𝛽2 −𝛽𝑥+𝛼𝛽
⇒ =
𝑎−𝑏 ℎ

⇒ ℎ𝑥 2 − 2𝛼ℎ𝑥 + ℎ𝛼 2 − ℎ𝛽 2 = −𝑎𝛽𝑥 + 𝑎𝛼𝛽 + 𝑏𝛽𝑥 − 𝑏𝛼𝛽

⇒ ℎ𝑥 2 − 2𝛼ℎ𝑥 + ℎ(𝛼 2 − 𝛽 2 ) + 𝑎𝛽𝑥 − 𝑎𝛼𝛽 − 𝑏𝛽𝑥 + 𝑏𝛼𝛽 = 0
⇒ ℎ𝑥 2 − {2𝛼ℎ − (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝛽}𝑥 + ℎ(𝛼 2 − 𝛽 2 ) − 𝑎𝛽(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 0
This is a quadratic equation in 𝑥. So, it has two roots. Let 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 be two roots of this
equation. Now we get,
2𝛼ℎ − (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝛽 2𝛼ℎ + (𝑏 − 𝑎)𝛽
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = =
ℎ ℎ
ℎ(𝛼2 −𝛽 2 )−𝛼𝛽(𝑎−𝑏)
And 𝑥1 𝑥2 = ℎ

Let 𝑥2 > 𝑥1
Now,

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 7
 Lecture#11 & 12

(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑥2 )2 − 4𝑥1 𝑥2

{2𝛼ℎ + (𝑏 − 𝑎)𝛽}2 ℎ(𝛼 2 − 𝛽 2 ) − 𝛼𝛽(𝑎 − 𝑏)
= −4
ℎ2 ℎ
4ℎ 𝛼 + 4ℎ𝛼𝛽(𝑏 − 𝑎) + 𝛽 (𝑏 − 𝑎) − 4ℎ 𝛼 + 4ℎ2 𝛽 2 + 4𝑎ℎ𝛼𝛽 − 4𝑎ℎ𝛼𝛽
2 2 2 2 2 2
=
ℎ2
2
= 𝑏 ⁄ℎ2 {(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + 4ℎ2 }
𝛽
∴ 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = √(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + 4ℎ2 = 𝐵𝐶
ℎ
Now, area of the triangle ABC is
1
∆= {𝐵𝐶 × 𝐴𝑀}
2
1𝛽
= 2 ℎ √(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + 4ℎ2 . 𝛽
𝛽2
= 2ℎ √(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + 4ℎ2 … … … … . . (3)
Since, (α, β) be the point of intersection of the two lines represented by the equation
𝑎𝑥 2 +2ℎ𝑥𝑦 +𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
Then we get,
𝑎𝛼 + ℎ𝛽 + 𝑔 = 0 … … … . . (𝑎)
ℎ𝛼 + 𝑏𝛽 + 𝑓 = 0 … … … . . (𝑏)
𝑔𝛼 + 𝑓𝛽 + 𝑐 = 0 … … … . . (𝑐)
From (a) and (b), we get
ℎ𝑓 − 𝑏𝑔 ℎ𝑔 − 𝑎𝑓
𝛼= , 𝛽=
𝑎𝑏 − ℎ2 𝑎𝑏 − ℎ2
Again, from (a) and (c), we get
ℎ𝑐 − 𝑔𝑓 𝑔2 − 𝑎𝑐
𝛼= , 𝛽=
𝑎𝑓 − ℎ𝑔 𝑎𝑓 − ℎ𝑔
From (3), we get
1 ℎ𝑔−𝑎𝑓 𝑔2 −𝑎𝑐
∆= 2ℎ ( 𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 ) (𝑎𝑓−ℎ𝑔) √(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + 4ℎ2
1 𝑎𝑐−𝑔2
=2ℎ {𝑎𝑏−ℎ2 }√(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + 4ℎ2 (Proved).

10. Show that the line 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 and the two lines represented by

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 8
 Lecture#11 & 12

(𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦)2 − 3(𝐴𝑦 − 𝐵𝑥)2 = 0

from the sides of an equilateral triangle.
Solution: Given that,
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 … … … . . (1)
And
(𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦)2 = 3(𝐴𝑦 − 𝐵𝑥)2
∴ 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 = ±√3(𝐴𝑦 − 𝐵𝑥)
⇒ (𝐴 + √3 𝐵)𝑥 + (𝐵 − √3𝐴)𝑦 = 0 … … … … (2)
And
⇒ (𝐴 − √3 𝐵)𝑥 + (𝐵 + √3𝐴)𝑦 = 0 … … … … (3)
Now, the slopes of (1), (2) & (3) are

−𝐴⁄ , 𝐴 + √3 𝐵 𝐴 − √3 𝐵
𝐵 − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦.
𝐵 − √3 𝐴 𝐵 + √3 𝐴
Let 𝜃 be the angle between (1) & (2), then

−𝐴⁄ + 𝐴 + √3 𝐵
𝐵 𝐵 − √3 𝐴
tan 𝜃 =
𝐴 + √3 𝐵
1 + (−𝐴⁄𝐵 ){− }
𝐵 − √3 𝐴
−𝐴𝐵 + √3𝐴2 + 𝐴𝐵 + √3𝐵 2
=
𝐵 2 − √3𝐴𝐵 + 𝐴2 + √3𝐴𝐵
√3(𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 )
=
𝐴2 + 𝐵 2
= √3 = tan 60°
∴ 𝜃 = 60°
Again, let 𝜑 be the angle between (2) and (3), then
𝐴 + √3 𝐵 𝐴 − √3 𝐵
− +
𝐵 − √3 𝐴 𝐵 + √3 𝐴
tan 𝜑 = = √3 = tan 60°
𝐴 + √3 𝐵 𝐴 − √3 𝐵
1+− .
𝐵 − √3 𝐴 𝐵 + √3 𝐴
∴ 𝜑 = 60°
Therefore, the two angles are equal.
Hence the given equations form an equilateral triangle.

