Week 4
Week 4
1. Question
Which of the following statements are correct?
1.1. Answers:
1.2. Solution
Few observations:
• Every row in matrix AB is a linear combination of the rows of matrix B.
• Every column in matrix AB is a linear combination of the columns of matrix A.
• Row rank of a matrix is equal to its column rank.
p q w x pw + qy px + qz
Let A = and B = . AB = . Notice that the first row is
r s y z rw + sy rx + sz
p(w, x) + q(y, z) and the second row is r(w, x) + s(y, z). The first column is w(p, r) + y(q, s) and the
second column is x(p, r) + z(q, s).
From the above observations, we can see that the rows of AB is contained in the row space of B and the
columns of AB is contained in the columns of A. Therefore, Rank(AB) ⩽ Rank(A).
Row Rank(AB) ⩽ Row Rank(B). Since row rank of a matrix is equal to its column rank, we can say that
Rank(AB) ⩽ Rank(B). Therefore, option 2 and option 3 are correct.
2. Question
Match the vector spaces (with the usual scalar multiplication and vector addition as in M 3×3 (R) in column
A with their bases in column B and the dimensions of the vector spaces in column C in
Table : M2W4GA1.
2.1. Answers :
2.2. Solution
Option 3 is correct and option 1 is incorrect.
x y z
V= 0 z x | x + 2y = z and x, y, z ∈ R
y 0 0
x y x + 2y
V= 0 x + 2y x | x, y, z ∈ R
y 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 2
V= x 0 1 1 +y 0 2 0 | x, y, z ∈ R
0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 1 2
V = span 0 1 1 , 0 2 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
Option 5 is correct and option 2 is incorrect.
V = { A|A ∈ M3×3 (R). A is a symmetric matrix.
x y z
V= y p q | x, y, z, p, q, r ∈ R
z q r
x 0 0 0 y 0 0 0 z 0 0 0
V= 0 0 0 + y 0 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 p 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 z 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
+ 0 0 q + 0 0 0 | x , y , z, p , q , r ∈ R
0 q 0 0 0 r
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
V= x 0 0 0 +y 1 0 0 +z 0 0 0 +p 0 1 0 +
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
q 0 0 1 +r 0 0 0 | x, y, z, p, q, r ∈ R
0 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
V = span 0 0 0 , 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ,
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 , 0 0 1 , 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
x y z
V= 0 p q | x, y, z, p, q, r ∈ R
0 0 r
x 0 0 0 y 0 0 0 z 0 0 0
V= 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 + 0 p 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
+ 0 0 q + 0 0 0 | x, y, z, p, q, r ∈ R
0 0 0 0 0 r
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
V= x 0 0 0 +y 0 0 0 +z 0 0 0 +p 0 1 0 +
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
q 0 0 1 +r 0 0 0 | x, y, z, p, q, r ∈ R
0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
V = span 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 , 0 0 1 , 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
3. Question
Find the dimension of the vector space
3.1. Answer : 1
3.2. Solution
Every vector in V is a solution for x + y + z = 0 and z = 0. The matrix form Ax = b for these two equations
is given below.
x
1 1 1 0
A= , x= y , b=
0 0 1 0
z
Let us augment A and B.
1 1 1 0
(A|b) =
0 0 1 0
The reduced row echelon form of (A|b) can be obtained by subtracting the second row from the first row:
1 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
We can see that there is one independent variable ⟹ z. On solving the above equations, we get
x = -y and z = 0
-y -1
The solution vector is of the form y ⟹ y · 1 .
0 0
-1
1 is a basis vector for the vector space V. Hence, the dimension of the vector space V is 1.
0
The intersection of the planes x + y + z = 0 and z = 0 will be a straight line, which also suggests that the
dimension of V will be 1.
4. Question
Find the rank of the matrix 𝐴, where A = [a ij ] is of order 2021 × 2021 and
aij = min{ i, j}, i, j = 1, 2, … 2021. [Hint: First do it for smaller matrices, such as 3 × 3 or 4 × 4.]
