Introduction

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Computer
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Networking: A Top-
Thanks and enjoy! JFK/KWR
Down Approach
All material copyright 1996-2020 8th edition
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved
Jim Kurose, Keith Ross
Pearson, 2020
Introduction: 1-1
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

 hosts: clients and servers

 servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical regional
ISP

media: home network content

provider
 wired, wireless network datacenter
network

communication links
enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-22
A closer look at Internet
structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

 hosts: clients and servers

 servers often in data centers

Access networks, physical local or

regional
media: ISP
home network content
 wired, wireless communication provider
links network datacenter
network

Network core:
 interconnected routers enterprise
network
 network of networks
Introduction: 1-23
Access networks and physical
media mobile network

Q: How to connect end national or global ISP

systems to edge router?

 residential access nets
 institutional access networks (school,
company) local or
regional
 mobile access networks (WiFi, 4G/5G) ISP
home network content
provider
What to look for: network datacenter
network
 transmission rate (bits per second) of access
network?
 shared or dedicated access among users? enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-24
 Fiber to the Home
ONT

Internet optical
fibers

ONT
optical
fiber
OLT
optical
central office splitter

ONT

 Optical links from central office to the home

 leading optical technology:
 Passive Optical network (PON)
 Much higher Internet rates; fiber also carries television and phone
services
 Access networks: data center networks
mobile network
§ high-bandwidth links (10s to 100s national or global ISP
Gbps) connect hundreds to thousands
of servers together, and to Internet

local or
regional
ISP
home network content
provider
network datacenter
network

Courtesy: Massachusetts Green High Performance enterprise

Computing Center (mghpcc.org) network

Introduction: 1-26
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing (FDM): different channels

transmitted in different frequency bands
Introduction: 1-27
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend

cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS termination system
data, TV transmitted at different
frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

 HFC: hybrid fiber coax

• asymmetric: up to 40 Mbps – 1.2 Gbs downstream transmission rate
30-100 Mbps upstream transmission rate
 network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
• homes share access network to cable headend
Introduction: 1-28
Ejemplo de Topología
Access networks: digital subscriber line (DSL)

central office telephone

network
G.fast (212 MHz), providing up
DSL splitter to 2 Gb/s ≤ 400 m
modem DSLAM
MGFAST (424 MHz/848 MHz)
up to 10 Gb/s over twisted pairs
voice, data transmitted ISP (plain telephone wiring, CAT 5/6
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer wiring) ≤ 100 m

 use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
 24-52 Mbps dedicated downstream transmission rate
 3.5-16 Mbps dedicated upstream transmission rate
Introduction: 1-30
Access networks: home networks

wireless
devices

to/from headend
or central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

WiFi wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54, 450 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)
Introduction: 1-31
Wireless access networks
Shared wireless access network connects end system to router
 via base station aka “access point”

Wireless local area networks Wide-area cellular access

(WLANs) networks
 typically within or around  provided by mobile, cellular
building (~100 ft) network operator (10’s km)
 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, 450  10’s Mbps
Mbps transmission rate  4G cellular networks (5G coming)

to Internet to Internet

Introduction: 1-32
Access networks: Mobile networks
Source: Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach 8th Edition, Curt White,
2015
Access networks: enterprise networks

Enterprise link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet institutional mail,
switch web servers

 companies, universities, etc.

 mix of wired, wireless link technologies, connecting a mix
of switches and routers (we’ll cover differences shortly)
 Ethernet: wired access at 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
 WiFi: wireless access points at 11, 54, 450 Mbps
Introduction: 1-35
Links: physical media
 bit: propagates between Twisted pair (TP)
transmitter/receiver pairs
 two insulated copper wires
 physical link: what lies
• Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps
between transmitter & Ethernet
receiver • Category 6: 10Gbps Ethernet
 guided media:
• signals propagate in
solid media: copper,
fiber, coax
 unguided media:
• signals propagate
freely, e.g., radio
Introduction: 1-36
Links: physical media
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
 two concentric copper  glass fiber carrying light pulses,
conductors each pulse a bit
 high-speed operation:
 bidirectional
• high-speed point-to-point
 broadband: transmission (10’s-100’s
• multiple frequency channels Gbps)
on cable  low error rate:
• 100’s Mbps per channel
• repeaters spaced far apart
• immune to electromagnetic
noise