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 9
 Lecture#11 & 12

11. Show that all the pairs of lines 𝑎𝑥 2 +2ℎ𝑥𝑦 +𝑏𝑦 2 = 𝜆(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) for different values of 𝜆 have
the same bisectors.

Solution: Given equation,

𝑎𝑥 2 +2ℎ𝑥𝑦 +𝑏𝑦 2 = 𝜆(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
⇒ (𝑎 − 𝜆)𝑥 2 +2ℎ𝑥𝑦 +(𝑏 − 𝜆)𝑦 2 = 0 … … … … (1)
now, the equation of the bisectors of the angles between the given lines of (1)is,
𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑥𝑦
=
𝑎−𝜆−𝑏+𝜆 ℎ
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑥𝑦
⇒ =
𝑎−𝑏 ℎ
which does not depend on 𝜆.
Hence the pairs of lines𝑎𝑥 2 +2ℎ𝑥𝑦 +𝑏𝑦 2 = 𝜆(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) have the same bisectors for any value of
𝜆.

12. Show that the four lines given by the equations

(𝑦 − 𝑚𝑥)2 = 𝑐 2 (1 + 𝑚2 ), (𝑦 − 𝑛𝑥)2 = 𝑐 2 (1 + 𝑛2 )
form a rhombus.

Solution: Given equations,

(𝑦 − 𝑚𝑥)2 = 𝑐 2 (1 + 𝑚2 ) … … … … … (1)
𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑦 − 𝑛𝑥)2 = 𝑐 2 (1 + 𝑛2 ) … … … … … (2)
The equation (1) can be written as
𝑦 − 𝑚𝑥 = ±𝑐 √1 + 𝑚2
which dangles two parallel lines
𝑦 − 𝑚𝑥 = 𝑐 √1 + 𝑚2 … … … … (3)
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑚𝑥 = −𝑐 √1 + 𝑚2 … … … (4)
Similarly, the equation (2) represents two parallel lines
𝑦 − 𝑛𝑥 = 𝑐 √1 + 𝑛2 … … … … (5)
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑛𝑥 = −𝑐 √1 + 𝑛2 … … . … (6)
Now chose a point (0, 𝑐√1 + 𝑚2 ) on (3) which satisfies it then the perpendicular
distance between (3) and (4) is
𝑐√1 + 𝑚2 − 𝑚. 0 + 𝑐√1 + 𝑚2
√1 + 𝑚2

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 10
 Lecture#11 & 12

2𝑐√1 + 𝑚2
= = 2𝑐
√1 + 𝑚2

Similarly, the perpendicular between the lines (5) and (6) is 2𝑐.
Since the distance between two pair of parallel lines is same as 2𝑐.
So, the given four lines form a rhombus.

13. The vertices of a triangle lie on the lines 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃1 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃2 , 𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃3 the
circum centre being at the origin; prove that the locus of the orthocenter is the line
𝑥(sin 𝜃1 + sin 𝜃2 + sin 𝜃3 ) − 𝑦(cos 𝜃1 + cos 𝜃2 + cos 𝜃3 ) = 0

Solution: Given lines

𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃1 … … … … (1)
𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃2 … … … … (2)
𝑦 = 𝑥 tan 𝜃3 … … … … (3)

Let the vertices of triangle ABC be A (𝑥1 , 𝑥1 tan 𝜃1 ), B (𝑥2 , 𝑥2 tan 𝜃2 ) and C
(𝑥3 , 𝑥3 tan 𝜃3 ) which are on the lines (1), (2) and (3) respectively
Since the origin (o, o) is the circum centre.
OA=√𝑥1 2 + 𝑥1 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃1 = 𝑘 (Say)
⇒ 𝑥1 √1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃1 = 𝑘
⇒ 𝑥1 sec 𝜃1 = 𝑘
∴ 𝑥1 = 𝑘 cos 𝜃1
sin 𝜃1
∴ 𝑥 tan 𝜃1 = 𝑘 cos 𝜃1 . = 𝑘 sin 𝜃1
cos 𝜃1
Thus we have one vertex as A (𝑘 cos 𝜃1 , 𝑘 sin 𝜃1 ).
Similarly, we get B (𝑘 cos 𝜃2 , 𝑘 sin 𝜃2 ) and C (𝑘 cos 𝜃3 , 𝑘 sin 𝜃3 ).
∴ Co-ordinate of the cancroids G is
1 1
G {3 (𝑘 cos 𝜃1 + 𝑘 cos 𝜃2 + 𝑘 cos 𝜃3 ) , 3 (𝑘 sin 𝜃1 + 𝑘 sin 𝜃2 + 𝑘 sin 𝜃3 )}

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 11
 Lecture#11 & 12

𝑘 𝑘
= G { (cos 𝜃1 + cos 𝜃2 + cos 𝜃3 ) , (sin 𝜃1 + sin 𝜃2 + sin 𝜃3 )}
3 3
Now, the locus of the orthocenter G which passes through the circum centre
(o, o) is the line
𝑥−0 𝑦−0
=
𝑘 𝑘
0 − 3 (cos 𝜃1 + cos 𝜃2 + cos 𝜃3 ) 0 − 3 (sin 𝜃1 + sin 𝜃2 + sin 𝜃3 )
⇒ 𝑥(sin 𝜃1 + sin 𝜃2 + sin 𝜃3 ) = 𝑦(sin 𝜃1 + sin 𝜃2 + sin 𝜃3 )
∴ 𝑥(sin 𝜃1 + sin 𝜃2 + sin 𝜃3 ) − 𝑦(sin 𝜃1 + sin 𝜃2 + sin 𝜃3 ) = 0
(Proved).

