Project RECALL

Project proponents:
MA. LORESA C. SORIANO, MT I
JESSICA G. FONTAMILLAS, TII

Conceptualized and designed by: Contributors:

MAT C. GAYTANO, MTII JANICE G. CATAJAY, TII
MENDY G. NADAL, TII
Project Consultants: GLEME G. ALEJO, TII
ERWIN M. MARQUEZ, PIV CHRISTINE ANN BERNADETTE M. SIXON, TII
LILIBETH T. ATWEL, SHHTII AGELIO, S. DELA VEGA, TI
 INTRODUCTION

PILIPINAS: Balik-Tanaw" is a book that offers a detailed overview of the various

regions of the Philippines. It includes comprehensive maps and regional data, providing
insights into the geography, culture, and socio-economic aspects of each region. This
book serves as a valuable resource for understanding the diversity and structure of the
Philippine archipelago, often used in educational settings to promote awareness of the
country's regional identities and historical context.

The rationale behind "PILIPINAS: Balik-Tanaw" lies in its aim to promote a deeper
understanding of the country's geographical and cultural diversity. By offering detailed
maps and regional information, the book serves as an educational tool to help students,
researchers, and citizens appreciate the distinct characteristics of each region. It
emphasizes the importance of regional history, socio-economic data, and the role of
geography in shaping the identity and development of the Philippines, fostering national
pride and awareness of local heritage.

The purpose of the "PILIPINAS: Balik-Tanaw" compilation is to provide a

comprehensive resource that highlights the geographical, cultural, and historical diversity
of the Philippines. It aims to serve as an educational tool, promoting awareness and
appreciation of the distinct characteristics of each region. By showcasing maps and
regional data, it facilitates learning about local heritage, regional development, and socio-
economic factors, helping readers understand the broader context of the nation's identity
and regional dynamics.

This compilation aims to:

1. Promote Regional Awareness: Provide detailed information about the regions of the
Philippines, highlighting their unique geographical, cultural, and socio-economic
attributes.
2. Educational Tool: Serve as a resource for students, educators, and researchers to
better understand the history and development of each region.
3. Foster National Identity: Encourage appreciation of the Philippines’ diversity,
fostering national pride and unity.
4. Support Local Governance and Planning: Provide valuable data
that can assist in regional development and governance decisions.
 NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION

Popularly referred to as Metro Manila, the National Capital Region, abbreviated NCR,
is the seat of government and one of the three defined metropolitan areas in the country.
Metro Manila is the economic heart of the Philippines. It houses the headquarters of many
national and international corporations, making it the country’s financial and business center.
Area: 619.7 km² (239.26 mi²)
Languages: Filipino, English
Barangays: 1,710

Town Land Area Population

Caloocan 53 1,661,600
Las Piñas 32 606,300
Makati 27 629,700
Malabon 16 380,600
Mandaluyong 11 425,800
Manila 43 1,846,600
Marikina 23 456,100
Muntinlupa 42 543,500
Navotas 12 247,600
Parañaque 47 690,000
Pasay 19 440,700
Pasig 31 803,200
Pateros 2 65,300
Quezon City 165 2,960,100
San Juan 6 126,400
Taguig 45 886,800
Valenzuela 46 715,000
Total 620 13,485,300

Major Industries:
Crops (Palay, Corn, Banana, Mango, Coffee, Coconut), Food Processing,
Mass Transportation Operation, Tourism, Machinery, Textiles and Garments, Handicrafts and
Furniture

1
 REGION I - ILOCOS REGION

1. Ilocos Norte - Laog City

2. Ilocos Sur - Vigan City
3. La Union - San Fernando City
4. Pangasinan - Lingayen
Ilocos is a region in the Philippines, encompassing the northwestern coast of Luzon island.
It’s known for its historic sites, beaches, and the well-preserved Spanish colonial city of Vigan.
Dating from the 16th century, Vigan’s Mestizo district is characterized by cobblestone streets and
mansions with wrought-iron balconies. Further north, Laoag City is a jumping-off point for the La
Paz Sand Dunes. The regional center of Ilocos Region is the city of San Fernando in La
Union.Ilocos is a region in the Philippines, encompassing the northwestern coast pf Luzon Island.
It is known for its historic sites, beaches, and the well-preserveds Spanish colonial city of Vigan.
Area: 13,012.60 km2
Languages: Ilokano, Pangasinan, Bolinao, English, Filipino
Major Industries:
Cops (Palay, corn, banana, mango, tomato, Tobacco, Coconut)
Food processing
Mass Transportation Operation
Aqua Culture
Mining
Town Land Area Population
Ilocos Norte 3,467.89 609,600
Ilocos Sur 2,596.00 706,100
La Union 1,497.70 822,400
Pangasinan 5,451.01 3,163,200
Total 13,012.60 5,301,300