Introduction: 1-37
Las arterias submarinas de
Internet

Imagen propiedad diario El Tiempo,

13 Enero 2013. Uso educativo.
Links: physical media
Wireless radio Radio link types:
 signal carried in  terrestrial microwave
electromagnetic • up to 45 Mbps channels
spectrum  Wireless LAN (WiFi)
 no physical “wire” • Up to 100’s Mbps
 broadcast and “half-  wide-area (e.g., cellular)
duplex” (sender to receiver) • 4G cellular: ~ 10’s Mbps
 propagation environment  satellite
effects: • up to 45 Mbps per
channel
• reflection
• 270 msec end-end delay
• obstruction by objects • geosynchronous versus
• interference low-earth-orbit
Introduction: 1-39
The network core
mobile network
 mesh of interconnected national or global ISP
routers
 packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets local or
regional
• forward packets from one ISP

router to the next, across home network content

provider
links on path from source to network datacenter
network
destination
• each packet transmitted at
full link capacity enterprise
network

Introduction: 1-40
Network Backbone (core)

Ra bit/s Rb bit/s

Number of hops
Queueing
Delay
Reordering
 Packet-switching: store-and-forward

L bits
per packet
321
source destination
R bps R bps

 Transmission delay: takes L/R seconds to

transmit (push out) L-bit packet into link at One-hop numerical
R bps example:
Store and forward: entire packet must arrive  L = 10 kbits
at router before it can be transmitted on next  R = 100 Mbit/s
link  one-hop transmission
End-end delay: 2L/R (above), assuming zero delay = 0.1 msec
propagation delay (more on delay shortly)
Introduction: 1-42
Serialization delay (Rec. ITU-T G.114)
 «Serialization delay of a packet is the time it takes to clock every bit of a packet onto
the line.»

Figura tomada de la Rec.G114 con

carácter educativo.
 Packetsize [ bit ]
t serialization [ s ]=
Linespeed [ bit / s]

Figura tomada de la Rec. ITU-T G114 con carácter educativo.

 Two key network-core functions
routing
algorithm Routing:
 global action:
Forwarding: local forwarding table
determine source-
header value output link
 local action: 0100 3 destination paths
move arriving 0101
0111
2
2
taken by packets
packets from 1001 1
 routing algorithms
router’s input
link to
appropriate 1
router output 3 2
link 011
1

destination address in arriving

packet’s header
Introduction: 1-45
routing

Introduction: 1-46
 forwarding
forwarding

Introduction: 1-47
Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing
100 Mbit/s
Ethernet C
A statistical multiplexing

5 Mbit/s
B
queue of packets
waiting for output
link

D E

Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, bandwidth shared on
demand: statistical multiplexing.
1-48
Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C

D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for
transmission over
output link
Queueing occurs when work arrives faster than it can be serviced:

Introduction: 1-49
Dynamic Resource Sharing
«Thee principles and advantages of timesharing were key
to my realization that resource sharing of
communication links in networks could provide for
efficcient data communications, much like the resource
sharing of processors in timeshared systems was
accomplishing». AN EARLY HISTORY OF THE
INTERNET. Leonard Kleinrock, IEEE
Communications Magazine, August 2010.
 Packet-switching: queueing delay, loss

R = 100 Mb/s
A C

D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for output
link

Packet queuing and loss: if arrival rate (in bps) to link exceeds
transmission rate (bps) of link for a period of time:
 packets will queue, waiting to be transmitted on output link
 packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) in router fills up

Introduction: 1-51