14. The distance from the origin to the orthocenter of the triangle formed by the lines
𝑥⁄ + 𝑦⁄ = 1 and 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 is
𝛼 𝛽
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝛼𝛽√𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2
𝑎𝛼 2 − 2ℎ𝛼𝛽 + 𝑏𝛽 2

Solution: Given lines

𝑥⁄ + 𝑦⁄ = 1 … … … … . . (1)
𝛼 𝛽
2 2
And 𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 = 0 … … . . … (2)

Let the equation (2) represent two straight lines

y−𝑚1 𝑥=0………… (3)
And y−𝑚2 𝑥=0………… (4)
2ℎ 𝑎
Then 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = − and 𝑚1 𝑚2 = 𝑏
𝑏
Saving (1) and (3), we get
𝑥 𝑚1 𝑥
+ =1
𝛼 𝛽
⇒ 𝑥(𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼) = 𝛼𝛽
𝛼𝛽
⇒ 𝑥=
𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼
𝑚1 𝛼𝛽
and 𝑦=
𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼
𝛼𝛽 𝑚1 𝛼𝛽
∴B ( , )
𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼 𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 12
 Lecture#11 & 12

Now the perpendicular line OE to AB which passes through the origin is

𝑥 𝑦
− =0
𝛽 𝛼
𝑥 𝑦
⇒ =
𝛽 𝛼

𝛼
⇒ 𝑦= 𝑥
𝛽
∴ the equation of OE is
𝛼
𝑦 = 𝑥 … … … … … . . (5)
𝛽
Again, the perpendicular line BD to OA is
𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑘
𝛼𝛽 𝑚 𝛼𝛽
which passes through B (𝛽+𝑚 , 1 )
1 𝛼 𝛽+𝑚 𝛼
1
Then,
𝑚1 𝛼𝛽 𝛼𝛽
𝑚2 +𝑥 =𝑘
𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼 𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼
𝛼𝛽(1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 )
⇒ 𝑘=
𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼
∴ Equating of BD is
𝛼𝛽(1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 )
𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑥 = … … … … … (6)
𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼
Now, solving (5) and (6), we get
𝛼 𝛼𝛽(1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 )
𝑚2 𝑥 + 𝑥 =
𝛽 𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼
𝑚2 𝛼 𝛼𝛽(1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 )
⇒ 𝑥( + 1) =
𝛽 𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼
𝛼𝛽 2 (1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 )
⇒ 𝑥=
(𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼)(𝛽 + 𝑚2 𝛼)
From (5), we get
𝛼 2 𝛽 2 (1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 )
𝑦=
𝛽(𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼)(𝛽 + 𝑚2 𝛼)
𝛼 2 𝛽(1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 )
=
(𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼)(𝛽 + 𝑚2 𝛼)

∴ The co-ordinate of orthocenter is

𝛼𝛽 2 (1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 ) 𝛼 2 𝛽(1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 )
P{ , }
(𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼)(𝛽 + 𝑚2 𝛼) (𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼)(𝛽 + 𝑚2 𝛼)
Now, the distance from the origin to the orthocenter is

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 13
 Lecture#11 & 12

2 2
𝛼𝛽 2 (1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 ) 𝛼 2 𝛽(1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 )
OP = √{ } +{ }
(𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼)(𝛽 + 𝑚2 𝛼) (𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼)(𝛽 + 𝑚2 𝛼)

𝛼 2 𝛽 4 (1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 )2 𝛼 4 𝛽 2 (1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 )2
=√ +
(𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼)2 (𝛽 + 𝑚2 𝛼)2 (𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼)2 (𝛽 + 𝑚2 𝛼)2
𝛼𝛽√𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 (1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 )
=
(𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝛼)(𝛽 + 𝑚2 𝛼)
𝛼𝛽√𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 (1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 )
= 2
𝛽 + (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝛼𝛽 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝛼 2
𝛼𝛽√𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 (1 + 𝑎⁄𝑏)
=
2ℎ 𝑎
𝛽2 − 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛼 2
𝑏 𝑏
2
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝛼𝛽√𝛼 + 𝛽 2
= (Proved)
𝑎𝛼 2 − 2ℎ𝛼𝛽 + 𝑏𝛽 2

15. Prove that the equation

(𝑎 + 2ℎ + 𝑏)𝑥 2 − 2(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥𝑦 + (𝑎 − 2ℎ + 𝑏)𝑦 2 = 0
denoles a pair of straight line each inclined at an angle of 15° to one or other of the
lines given by
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0

Solution: let the equation

𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 … … … … … … (1)
Represent two straight lines
y−𝑚1 𝑥=0………… (2)
And y−𝑚2 𝑥=0………… (3)
2ℎ 𝑎
Then, 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 =− , 𝑚1 𝑚2 =𝑏
𝑏
Let 𝑦 = 𝑚′ 𝑥 make an angle 45° to the line (2),
𝑚1 − 𝑚′
∴ tan 45° =
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚′
𝑚1 − 𝑚′
⇒1=
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚′
⇒ 𝑚1 − 𝑚′ = 1 + 𝑚1 𝑚′
⇒ 𝑚′ (1 + 𝑚1 ) = 𝑚1 − 1
𝑚1 − 1
∴ 𝑚′ =
𝑚1 + 1

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 14
 Lecture#11 & 12

𝑚1 − 1
∴ 𝑦= 𝑥 … … … . . . (4)
𝑚1 + 1
Again, let 𝑦 = 𝑚′′ 𝑥 makes an angle 45° to the line (3),
𝑚2 − 𝑚′′
∴ tan 45° =
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚′′
𝑚2 − 𝑚′′
⇒1=
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚′′
⇒ 𝑚2 − 𝑚 = 1 + 𝑚2 𝑚′′
′′