2
 REGION II – CAGAYAN VALLEY

Situated in the northeast part of Luzon, Cagayan Valley is an administrative region composed
of five provinces and four cities. The region is blessed with stunning natural landscapes, including
mountains, rivers, valleys, and coastlines. The Sierra Madre Mountain range runs along the eastern
part of the region, offering hiking and adventure opportunities. The Cagayan River, one of the longest
in the Philippines, flows through the area. The regional center of the Cagayan Valley is Tuguegarao
City in Cagayan.

Area: 28,228.83 km² (10,899.21 mi²)

Languages: Ilocano; Ibanag; Ivatan; Itawis; Gaddang; Yogad; Isinay; Ilongot; Filipino; English
Provinces:
Town Land Area Population
Batanes 219.01 18,900
Cagayan 9,295.75 1,268,700
Isabela 12,414.93 1,697,100
Quirino 2,323.47 203,900
Nueva Vizcaya 3,975.67 497,500

Barangays: 2,311
Major Industries
Crop (Palay, Corn, Sugarcane, Tomato, Peanut, Coffee, Coconut, Sweet Potato)
Mining
Milling
Machineries
Food Processing

3
 REGION III – CENTRAL LUZON

Designated as Region III, Central Luzon is an administrative region located in the island of
Luzon. It is composed of seven provinces with seven cities, two of which are independent cities. The
region is often called the “Rice Granary of the Philippines” because of its extensive rice fields and
production. The regional center of Central Luzon Region is the City of San Fernando in Pampanga.

Area: 22,014.6 km² (8499.88 mi²)

Languages: Kapampangan; Pangasinan; Sambal; Ilocano; Filipino; English
Provinces:
Town Land Area Population
Aurora 3,147.32 235,800
Bataan 1,372.98 853,400
Bulacan 2,796.10 3,708,900
Nueva Ecija 5,751.33 2,310,200
Pampanga 2,062.47 2,437,800
Tarlac 3,053.60 1,503,500
Zambales 3,830.83 649,700
Total 22,014.6 11,699,300
Barangays: 3,102
Major Industries
• Crops (Palay, Corn, Banana, Mango, Tomato, Tobacco, Coconut)
• Food Processing
• Mass Transportation Operation
• Aqua Culture
• Mining

4
 REGION IVA – CALABARSON

Designated as Region IV-A, the term CALABARZON came from the acronym of the five provinces
within its scope: Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon. The region is formally referred to as
Southern Tagalog Mainland. The region is known for its industrial and manufacturing sectors, producing
a wide range of goods, including electronics, automotive parts, and processed food products. It plays a
crucial role in the country’s export industry. The regional center of CALABARZON is Calamba City in
Laguna.
Area: 16,873.31 km² (6,541.82 mi²)
Languages: Tagalog; Filipino; English
Provinces:
Town Land Area Population
Batangas 3,119.75 2,908,500
Cavite 1,574.17 4,344,900
Laguna 1,917.85 3,382,200
Quezon 9,069.6 1,950,500
Rizal 1,191.94 3,330,200
Total 16,873.31 15,916,300

Barangays: 3,471
Major Industries
• Crops (Palay, Corn, Banana, Jackfruit, Coconut, Pineapple)
• Food Processing
• Mining
• Aqua Culture
• Minerals (Gold, Silver, Chromite)

5
 REGION V – BICOL REGION

Located in the southern part of Luzon Island is Bicol Region, also known simply as Bicol.
It is composed of six provinces; four of which are within the Bicol Peninsula mainland while two
are offshore. Bicol is renowned for its breathtaking natural landscapes. It is home to the world-
famous Mayon Volcano, known for its near-perfect cone shape, located in Albay. The region also
boasts pristine beaches, lush forests, serene lakes, and picturesque waterfalls. The regional
center of Bicol Region is Legazpi City in Albay.