4.1. Answer : 2021
4.2. Solution
It is given that every ij th element will be min{ i, j }, where i refers to the row number and j refers to the
column number .Let us look at a 4 × 4 matrix as an example.
1 1 1 1
1 2 2 2
P=
1 2 3 3
1 2 3 4
Let us apply elementary row operations on P.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 2 2 R2-R1 0 1 1 1 R3-R1 0 1 1 1 R4-R1 0 1 1 1
1 2 3 3 ⏪⏪⏪ ⏫ 1 2 3 3 ⏪⏪⏪ ⏫ 0 1 2 2 ⏪⏪⏪ ⏫ 0 1 2 2
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
R3-R2 0 1 1 1 R4-R2 0 1 1 1 R4-R3 0 1 1 1
⏪⏪⏪ ⏫ 0 0 1 1 ⏪⏪⏪ ⏫ 0 0 1 1 ⏪⏪⏪ ⏫ 0 0 1 1
0 1 2 3 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 1
The above matrix is an upper triangular matrix. It is in row echelon form. The product of the diagonals of an
upper triangular matrix is the determinant of that matrix. Therefore, the determinant of the above matrix is 1.
The only row operation performed above was:- add the multiple of a row to another row. This operation
does not change the determinant of the original matrix. therefore det(P) = 1.
If we take the matrix given in the question and convert it into its row echelon form using elementary row
operations, we will once again get an upper triangular matrix with all the non-zero entries as 1. Therefore,
the determinant of the matrix given in the question is 1. If the determinant of a square matrix of order n × n
is not equal to zero, then the rank of that matrix is n.
5. Question
Consider a subspace W = {(x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , x 5 )| 8x 1 + 2x 5 = 0 and 4x 2 + 5x 4 = 0 } of R 5 .The dimension
of
W is
5.1. Answer : 3
5.2. Solution
Every vector in W is a solution for 8x 1 + 2x 5 = 0 and 4x 2 + 5x 4 = 0. The matrix form Ax = b for these two
equations is given below.
x1
x2
8 0 0 0 2 0
A= , x = x3 , b =
0 4 0 5 0 0
x4
x5
Let us augment A and b.
8 0 0 0 2 0
(A|b) =
0 4 0 5 0 0
Let us apply row operations of (A|b).
R1 R2
8 0 0 0 2 0 8 1 0 0 0 0.25 0 4 1 0 0 0 0.25 0
0 4 0 5 0 0 ⏪⏪ ⏫ 0 4 0 5 0 0 ⏪⏪ ⏫ 0 1 0 1.25 0 0
The above matrix is in reduced row echelon form. We can see that there are three independent variables
⟹ x3 , x4 , x5 . From the matrix above, we get the following equations.
x1 + 0.25x5 = 0 ⟹ x1 = - 0.25x5
x2 + 1.25x4 = 0 ⟹ x2 = - 1.25x4
-0.25x5 0 0 -0.25
-1.25x4 0 -1.25 0
The solution vector is of the form x3 ⟹ x3 · 1 + x4 · 0 + x 5 · 0 .
x4 0 1 0
x5 0 0 1
We can see that the basis set for the subspace W will have 3 vectors. Therefore, the dimension of W is 3.
6. Question
2 -4 1 1
Consider a matrix A = 1 -3 1 -4 . The rank of the matrix is
3 -7 2 3
6.1. Answer : 3
6.2. Solution
Let us apply elementary row operations on matrix A.