⇒ 𝑚′′ (1 + 𝑚2 ) = 𝑚2 − 1
𝑚2 − 1
∴ 𝑚′′ =
𝑚2 + 1
𝑚2 − 1
∴ 𝑦= 𝑥 … . . … … . (5)
𝑚2 + 1
Combining (4) and (5), we get
𝑚1 − 1 𝑚2 − 1
(𝑦 − 𝑥) (𝑦 − 𝑥) = 0
𝑚1 + 1 𝑚2 + 1
𝑚1 − 1 𝑚2 − 1 𝑚1 − 1 𝑚2 − 1 2
⇒ 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 ( + )+ . .𝑥 = 0
𝑚1 + 1 𝑚2 + 1 𝑚1 + 1 𝑚2 + 1
𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 − 1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 − 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 − 1
⇒ 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦
(𝑚1 + 1)(𝑚2 + 1)
𝑚1 𝑚2 − 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 + 1 2
+ .𝑥 = 0
(𝑚1 + 1)(𝑚2 + 1)
2𝑚1 𝑚2 − 2 𝑚1 𝑚2 − (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) + 1 2
⇒ 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + .𝑥 = 0
𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 1 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 1
𝑎 𝑎 2ℎ
2 −2 + +1
⇒ 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑏 +𝑏 𝑏 . 𝑥2 = 0
𝑎 2ℎ 𝑎 2ℎ
− +1 − +1
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
2𝑎 − 2𝑏 𝑎 + 2ℎ + 𝑏 2
⇒ 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + .𝑥 = 0
𝑎 − 2ℎ + 𝑏 𝑎 − 2ℎ + 𝑏
∴ (𝑎 + 2ℎ + 𝑏)𝑥 2 − 2(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥𝑦 + (𝑎 − 2ℎ + 𝑏)𝑦 2 = 0 (Proved)

16. Show that the centroids of the triangle of which the three perpendiculars lie along the
lines
𝑦 − 𝑚1 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 − 𝑚2 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 − 𝑚3 𝑥 = 0
lie on
𝑦(3 + 𝑚2 𝑚3 + 𝑚3 𝑚1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 ) = 𝑥(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 + 3𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚3 )

Solution: The given lines

𝑦 − 𝑚1 𝑥 = 0 … … … … … (𝑎)

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 15
 Lecture#11 & 12

𝑦 − 𝑚2 𝑥 = 0 … … … … … (𝑏)
𝑦 − 𝑚3 𝑥 = 0 … … … . … . . (𝑐)
Let A (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) be any vertex.
Now, AB is perpendicular to 𝑦 − 𝑚3 𝑥 = 0. So, the equation of AB is
𝑚3 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑘,
which passes through A (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ).
∴ 𝑚3 𝑦1 + 𝑥1 = 𝑘
∴ 𝑘 = 𝑚3 𝑦1 + 𝑥1
∴ Equation of AB is
𝑚3 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑚3 𝑦1 + 𝑥1 … … … … . . (1)
Again, AC is perpendicular to 𝑦 − 𝑚2 𝑥 = 0. So, the equation of AC is
𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑘,
which passes through A (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ).
∴ 𝑚2 𝑦1 + 𝑥1 = 𝑘
∴ Equation of AC is
𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑚2 𝑦1 + 𝑥1 … … … … . . (2)
Solving (b) and (1), we get the co-ordinates of B.
Put (b) in (1), we get
𝑚3 𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑚3 𝑦1 + 𝑥1
⇒ 𝑥 + 𝑚3 . 𝑚2 𝑥 = 𝑚3 𝑦1 + 𝑥1
⇒ 𝑥(1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3 ) = 𝑚3 𝑦1 + 𝑥1
𝑚3 𝑦1 + 𝑥1
∴ 𝑥=
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3
𝑚2 𝑚3 𝑦1 + 𝑚2 𝑥1
∴ 𝑦=
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3
𝑚3 𝑦1 + 𝑥1 𝑚2 𝑚3 𝑦1 + 𝑚2 𝑥1
∴ B=( , )
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3 1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3
Solving (c) and (2), we get the co-ordinates of C.
Put (c) in (2), we get
𝑥 + 𝑚2 . 𝑚3 𝑥 = 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
⇒ 𝑥=
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3
𝑚2 𝑚3 𝑦1 + 𝑚3 𝑥1
∴ 𝑦=
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3
𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑦1 𝑚2 𝑚3 𝑦1 + 𝑚3 𝑥1
∴ C=( , )
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3 1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3
The point A (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) lies on 𝑦 = 𝑚1 𝑥.
∴ 𝑦1 = 𝑚1 𝑥1
′ ′
Let G (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) be the centroid of the triangle.
1 𝑥1 + 𝑚3 𝑦1 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑦1
∴ 𝑥 ′ = {𝑥1 + + }
3 1 + 𝑚 2 𝑚3 1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 16
 Lecture#11 & 12

And
1 𝑚2 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3 𝑦1 𝑚3 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3 𝑦1
∴ 𝑦 ′ = {𝑦1 + + }
3 1 + 𝑚2 𝑚 3 1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3
1 𝑥1 + 𝑚3 𝑚1 𝑥1 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 𝑥1
⇒ 𝑥 ′ = {𝑥1 + + }
3 1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3 1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3
And
1 𝑚2 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3 𝑚1 𝑥1 𝑚3 𝑥1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3 𝑚1 𝑥1
∴ 𝑦′ = {𝑚1 𝑥1 + + }
3 1 + 𝑚2 𝑚 3 1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3
𝑥1 1 + 𝑚1 𝑚3 1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
⇒ 𝑥 ′ = {1 + + }
3 1 + 𝑚 2 𝑚3 1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3
And
𝑥1 𝑚2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚3 𝑚3 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚3
∴ 𝑦′ = {𝑚1 + + }
3 1 + 𝑚2 𝑚 3 1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3