Area: 18,155.82 km² (7,010 mi²)

Languages: Central Bikol; Albayanon; Rinconada; Sorsoganon; Catanduanes; Masbateño;
Kinaray-a; Waray-Waray; Tagalog; Filipino; English
Provinces:
Town Land Area Population
Albay 2,575.77 1,374,800
Camarines Norte 2,320.07 629,700
Camarines Sur 5,497.03 2,068,300
Catanduanes 1,492.2 271,900
Masbate 4,151.8 909,000
Sorsogon 2,119.0 828,700
Total 18,155.82 6,082,400
Barangays: 3,471
• Major Industries
• Crops (Palay, Corn, Banana, Jackfruit, Coconut, Pineapple)
• Food Processing
• Mining
• Aqua Culture
• Minerals (Gold, Silver, Chromite)
6
 REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS

The most populous region in Visayas, Western Visayas consists of six provinces with Iloilo
City as the regional center. Boracay Island in Aklan, known for its powdery white sand beaches, is
one of the most famous tourist destinations in the Philippines. Western Visayas is known for its
vibrant festivals. The Ati-Atihan Festival in Kalibo, Aklan, and the Dinagyang Festival in Iloilo City
are celebrated with colorful street dances and processions.

Area: 20,794 km² (8,028 mi²)

Languages: Hiligaynon; Aklanon/Malaynon; Capiznon; Kinaray-a; Filipino; English
Provinces:
Town Land Area Population
Aklan 1,821.42 615,500
Antique 2,729.17 613,000
Capiz 2,594.64 805,000
Guimaras 604.57 187,900
Iloilo 5,079.17 2,051,900
Negros Occidental 7,965.21 2,623,200
Total 20,794.18 6,896,500
Barangays: 4,051
Major Industries
• Crops (Palay, Corn, Banana, Coconut, Sugarcane, Sweet Potato)
• Food Processing
• Tourism
• Milling
• Aqua Culture
• Minerals (Gold, Silver, Copper, Manganese)

7
 REGION VII – CENTRAL VISAYAS

Numerically designated as Region VII, Central Visayas consists of four provinces and
three highly urbanized cities. Cebu City, the largest city in the region, is the regional center.
Central Visayas boasts a diverse range of natural landscapes, from white sand beaches and
clear blue waters to lush forests. The Chocolate Hills in Bohol and the beaches in Moalboal,
Cebu, are iconic examples.

Area: 15,885.97 km² (6133.6 mi²)

Languages: Cebuano; Boholano; Porohanon; Bantayanon; Filipino; English
Provinces:
Town Land Area Population
Bohol 4,820.95 1,394,400
Cebu 5,342.0 3,325,400
Negros Oriental 5,385.53 1,433,000
Siquijor 337.49 103,400
Total 15,885.97 6,256,200
Barangays: 3,003
Major Industries
• Crops (Palay, Corn, Banana, Coconut, Sugarcane, Sweet Potato)
• Food Processing
• Tourism
• Milling
• Aqua Culture
• Minerals (Gold, Silver, Copper, Manganese)

8
 REGION VIII – EASTERN VISAYAS

An administrative region in the Philippines, Eastern Visayas consists of three main

islands, six provinces, one independent city, and one highly urbanized city. Eastern Visayas offers
a mix of natural beauty, historical significance, and cultural heritage. It’s an ideal destination for
travelers seeking adventure, history, and the chance to explore some of the Philippines’ less-
visited but equally captivating provinces. The regional center of Eastern Visayas is Tacloban City
in Leyte.

Area: 23,251 km² (8,977.3 mi²)

Languages: Waray-Waray; Cebuano; Abaknon; Baybayanon; Kinabalian; Filipino; English
Provinces:

Town Land Area Population

Biliran 536.01 179,400
Eastern Samar 4,660.47 477,200
Leyte 6,515.05 1,776,900
Northern Samar 3,692.93 639,200
Samar 6,048.0 793,200
Southern Leyte 1,798.61 429,600
Total 23,251.10 4,295,500

Barangays: 4,390
Major Industries
• Crops (Palay, Corn, Coconut, Jackfruit, Sweet Potato)
• Aqua Culture
• Energy Related
• Mining
• Minerals (Chromite)

9
• Minerals (Gold, Silver, Copper, Manganese)
 REGION IX – ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA

Zamboanga Peninsula is an administrative region in the Philippines. It is numerically

designated as Region IX and consists of three provinces and two cities. Zamboanga City serves
as a regional center for commerce and trade. The city of Dapitan in Zamboanga del Norte is a
historical site related to Dr. Jose Rizal, the Philippine National Hero. The regional center of
Zamboanga Peninsula is the City of Pagadian in Zamboanga del Sur.