2 -4 1 1 2 -4 1 1 2 -4 1 1 1 -3 1 -4
R3-R1 R3-R2 R1 ⇄ R2
1 -3 1 -4 ⏪⏪⏪ ⏫ 1 -3 1 -4 ⏪⏪⏪ ⏫ 1 -3 1 -4 ⏪⏪⏪⏫ 2 -4 1 1
3 -7 2 3 1 -3 1 2 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 6
R3
1 -3 1 -4 R2 1 -3 1 -4 1 -3 1 -4
6 2 R2-R1
⏫ 2 -4 1 1 ⏪⏪
⏪⏪ ⏫ 1 -2 1 / 2 1 / 2 ⏪⏪⏪ ⏫ 0 1 -1 / 2 9 / 2
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
The above matrix is in row echelon form. We can see that there are three columns with leading entries. So
the basis set of the column space of matrix A will have 3 vectors. Therefore, the rank matrix A in 3.
7. Question
-1 -6 6 -1 -10 -8
Consider two matrices A = -10 4 2 and B = -6 4 7 . Then Rank(A) - Rank(B) is
-8 7 -4 6 2 -4
7.1. Answer : 0
7.2. Solution
Let us apply row operations on matrix A.
-1 -6 6 1 6 -6 1 6 -6 1 6 -6
(-1)·R1 R2+10·R1 R3+8R1
-10 4 2 ⏪⏪⏪ ⏫ -10 4 2 ⏪⏪⏪⏪ ⏫ 0 64 -58 ⏪⏪⏪⏫ 0 64 -58
-8 7 -4 -8 7 -4 -8 7 -4 0 55 -52
55
1 6 -6 R2 -64
R3-
64
R2
0 64 -58 1 6 -6 136
R3 1 6 -6
64
⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫ 55 × 58 ⏫ 0 1 -58 / 64 ⏪⏪⏪⏫ 0 1 -58 / 64
⏪⏪
0 0 -52 + 0 0 -138 / 64 0 0 1
64
The above matrix is in row echelon form. There are three columns with leading entries. Therefore,
Rank(A) = 3
58
1 10 8 R2 64
R3+
64
R2
0 64 63 1 10 8 326
R3 1 10 8
64
⏪⏪⏪⏪⏫ 63 × 58 ⏪⏪ ⏫ 0 1 63 / 64 ⏪⏪⏪⏫ 0 1 63 / 64
0 0 -52 + 0 0 326 / 64 0 0 1
64
The above matrix is in row echelon form. There are three columns with leading entries. Therefore,
Rank(B) = 3
Rank(A) - Rank(B) ⟹ 3 - 3 ⟹ 0
8. Question
If V is the subspace spanned by these two vectors (−1, 0, 1) and (2, 1, −1) in R 3 , then how many of the
-5 5 5
following vectors will be in V? (1, 1, 0), (5, 2, −3), (8, 5, −4), (−3, 0, 3), , , , (-2, 3, 3).
6 6 6
8.1. Answer : 3
8.2. Solution
Let us check if (−1, 0, 1) and (2, 1, −1) are linearly independent or not.
2q - p = 0 (1)
q=0 (2)
p-q = 0 (3)
From (2), we can see that q = 0. Substitute q = 0 in (3) to get p = 0. p = 0 and q = 0 is the only solution
for p · (-1, 0, 1) + q · (2, 1, -1) = (0, 0, 0). Therefore, (−1, 0, 1) and (2, 1, −1) are linearly independent.
Let us have five matrices A, B, C, D, E and F. The first two rows of these six matrices will have (−1, 0, 1)
and (2, 1, −1) respectively. The last row of A will have (1, 1, 0), the last row of B will have (5, 2, −3), the last
-5 5 5
row of C will have (8, 5, −4), the last row of D will have (−3, 0, 3), the last row of E will have , ,
6 6 6
and the last row of F will have (-2, 3, 3).