𝑥1 1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3 + 1 + 𝑚1 𝑚3 + 1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
⇒ 𝑥′ = { }
3 1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3
And
𝑥1 𝑚1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚3 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚3 + 𝑚3 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚3
∴ 𝑦′ = { }
3 1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3
𝑥 ′ 3 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑚2 𝑚3 + 𝑚1 𝑚3
⇒ ′=
𝑦 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 + 3𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚3
′ (3
⇒ 𝑦 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑚2 𝑚3 + 𝑚1 𝑚3 ) = 𝑥 ′ (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 + 3𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚3 )
∴ The locus of G (𝑥 ′ , 𝑦 ′ ) is
𝑦(3 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑚2 𝑚3 + 𝑚1 𝑚3 ) = 𝑥(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + 𝑚3 + 3𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑚3 ) (Proved)

17. Show that the equation

1
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = {(𝑎 + 𝑏)sin2 𝜃 + (ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏)2 sin 2𝜃} (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
represents two straight lines having the same bisectors as
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0
and making equal angles 𝜃 with them respectively.

Solution: Given that

1
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = {(𝑎 + 𝑏)sin2 𝜃 + (ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏)2 sin 2𝜃} (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) … … … . (1)
1
Let 𝑐 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)sin2 𝜃 + (ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏)2 sin 2𝜃
Then equation (1) becomes
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 𝑐(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 17
 Lecture#11 & 12

⇒ (𝑎 − 𝑐)𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + (𝑏 − 𝑐)𝑦 2 = 0

The bisectors of the equation is

𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑥𝑦
= 2
(𝑎 − 𝑐) − (𝑏 − 𝑐) ℎ
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑥𝑦
⇒ = 2
𝑎−𝑏 ℎ

which is same as the bisectors of

𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0
Hence the equation (1) represents two straight lines having the same bisector as
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 (Proved)

18. Show that the equation

(𝑎𝑏 − ℎ2 )(𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦) + 𝑎𝑓 2 + 𝑏𝑔2 − 2𝑓𝑔ℎ = 0
Represents a pair of straight lines; and these straight lines form a rhombus with the
lines
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0
Provided that
(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑓𝑔 + ℎ(𝑓 2 − 𝑔2 )0

Solution: Given that

(𝑎𝑏 − ℎ2 )(𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦) + 𝑎𝑓 2 + 𝑏𝑔2 − 2𝑓𝑔ℎ = 0
2 2
𝑎𝑓 2 + 𝑏𝑔2 − 2𝑓𝑔ℎ
⇒ 𝑎𝑥 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + =0
𝑎𝑏 − ℎ2
⇒ 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 … … … … … . (1)
𝑎𝑓2 +𝑏𝑔2 −2𝑓𝑔ℎ
Where 𝑐=
𝑎𝑏−ℎ2
∴ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐ℎ = 𝑎𝑓 2 + 𝑏𝑔2 − 2𝑓𝑔ℎ … … … … … . (2)
2

If (1) represents a pair of straight lines, then we get

∆= 0
∴ 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2 − 𝑐ℎ2 = 0
Now, L. H. S = 𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2 − 𝑐ℎ2
= (𝑎𝑏𝑐 − 𝑐ℎ2 ) + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2
= 𝑎𝑓 2 + 𝑏𝑔2 − 2𝑓𝑔ℎ + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2
=0
(Proved).

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 18
 Lecture#11 & 12

Problem 19. Find the area of the triangle formed by the lines
𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0
and 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0

Solution: Given equations

𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 0 … … … … . . (1)
and 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 … … … … … . . (2)
let the equation (1) represent two straight lines
y−𝑚1 𝑥=0………… (3)
And y−𝑚2 𝑥=0………… (4)
2ℎ 𝑎
Then 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 = − and 𝑚1 𝑚2 = 𝑏
𝑏
From (3) and (4), it is clear that one of the vertices of the triangle is at (0, 0).
Solving (2) and (3), we get
𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑚1 𝑥 + 𝑛 = 0
𝑛
⇒ 𝑥=−
𝑙 + 𝑚𝑚1
𝑚1 𝑛
∴ 𝑦=−
𝑙 + 𝑚𝑚1
𝑛 1 𝑚 𝑛
Thus we have a vertex as A (− 𝑙+𝑚𝑚 , − 𝑙+𝑚𝑚 )
1 1
2 𝑛 𝑚 𝑛
Similarly, solving (2) and (4), we get another vertex as B (− 𝑙+𝑚𝑚 , − 𝑙+𝑚𝑚 )
2 2
Hence the area of the triangle is
0 0 1
𝑛 𝑚1 𝑛
1| − − 1|
𝑙 + 𝑚𝑚1 𝑙 + 𝑚𝑚1
2| 𝑛 𝑚2 𝑛 |
− − 1
𝑙 + 𝑚𝑚2 𝑙 + 𝑚𝑚2
2
1 𝑚2 𝑛 𝑚1 𝑛2
= [ − ]
2 (𝑙 + 𝑚𝑚1 )(𝑙 + 𝑚𝑚1 ) (𝑙 + 𝑚𝑚1 )(𝑙 + 𝑚𝑚1 )
𝑛2 𝑚2 − 𝑚1
= [ ]
2 (𝑙 + 𝑚𝑚1 )(𝑙 + 𝑚𝑚1 )
𝑛2 √(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )2 − 4𝑚1 𝑚2
= [2 ]
2 𝑙 + 𝑙𝑚(𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) + 𝑚2 𝑚1 𝑚2
2
𝑛 2√4ℎ2 − 4𝑎
𝑏 𝑏
=
2 𝑙 2 − 2ℎ𝑙𝑚 + 𝑚2 . 𝑎
[ 𝑏 𝑏]
𝑛2 √4ℎ2 − 4𝑎𝑏
= [ 2 ]
2 𝑏𝑙 − 2ℎ𝑙𝑚 + 𝑎𝑚2

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 19
 Lecture#11 & 12

√ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏
= 𝑛2 (Proved)
𝑏𝑙 2 − 2ℎ𝑙𝑚 + 𝑎𝑚2

20. If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 represent two parallel straight lines ,

𝑔
then show that 𝑎⁄ℎ = ℎ⁄𝑏 = ⁄𝑓 and find the distance between them.