Area: 17,056.73 km² (6,685.64 mi²)

Languages: Chavacano; Cebuano; Tausug; Subanon; Yakan; Sama; Filipino; English; Malay
Provinces:

Town Land Area Population

Zamboanga del Norte 7,301.0 1,047,500
Zamboanga del Sur 5,914.2 1,050,700
Zamboanga Sibugay 3,841.53 669,900
Total 17,056.73 2,768,100

Barangays: 1,904
Major Industries
• Crops (Palay, Corn, Banana, Coconut, Coffee)
• Food Processing
• Mining
• Milling
• Mass Transportation Operation
• Minerals – Chromite

10
 REGION X – NORTHERN MINDANAO

Region X, also referred to as Northern Mindanao region, is comprised of five provinces,

two highly urbanized cities, and an island-province. Cagayan de Oro is the designated regional
center. Whether you’re looking for adventure tourism, cultural experiences, or simply a taste of
the Philippines’ agricultural abundance, this region has much to offer.
Area: 20,496.02 km² (7,913.5 mi²)
Languages: Cebuano; Maranao; Subanen; Higaonon; Bukid; Kamigin; Ilianen; Matigsalug;
Iranun; Western Bukidnon; Hiligaynon; Waray
Provinces:
Town Land Area Population
Bukidnon 10,498.59 1,541,400
Camiguin 237.95 92,900
Lanao del Norte 4,160 723,000
Misamis Occidental 2,055.22 617,400
Misamis Oriental 3,544.3 956,900
Total 20,496.02 3,931,600

Barangays: 2,022
Major Industries
• Crops (Palay, Corn, Banana, Coconut, Coffee)
• Food Processing
• Mining
• Milling
• Mass Transportation Operation
• Minerals (Chromite)

11
 REGION XI – DAVAO REGION

Designated in the southeastern portion of Mindanao, Davao Region is composed of five

provinces, one highly urbanized city, and five component cities. The highest mountain in the
Philippines, Mount Apo in Davao Region is a popular destination for mountaineers and nature
enthusiasts. Davao City, the regional center of the region, is an important economic center, with
a growing information technology and business process outsourcing (BPO) industry.

Area: 20,357 km² (7,859 mi²)

Languages: Cebuano; Mandaya; Kalagan; Giangan; Dibabawon; Tagabawa; Mansaka;
Sangirese; Obo; Sarangani; Hiligaynon; Japanese; Hokkien; English
Provinces:
Town Land Area Population
Davao de Oro 4,479.77 767,600
Davao del Norte 3,426.97 1,125,100
Davao del Sur 4,607.59 680,500
Davao Occidental 2,163.45 317,200
Davao Oriental 5,679.64 576,400
Total 20,357.42 3,466,800

Barangays: 1,162
Major Industries
• Crops (Palay, corn, sugarcane, banana, coconut, durian, pineapple)
• Aqua Culture
• Food Processing
• Mining
• Livestock/poultry
• Tourism
• Forest Products
• Minerals (Gold, Copper, Silver, Chromite)
12
 REGION XII – SOCCSKSARGEN

Caraga is an administrative region located in the northeastern section of Mindanao. It is

composed of five provinces and six cities with the City of Butuan as the regional administrative
center. Famous for its surf spots like Cloud 9, Siargao in Caraga offers pristine beaches, lagoons,
and a laid-back island vibe.

Area: 21,478.35 km² (8,292 mi²)

Languages: Cebuano; Surigaonon/Tandaganon; Butuanon; Kamayo; Manobo; other minority
languages
Provinces:
Town Land Area Population
Cotabato 9,184.9 1,490,700
Sarangani 3,601.25 559,000
South Cotabato 4,428.81 975,500
Sultan Kudarat 5,298.34 854,100
Total 22,337.30 3,879,300

Barangays: 1,195
Major Industries
• Crops (Palay, corn, banana, coconut, durian)
• Energy related
• Forest Products
• Milling

13
 REGION XIII – CARAGA

Caraga is an administrative region located in the northeastern section of Mindanao. It is

composed of five provinces and six cities with the City of Butuan as the regional administrative
center. Famous for its surf spots like Cloud 9, Siargao in Caraga offers pristine beaches, lagoons,
and a laid-back island vibe.

Area: 21,478.35 km² (8,292 mi²)

Languages: Cebuano; Surigaonon/Tandaganon; Butuanon; Kamayo; Manobo; other minority
languages
Provinces:

Town Land Area Population

Agusan del Norte 3,546.86 387,600
Agusan del Sur 9,989.52 739,400
Dinagat Islands 1,036.34 128,200
Surigao del Norte 1,972.93 534,700
Surigao del Sur 4,932.70 642,300
Total 21,478.35 2,432,200

Barangays: 1,311
Major Industries
• Crops (Palay, corn, banana, coconut, abaca, soybeans, coffee)
• Aqua Culture
• Forest Products
• Mining
• Handicrafts and Furnitures
• Minerals (Gold, silver, copper, nickel, chromite)

14
 CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE
REGION

Cordillera Administrative Region, abbreviated CAR, the only landlocked region in the
country. It is located on the island of Luzon and is primarily mountainous. It is bordered by the
Ilocos Region to west and southwest, and Cagayan Valley to the north, east, and southeast. The
Banaue Rice Terraces is a popular destination in the region. These ancient rice terraces are often
called the “Eighth Wonder of the World” and are a testament to the ingenuity of the Ifugao people.
The regional center of the Cordillera Administrative Region is Baguio City in Benguet.