-1 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 1
A= 2 1 -1 , B = 2 1 -1 , C = 2 1 -1 ,
1 1 0 5 2 -3 8 5 -4
-1 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 1
D= 2 1 -1 , E = 2 1 -1 , F = 2 1 -1
-3 0 3 - ( 5 / 6) ( 5 / 6) ( 5 / 6) -2 3 3
The rows of a matrix are linearly independent if the determinant of that matrix is not zero. From the above
table, we can see that the rows of matrix A, B and matrix D are not linearly independent. Remember, the
first two rows are linearly independent. From this we can infer that (1, 1, 0),(5, 2, −3) and (−3, 0, 3) can be
expressed as a linear combination of (−1, 0, 1) and (2, 1, −1). Therefore, (1, 1, 0), (5, 2, −3) and (−3, 0, 3)
belong to V.
The other three vectors do not belong to V as they are linearly independent of (−1, 0, 1) and (2, 1, −1).
9. Question
Find the value of c for which the vector (15, 26, c) will be in the spanning set of the vectors (1, 0, 1) and
(0, 1, −1) in R 3 with usual addition and scalar multiplication.
9.1. Answer : -11
9.2. Solution
1 0 1
Let rows of matrix A have the vectors given in the question. A = 0 1 -1 . If det(A) is equal to zero,
15 26 c
then the rows of matrix A are not linearly independent. This would mean that every row in matix A can be
expressed as a linear combination of the remaining rows.
det(A) = 0
c + 11 = 0
c = -11
10. Question
Consider the subspace V = {(x, y, x)|z = 7x + 2y, where x, y, z ∈ R } of R 3 and span({(p, 0, 1), (0, q, 1)})
1
= V. Find the value of .
pq
10.1. Answer : 14
10.2. Solution
If V = span({(p, 0, 1), (0, q, 1)}), then (p, 0, 1) and (0, q, 1) will satisfy z = 7x + 2y.
z = 7x + 2y ⟹ 1 = 7(p) + 2(0) ⟹ 1 = 7p ⟹ p = 1 / 7
z = 7x + 2y ⟹ 1 = 7(0) + 2(q) ⟹ 1 = 2q ⟹ q = 1 / 2
1 1 1
⟹ ⟹ ⟹ 14
pq 1 1 1
7 2 14
11. Question
Suppose V is a vector space defined as V = { A ∣ A ∈ M 4×4 (R), A is an upper triangular matrix, and the
sum of the diagonal entries is zero }. What is the cardinality of a basis of V?
11.1. Answer : 9
11.2. Solution
a1 a2 a3 a4
0 a5 a6 a7
Every vector in V will be of the form , where a i ∈ R, for all i in { 1, 2, ⋯ , 10 }.
0 0 a8 a9
0 0 0 a10
a1 a2 a3 a4 a1 a2 a3 a4
0 a5 a6 a7 0 a5 a6 a7
⟹
0 0 a8 a9 0 0 a8 a9
0 0 0 a10 0 0 0 -a1 - a5 - a8
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
a1 · + a2 · + a3 · + a4 + a5 ·
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a6 · + a7 · + a8 · + a9 ·
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0
Every vector in V is a linear combination of the nine vectors above. Therefore, the nine vectors above will
form the basis set for vector space V.
12. Question
U is the vector space of all upper triangular matrices of order 3. V is the vector space of all lower triangular
matrices of order 3. The dimensions of the vector spaces U, V, U ∩ V are a, b, c respectively. Find
a + b + c. The usual rules of addition and scalar multiplication apply for all three spaces.
12.1. Answer : 15
12.2. Solution
Every vector in U is a linear combination of the matrices below. The set below forms the basis for U.
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 1 0 , 0 0 1 , 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Every vector in V is a linear combination of the matrices below. The set below forms the basis for V.
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 1 0 , 0 0 1 , 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
The dimension of both the vector spaces U and V is 6. Therefore, a = 6 and b = 6.
The intersection of U and V will be the set of all diagonal matrices. This set is also a vector space.
Every vector in U ∩ V is a linear combination of the matrices below. The set below forms the basis for
U ∩ V.
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 , 0 1 0 , 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
The dimension of U ∩ V is 3. Therefore, c = 3.
a + b + c ⟹ 6 + 6 + 3 ⟹ 15