Solution: since the equation

𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 … … … … … . . (1)
Represent two parallel straight lines, then we get
𝑎 ℎ 𝑔
|ℎ 𝑏 𝑓 | = 0 … … … … (2)
𝑔 𝑓 𝑐

𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑏 = ℎ2 … … … … … … (3)
From (3), we get
𝑎⁄ = ℎ⁄
ℎ 𝑏
From (2), we get
𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2 − 𝑐ℎ2 = 0
⇒ 𝑐(𝑎𝑏 − ℎ2 ) + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2 = 0
⇒ 𝑎𝑓 2 − 2𝑓𝑔ℎ + 𝑏𝑔2 = 0

⇒ 𝑎𝑓 2 − 2𝑓𝑔√𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏𝑔2 = 0

⇒ (√𝑎 𝑓 − √𝑏 𝑔)2 = 0

⇒ √𝑎 𝑓 − √𝑏 𝑔 = 0

⇒ √𝑎 𝑓 = √𝑏 𝑔

√𝑎 𝑔
⇒ =
√𝑏 𝑓
𝑎 𝑎 𝑔
⇒ = =
√𝑎𝑏 ℎ 𝑓
𝑎 𝑔
⇒ =
ℎ 𝑓

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 20
 Lecture#11 & 12

𝑎 ℎ 𝑔
⇒ = =
ℎ 𝑏 𝑓
(Proved).
Second part: let the equation (1) represent two parallel straight lines
𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛1 = 0
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛2 = 0
Then the distance between them is given by
𝑛2 − 𝑛1
𝑃=
√𝑙 2 + 𝑚2
Now,
(𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛1 )(𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛2 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐
Equating the co-efficient of terms of line powers,
𝑙 2 = 𝑎, 𝑚2 = 𝑏, 𝑛1 𝑛2 = 𝑐, 2𝑙𝑚 = 2ℎ, 𝑙(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 ) = 2𝑔, 𝑚(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 ) = 2𝑓
2
)2 √4𝑔2 − 4𝑐
√(𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 4𝑛1 𝑛2 𝑙 √𝑔2 − 4𝑎𝑐
∴𝑃= = = 2 (Ans)
√𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 √𝑎 + 𝑏 √𝑎(𝑎 + 𝑏)

21. The lines represented by 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 the equidistant

from the origin, then prove that
𝑓 4 − 𝑔4 = 𝑐(𝑏𝑓 2 − 𝑎𝑔2 ) and ℎ(𝑔2 − 𝑓 2 ) = 𝑓𝑔(𝑎 − 𝑏).

Solution: let the equation

𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 … … … … . . (1)
Represent two straight lines
𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 + 𝑛1 = 0 … … … … … (2)
and 𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑛2 = 0 … … … … … (3)
Then (𝑙1 𝑥 + 𝑚1 𝑦 + 𝑛1 )(𝑙2 𝑥 + 𝑚2 𝑦 + 𝑛2 ) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑥𝑦 + 𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥 + 2𝑓𝑦 + 𝑐
Equating the co-efficient of like powers terms from both sides, we get
𝑙1 𝑙2 = 𝑎, 𝑚1 𝑚2 = 𝑏, 𝑛1 𝑛2 = 𝑐, 𝑙1 𝑚2 + 𝑙2 𝑚1 = 2ℎ, 𝑙1 𝑛2 + 𝑙2 𝑛1 = 2𝑔, 𝑚1 𝑛2 + 𝑚2 𝑛1
= 2𝑓
According to the condition,

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 21
 Lecture#11 & 12

𝑛1 𝑛2
=±
√𝑙1 2 + 𝑚1 2 √𝑙2 2 + 𝑚2 2
⇒ 𝑛1 2 (𝑙2 2 + 𝑚2 2 ) = 𝑛2 2 (𝑙1 2 + 𝑚1 2 )
2
⇒ 𝑛1 2 𝑙2 2 + 𝑛1 2 𝑚2 = 𝑛2 2 𝑙1 2 + 𝑛2 2 𝑚1 2
2
⇒ 𝑛1 2 𝑙2 2 − 𝑛2 2 𝑙1 2 = 𝑛2 2 𝑚1 2 − 𝑛1 2 𝑚2
⇒ (𝑙1 𝑛2 + 𝑙2 𝑛1 ) (𝑙1 𝑛2 − 𝑙2 𝑛1 ) = (𝑚2 𝑛1 + 𝑚1 𝑛2 )(𝑚2 𝑛1 − 𝑚1 𝑛2 )
⇒ (𝑙1 𝑛2 + 𝑙2 𝑛1 ) √(𝑙1 𝑛2 + 𝑙2 𝑛1 )2 − 4𝑙1 𝑙2 𝑛1 𝑛2
= (𝑚2 𝑛1 + 𝑚1 𝑛2 )√(𝑚2 𝑛1 + 𝑚1 𝑛2 )2 − 4𝑚1 𝑚2 𝑛1 𝑛2
⇒ 2𝑔√4𝑔2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 2𝑓√4𝑓 2 − 4𝑏𝑐
⇒ 𝑔√𝑔2 − 𝑎𝑐 = 𝑓√𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑐
∴ 𝑓 4 − 𝑔4 = 𝑐(𝑏𝑓 2 − 𝑎𝑔2 )
Second part:
𝑓 4 − 𝑔4 = 𝑐(𝑏𝑓 2 − 𝑎𝑔2 )
Since the equation (1) represents the pair of straight lines, then
𝑎𝑏𝑐 + 2𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑎𝑓 2 − 𝑏𝑔2 − 𝑐ℎ2 = 0
⇒ 𝑐(𝑎𝑏 − ℎ2 ) = 𝑎𝑓 2 + 𝑏𝑔2 − 2𝑓𝑔ℎ
𝑎𝑓 2 + 𝑏𝑔2 − 2𝑓𝑔ℎ
∴ 𝑐=
𝑎𝑏 − ℎ2
∴ (𝑓 − 𝑔 )(𝑎𝑏 − ℎ ) = (𝑎𝑓 2 + 𝑏𝑔2 − 2𝑓𝑔ℎ)(𝑏𝑓 2 − 𝑎𝑔2 )
4 4 2