Area: 19,422.03 km² (7,498.88 mi²)

Languages: Ilocano; Bontoc; Filipino; English
Provinces:

Town Land Area Population

Abra 4,413.35 251,000
Apayao 4,165.25 124,400
Benguet 2,826.59 460,700
Ifugao 2,628.21 207,500
Kalinga 3,231.25 229,600
Mountain Province 2,157.38 158,200
Total 19,422.03 1,431,400

Barangays: 1,177
Major Industries
• Crops (Palay, Corn, Banana, Mango, Tomato, Tobacco,
Coconut)
• Minerals (Gold, Silver, Copper)
• Mining
• Textiles and Garments
• Handicrafts and Furniture
15
 MIMAROPA REGION

MIMAROPA, also known as Region IV-B, is one of the two regions in the country without
land border with another region, derived its name from the acronym of the five provinces it is
composed of: Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, and Palawan.
Located in this region is the Puerto Princesa Underground River, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
and one of the New Seven Wonders of Nature. This underground river is famous for its limestone
karst formations and diverse ecosystem. The regional center of MIMAROPA is the City of
Calapan in Oriental Mindoro.
Area: 29,621.90 km² (11,436.69 mi²)
Languages: Tagalog; Romblomanon; Bantoanon or Asi; Onhan; Cuyonon; Hiligaynon; Filipino;
English

Town Land Area Population

Provinces:
Marinduque 952.58 239,300
Occidental Mindoro 5,865.70 525,400
Oriental Mindoro 4,238.40 908,400
Palawan 17,031.72 939,600
Romblon 1,533.50 309,000
Total 29,620.90 2,921,700

Barangays: 1,460
Major Industries
• Crops (Palay, Corn, Mango, Banana, Coffee, Sweet Potato,
Pineapple)
• Food Processing
• Mining and Quarrying
• Natural Gas
• Handicraft and Furniture
• Aqua Culture
• Tourism
• Minerals (Gold, Silver, Copper, Nickel)
16
 BARMM REGION

Bangsamoro – Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, or simply BARMM, is an

autonomous region in country that is predominantly consists of five Muslim provinces namely
Basilan, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao del Norte, Maguindanao del Sur, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi. The
creation of BARMM was a significant development in the peace process between the Philippine
government and various Moro rebel groups, including the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF).
The region was established to provide the Moro people, who are predominantly Muslim, with
greater autonomy and self-governance in their ancestral homeland in Mindanao. The regional
center of BARMM is Cotabato City in Maguindanao del Norte.

Town Land Area Population

Area: 12,711.79 km² (4,908 mi²)
Basilan 1,103.50 426,300
Lanao del Sur 3,872.89 1,195,600
Languages: Tagalog; Arabic; English; Maranao; Cebuano; Yakan; Tausug; Sama; Iranun;
Maguindanao del Norte 3,653.64 926,100
Chavacano; Tiruray; Maguindanaon; Sabah Malay
Maguindanao del Sur 4,973.48 741,220
Sulu 1,600.40 1,000,200
Provinces:
Tawi-Tawi 1,087.40 440,300
Provinces:
Total 16,291.31 4,729,720

Barangays: 2,590

17
 MGA
BAYANI
NG
PILIPINAS
 Si Apolinario Mabini, ang “Dakilang Lumpo”, ay isang
bayaning may napakalaking kontribusyon sa proseso ng pagtungo
ng Pilipinas sa kasarinlan kahit na siya pa ay isang lumpo. Bilang
isang abogado, si Mabini ay nagtataglay ng kaalamang
pangstratehiya at pambatas na makatutulong sa pagpaplano ng
mga rebolusyonaryo. Siya ang nagsilbing tagapayo ng rebolusyon
sa legal at konstitusyong aspeto nito. Si Apolinario Mabini rin ang
kauna-unahang punong ministrong Pilipino sa pagkakagawa ng
unang republika ng Pilipinas.
Bilang anak ng maralitang pamilya, naging paralisa ang mga
paa ni Mabini dahil sa sakit na polio. Naging kaagapay man ni
Aguinaldo ay nagpasya itong tumulong sa rebolusyon ng Pilipino sa
Philippine-American War, kung kaya’t ipinatapon siya sa Guam.
Ibinalik siya sa Pilipinas noong 1903, at pagkatapos ng dalawang
buwan ay namatay dahil sa cholera.
Si Mabini ay may dalawang akda na may napakalaking
kontribusyon sa Pilipinas noon:
• El Verdadero Decalogo
• Programa Constitucional dela Republica Filipina
Ang dalawang akdang ito’y ginamit na basehan ng Malolos
Constitution.

18
 Si Emilio Aguinaldo ay ay isa sa mga lider ng himagsikan ng grupong
grupong Katipunan, at isang tenyente ni Andres Bonifacio. Tumulong si Emilio
Aguinaldo upang makamit ang kalayaan ng Pilipinas laban sa mga kastila,
daan sa kanyang pagiging unang presidente ng Pilipinas sa ilalim ng
konstitusyon ng Malolos.
Sa utos ni Aguinaldo na pagpatay kay Bonifacio ay siya ang humalili
bilang pinuno ng rebolusyong grupo. Nakipagdigmaan ang Pilipinas at ang
Amerika para sa kalayaan ng Pilipinas ngunit napakaraming dugo lamang
ang dumanak na wala paring bakas ng pagkapanalo. Sa pagkatalo’y sumuko
si Aguinaldo at namuno na limitado ang kapangyarihan dahil sa mga
Amerikano.
Kahit na si Emilio ay nakatulong sa pagpapatalsik ng Espanya,
napakaraming debate at argumento kung tunay nga bang bayani si
Aguinaldo. Ang mga ito’y ilan sa mga katotohanang pinaninindigan ng mga
mananaliksik kung bakit ka-kwestyon kwestyon ang pagkabayani ni
Aguinaldo:
• Traydor. Sa halip na tulungan si Bonifacio ay nagtaguyod ito ng sariling
pamahalaan sa katipunan, dahilan kung bakit nahati sa dalawa ang
katipunan;
• Mamamatay tao. Inutos niya ang pagkamatay ni Bonifacio dahil
sa isang akusasyon. Sa kanyang mga maliliit na gawai’y
napatalsik niya rin si Bonifacio sa pagkapresidente.
• Binenta niya ang Pilipinas. Sinuko niya ang Pilipinas at
nagpatalsik sa Hong Kong, kasama ang tumatagingting na
$800,000.
• Sarili muna bago bansa. Sinuko niya ang Pilipinas sa mga
hapon.

19
 Si Emilio Jacinto, na mas kilala bilang ang “Utak ng
Katipunan”, ay isa sa mga bayani ng Pilipinas na ginamit ang papel
at pluma bilang sandata sa halip na baril at itak. Napakatalino ni
Emilio kung kaya’t napakataas ng respeto nina Bonifacio. Naihalal
siya bilang kalihim ng kataas-taasang sanggunian sa Katipunan sa
edad na dalawampung taong gulang lamang.
Nagsulat para sa Kalayaan, ang opisyal na dyaryo ng
Katipunan. Napakaepektibo niya bilang isang manunulat na sa
unang labas ng dyaryo’y nakapag-engganyo ito ng libo libong
kasapi. Inilagay niya sa alyas na Pingkian ang kilusan at siya nama’y
si Dimasilaw. Nang namatay si Bonifacio’y tumiwalag siya sa
katipunang si Aguinaldo ang namumuno, ngunit di kalaunay bumalik
siya sa kilusan. Namatay siya sa sakit na malarya sa batang edad
na dalawampu’t apat.
Kilala si Jacinto sa kanyang mga akda. Ito ang mga
sumusunod:
Mga Aral ng Katipunan ng mga A.N.B.
Katungkulang Gawain ng mga Z.LL.B.
Kartilya ng Katipunan
Liwanag at Dilim

20
 Hinahangaan si Gabriela Silang, ang bayaning tanyag sa kanyang
partisipasyon sa rebolusyon. Si Gabriela Silang ay namuhay na inaasikaso ang
kanyang asawang si Diego sa rebolusyon hanggang sa pinatay ang kanyang
asawa dahil labag sa nais ng mga kastila ang sinusulong nitong adhikain. Sa
pagkamatay ni Diego ay nawalan ng pinuno ang kilusan, kung kaya’t buong
tapang na inako ni Gabriela ang posisyon ng kanyang asawa bilang pinuno ng
himagsikan. Tinatawag siyang Henerala, na ang ibig sabihi’y babaeng heneral.