⇒ 𝑎𝑏𝑔4 − 𝑔4 ℎ2 − 𝑎𝑏𝑓 4 + 𝑓 4 ℎ2 = 𝑎2 𝑓 2 𝑔2 + 𝑎𝑏𝑔4 − 2𝑎𝑓𝑔3 ℎ − 𝑎𝑏𝑓 4 − 𝑏 2 𝑓 2 𝑔2 + 2𝑏𝑓𝑔3 ℎ

⇒ 𝑔2 (𝑎2 𝑓 2 − 2𝑎𝑓𝑔ℎ − 𝑔2 ℎ2 ) = 𝑓 2 (𝑏 2 𝑔2 − 2𝑏𝑓𝑔ℎ + 𝑓 2 ℎ2 )
⇒ 𝑔2 (𝑎𝑓 − 𝑔ℎ)2 = 𝑓 2 (𝑏𝑔 − 𝑓ℎ)2
⇒ 𝑔(𝑎𝑓 − 𝑔ℎ) = 𝑓(𝑏𝑔 − 𝑓ℎ)
⇒ ℎ(𝑔 − 𝑓 2 ) = 𝑓𝑔(𝑎 − 𝑏)
2 (𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑)

22. Show that the triangle formed by the lines

(𝑎2 − 3𝑏 2 )𝑥 2 + 8𝑎𝑏𝑥𝑦 + (𝑏 2 − 3𝑎2 )𝑦 2 = 0
and 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
is equilateral and find the area of the triangle.

Solution: Given that

(𝑎2 − 3𝑏 2 )𝑥 2 + 8𝑎𝑏𝑥𝑦 + (𝑏 2 − 3𝑎2 )𝑦 2 = 0
{(𝑎 − √3 𝑏)𝑥 + (𝑏 + √3 𝑎)𝑦}{(𝑎 + √3 𝑏)𝑥 + (𝑏 − √3 𝑎)𝑦} = 0

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 22
 Lecture#11 & 12

∴ (𝑎 − √3 𝑏)𝑥 + (𝑏 + √3 𝑎)𝑦 … … … … (1)

(𝑎 + √3 𝑏)𝑥 + (𝑏 − √3 𝑎)𝑦 … … … … (2)
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0 … … … … … (3)
√3 𝑏−𝑎
Slope of (1), 𝑚1 =
√3 𝑎+𝑏
√3 𝑏+𝑎
Slope of (2), 𝑚2 =
√3 𝑎−𝑏
𝑎
Slope of (3), 𝑚3 = −𝑏
Now, let 𝜃 be the angle between (1) and (3).
𝑚1 − 𝑚3
∴ tan 𝜃 = ±
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚3
√3 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑎
+
√3 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏
= ±
√3 𝑏 − 𝑎 𝑎
1− .
√3 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏
√3 𝑏 2 − 𝑎𝑏 + √3 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏
= ±
𝑏(√3 𝑎 + 𝑏) − 𝑎(√3 𝑏 − 𝑎)
√3( 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
= ±
√3 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 − √3 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑎2
√3( 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
= ±
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
= √3 = tan 60°
∴ 𝜃 = 60°
Again, let 𝜃 be the angle between (2) and (3),
𝑚2 − 𝑚3
∴ tan 𝜃 = ±
1 + 𝑚2 𝑚3
√3 𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑎
+
√3 𝑎−𝑏 𝑏
= ±
√3 𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑎
1− .
√3 𝑎 − 𝑏 𝑏
√3 𝑏 2 + 𝑎𝑏 + √3 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏
= ±
𝑏(√3 𝑎 + 𝑏) − 𝑎(√3 𝑏 − 𝑎)
√3( 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
= ±
√3 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑏 2 − √3 𝑎𝑏 − 𝑎2
√3( 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
= ±
−(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
= √3 = tan 60°
∴ 𝜃 = 60°
Since in a triangle two angles are same i.e., 60°. Then the other one must be 60°.
Thus, the triangle is equilateral. (Proved).

Second Part: Perpendicular distance from origin to

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 23
 Lecture#11 & 12

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
Is
𝑐
AM =
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
now, in triangle ABM,
AM
sin 60° =
AB
√3 AM
⇒ =
2 AB
2. AM 2𝑐
⇒ AB = =
√3 √3(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
But AB=BC [∴ the triangle is equlateral].
2𝑐
∴ BC =
√3(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
Hence the area of the triangle is
1 1 2𝑐 𝑐
× BC × AM = × ×
2 2 √3(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑐2 1
=× . (Proved).
√3 𝑎2 + 𝑏2

23. Show that the straight lines joining the origin to the point of intersection of the two
curves
𝑎𝑥 2 +2ℎ𝑥𝑦 +𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥=0
And 𝑎′ 𝑥 2 +2ℎ′ 𝑥𝑦+𝑏 ′ 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔′ 𝑥=0
Will be at right angles to one another if 𝑔(𝑎′ + 𝑏 ′ ) = 𝑔′ (𝑎 + 𝑏)