Sa pamumuno ni Gabriela ay naigayak niya ang mga rebolusyonaryo sa

iba’t ibang lugar sa Pilipinas. Maraming naipanalo ang koponan ni Gabriela,
ngunit sa huliha’y nakuha sila ng mga kastila, na pinamumunuan rin ng taong
nagpapatay kay Diego Silang. Ibinitay ang mga tenyente ni Gabriela, at si
Gabriela ay publikong ibinitay sa harap ng maraming kastila. Kahit sa huling
hininga ay nanatiling kalmado at matatag si Gabriela, na umani ng libo libong
respeto sa mga rebolusyonaryo.

Kahanga hanga si Gabriela sa kaniyang panahon at sa panahon ng

kasalukuyan sapagkat hindi inalintana ni Gabriela Silang ang role na ibibigay
sa kanya base sa kanyang kasarian. Ito’y naging simbolo ng peminismo at
hanggang ngayo’y si Gabriela ang tinutukoy na nagsimula ng pagkaalis ng
mga gawain sa lipunan base sa kasarian.

21
 Ang GOMBURZA ay hindi isang tao kundi tatlong mahabaging pari:
sina Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, at Jacinto Zamora. Sila’y popular
sapagkat ang kanilang walang hustisyang pagkamatay ang nagsindi ng apoy
ng himagsikan at pagka-Pilipino ng mga Pilipino. Sila’y salungat sa
pamamaraan ng mga kastilang prayle kung kaya’t mapait na sila sa mga dila
ng Kastila. Inakusahan silang kasapi ng pag-aalsa sa Cavite at kahit na
walang ebidensiya’y walang awang ginarrote.

Tunay ngang napakapait ng kanilang pagkamatay. Si Gomez ang

pinakaunang ginarrote, at dahil sa matanda na ito’y tahimik na tinanggap ang
kanyang kamatayan. Sunod na pinatay si Zamora, na parang nawalan ng
katinuan at hindi na sumasagot sa anumang ingay. Pinakahuling pinatay si
Burgos, na di umano’y umiyak na parang bata sa araw ng eksekusyon. Bago
siya namatay ay pinagdasal niya ang papatay sa kanya, sabay sabing,
“Pinapatawad kita, anak. Gawin mo ang iyong trabaho.”

Ang pagkamatay ng GOMBURZA ay nirerespeto ni Rizal, lalo na’t para

sa kanya ay ito ang pumukaw ng mga Pilipino na maghimagsik. Kung hindi
ito nangyari’y walang Plaridel o Jaena o Sanciongco, at hindi magsusulat
ng Noli Me Tangere bagkus ay magsusulat pa ng mga papuri tungkol sa
simbahang katoliko.

22
 Si Gregorio del Pilar ay isa sa mga tanyag na bayani sapagkat
nakulayan ng rosas ng mga Amerikano ang storya ng kanyang pagkamatay.
Mas kilala bilang si Goyo, si Gregorio del Pilar ay isang heneral ng katipunan
na sa ilalim ng pamumuno ni Presidente Emilio Aguinaldo. Siya ang namuno
sa away sa Pasong Tirad na kung saan ay ibinuwis niya ang kanyang buhay
upang maitakas ang pamilyang Aguinaldo sa bundok laban sa mga
Amerikanong sumakop sa Pilipinas.

Si Goyo ay tanyag sa kanyang kagwapuhan at kakisigan, lalo na sa

mga babae. Di umano’y may tinahing panyo o sulat ng mga kababaihan ang
kanyang bag. Kapatid niya si Marcelo H. Del Pilar, na hindi kagaya sa
kanyang kapatid na naging sundalo, nagsulat ito sa ilalim ng pangalang
Plaridel.

Tunay ngang bayani si Goyo ngunit sa kanyang talambuhay

maipapakita na ang mga bayani’y tao rin. Si Goyo’t ang kanyang mga
pinamumunuan ay tinawag ni Heneral Luna na ‘grupong mantika’ at ‘aso’,
sapagkat napakatapat ni Goyo kay Emilio Aguinaldo. Nagmistulan itong aso
na sinusunod ang kagustuha’t utos ni Aguinaldo, kahit na ito’y mali. Si Goyo
ang inutusan ni Aguinaldo na aaresto kay Luna sa salang pagtataksil ngunit
hindi ito natuloy dahil pinaslang ng mga kawal ni Aguinaldo si Luna bago ito
madakip.