Solution: Given that

𝑎𝑥 2 +2ℎ𝑥𝑦 +𝑏𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑥=0…………… (1)
And 𝑎′ 𝑥 2 +2ℎ′ 𝑥𝑦+𝑏 ′ 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔′ 𝑥=0…………… (2)
Making homogeneous (1) with the help of (2),
Multiplying (1) by 𝑔′ and (2) by 𝑔, we get,
𝑎𝑔′ 𝑥 2 +2ℎ𝑔′ 𝑥𝑦 +𝑏𝑔′ 𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑔′ 𝑥=0………….. (3)
𝑎′ 𝑔𝑥 2 +2ℎ′ 𝑔𝑥𝑦+𝑏 ′ 𝑔𝑦 2 + 2𝑔𝑔′ 𝑥=0…………… (4)
Subtracting, we get

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 24
 Lecture#11 & 12

(𝑎𝑔′ − 𝑎′ 𝑔)𝑥 2 + 2ℎ(𝑔′ − 𝑔)𝑥𝑦 + (𝑏𝑔′ − 𝑏 ′ 𝑔)𝑦 2 = 0 … … … … . (5)

This equation passes through the origin and the point of intersection of the curves.
The pair of lines (5) will be at right angles, if
(𝑎𝑔′ − 𝑎′ 𝑔) + (𝑏𝑔′ − 𝑏 ′ 𝑔) = 0
⇒ 𝑎𝑔′ + 𝑏𝑔′ = 𝑎′ 𝑔 + 𝑏 ′ 𝑔
⇒ 𝑔′ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑔(𝑎′ + 𝑏 ′ ) (Proved).

24. Prove that the pair of lines joining the origin to the points of intersection of the curve
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ 𝒃𝟐 = 𝟏 by the line 𝒍𝒙 + 𝒎𝒚 + 𝒏 = 𝟎 are co-incident if 𝒂𝟐 𝒍𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒎𝟐 = 𝒏𝟐 .
𝒂𝟐

Solution: Given that,

𝑥2 𝑦2
+ = 1 … … … … (1)
𝑎2 𝑏 2
And 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑛 = 0 … … … . (2)
Making homogeneous (1) by (2), we get,
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑙𝑥 + 𝑚𝑦 2
2
+ 2=( )
𝑎 𝑏 −𝑛
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑙2 𝑚2 𝑙𝑚
⇒ 𝑎 2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑛2 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2 𝑛2 𝑥𝑦
𝑛2
1 𝑙2 𝑙𝑚 1 𝑚2
⇒ (𝑎2 − 𝑛2 ) 𝑥 2 − 2 𝑛2 𝑥𝑦 + (𝑏2 − ) 𝑦 2 = 0 … … … . . (3)
𝑛2

The equation (3) represents a pair of straight lines passing through the origin. The lines
will be co-incident if
1 𝑙2 1 𝑚2 −𝑙𝑚
( 2 − 2 ) ( 2 − 2 ) = ( 2 )2
𝑎 𝑛 𝑏 𝑛 𝑛
1 𝑚2 𝑙2 𝑚2 𝑙 2 𝑚2 𝑙 2
⇒ 𝑎 2 𝑏 2 − 𝑎 2 𝑛2 − 𝑏 2 𝑛2 + =
𝑛4 𝑛4
1 𝑚2 𝑙2
⇒ 𝑎 2 𝑏 2 = 𝑎 2 𝑛2 + 𝑏 2 𝑛2
⇒ 𝑛2 = 𝑏 2 𝑚 2 + 𝑎 2 𝑙 2
⇒ 𝑎2 𝑙 2 + 𝑏 2 𝑚2 = 𝑛2 (Proved).

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 25
 Lecture#11 & 12

25. Prove that the straight lines joining the origin to the point of intersection of the
straight line 𝒌𝒙 + 𝒉𝒚 = 𝟐𝒉𝒌 with the circle (𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 are at right
angles if
𝒉𝟐 + 𝒌𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 .
Solution: Given that,
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑐 2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2ℎ𝑥 − 2𝑘𝑦 + (ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 𝑐 2 ) = 0 … … … … . . (1)
And 𝑘𝑥 + ℎ𝑦 = 2ℎ𝑘 … … … … … . (2)
Making homogeneous (1) by (2), we get
𝑘𝑥+ℎ𝑦 𝑘𝑥+ℎ𝑦 2
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2(ℎ𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦) ( ) + (ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 𝑐 2 ) ( ) =0
2ℎ𝑘 2ℎ𝑘
1 1
⇒ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − ℎ𝑘 {ℎ𝑘𝑥 2 + (ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 )𝑥𝑦 + ℎ𝑘𝑦 2 } + 4ℎ2 𝑘 2
(ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 𝑐 2 )(𝑘 2 𝑥 2 + 2ℎ𝑘𝑥𝑦 + ℎ2 𝑦 2 ) = 0
1 1 ℎ2 +𝑘 2
⇒ [1 − 1 + (ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 𝑐 2 ) 4ℎ2 ] 𝑥 2 + {2ℎ𝑘 (ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 𝑐 2 ) − } 𝑥𝑦
ℎ𝑘
1
+ [1 − 1 + (ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 𝑐 2 )
] 𝑦 2 = 0 … … … … … (3)
4𝑘 2
The equation (3) represents two straight lines passing through the origin. So, the lines will
be at right angles if
1 1
2
(ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 𝑐 2 ) + 2 (ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 𝑐 2 ) = 0
4ℎ 4𝑘
1 1
⇒ (ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 − 𝑐 2 ) (4ℎ2 + 4𝑘 2 ) = 0

⇒ ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 = 𝑐 2 (Proved).

Md. Amanat Ullah Numerical Analysis & Coordinate Geometry -(MATH 462)
Assistant Professor, Dept. of CSE
Uttara University 26