23
 Kilala si Juan Luna dahil sa kanyang ibang pamamaraan sa pagpapaalam
sa dahas at opresyong nangyayari sa Pilipinas. Hindi man nakatira sa Pilipinas ay
ipinakita niya sa kanyang mga pinintang larawan at inukit na mga disenyo ang
kalagayan ng Pilipinas, na kung saa’y nagpamulat at nagbigay kaalaman sa mga
tao sa internasyonal na lebel. Kapatid ni Juan Luna si Antonio Luna, ang
pinakamarahas na heneral ng bansa. Magkaiba man sila ng paraan ng pakikibaka
ay magkabuklod ang kanilang pagmamahal sa bayan.
Magaling mang pintor at isang nasyunal na bayani’y hindi maikakailang may
malagim na nakaraan si Juan Luna: pinatay niya ang kanyang asawa at manugang,
at sinugatan ang kanyang kapatid sa batas. Naaresto siya ngunit dahil sa batas
noon na binibigyan ng kapatawaran ang mga kalalakihang napapatay ang kanilang
mga asawa’y nakalaya siya. Nakaalis ma’y hindi maiaalis sa kanyang mga kamay
ang walang awang pagpatay niya sa kanyang pamilya.
Napakatanyag ng mga Juan Luna paintings na hanggang ngayo’y
hinahangaan pa rin ang kanyang mga obra. Ang pinakatanyag niyang obra ay ang
Spolarium, na nagpapakita ng mga patay na gladiator na kinakaladkad ng mga
romano. Ito’y humakot ng samu’t saring mga medalya, at ayon kay Rizal, ito ay
sumisimbolo ng politika na hindi nalalayo sa Pilipinas: mga mananakop na
inaalipusta ang mga mamamayang tahimik na naninirahan sa kanilang lupa.

Bukod sa Spolarium, ang mga ito’y tanyag ring gawain ni Juan Luna:
The Death of Cleopatra
El pacto de sangre
La batalla de Lepanto
The Parisian Life
The River
Despues del Baile

24
 Si Manuel L. Quezon, o MLQ, ay ang unang presidente ng Pilipinas sa
ilalim ng batas komonwelt. Siya ay isang presidente, ama, at mamayan na
binagtas ang lupa ng Amerika upang makuha ng Pilipinas ang kalayaan. Sa
termino ni Manuel L. Quezon sumibol ang pagkabuo ng wikang natatangi sa
Pilipinas, ang wikang Filipino. Dahil dito’y binansagan si Manuel L. Quezon
bilang “Ama ng Wikang Pambansa”. Sa pamumuno ni Quezon ay umusbong
ang natatanging lenggwahe ng Pilipinas at napagtibay ang wikang Filipino sa
pamamagitan ng pagpatatayo ng mga probisyon.

Hindi lamang sa mga Pilipino naging bayani si Quezon. Naging bayani

rin siya sa mga Jews na tumakas sa Germany. Kinukop niya ang lahat ng
mga tumakas, tinawag na “Manilenos”, at pinatira sa Pilipinas. Nagdulot ito
ng positibong epekto sa Pilipinas sapagkat nang pininsala ng bagyong
Yolanda ang Pilipinas nagtipon tipon ang mga Manilenos upang matulungan
ang mga biktima.

Manuel L. Quezon Children

Isang ama si Manuel L. Quezon mga na anak na sina:
Luisa Corazón Paz Quezón,
Maria Zenaida Quezon Avanceña,
María Aurora “Baby” Quezón, at
Manuel L. Quezon Jr.

25
 Isang sa mga kapuna punang bayani si Marcelo H. Del Pilar dahil
sa kanyang kontribusyon sa repormistang Pilipinas sa pamamagitan ng
pagsusulat. Dahil sa kanyang kagalingan sa pagsasalita at pagsusulat
sa Tagalog ay napukaw niya ang mga mamamayang Pilipino sa ideya
ng trabaho, respeto, karapatan, pribiliheyo, at opresyon. Tinatag niya
ang pahayagang Diariong Tagalog upang maipahayag ito sa mga
Pilipino.
Pumunta sa Espanya si Pilar upang tumakas at doo’y naging editor
ng periodical na La solidaridadin Madrid. Isinulat niya ang kanyang
ninanais para sa Pilipinas: pantay na karapatan sa mga kasila, kalayaan
sa pagpapahayag, at karapatang magkaroon ng posisyon sa mga
politikal na agenda patungkol sa Pilipinas. Isinulat nita ito upang
mahikayat ang mga kastilan liberal at suportahan ang Pilipinas. Ngunit,
paubos na ang perang susuporta sa pahayagan at wala pa rin itong
sapat na suporta sa mga kastilang liberal kung kaya’t nagbalak si
Marcelo na gamitin ang dahas sa paghihimagsik.
“Insurrection is the last remedy, especially when the people have
acquired the belief that peaceful means to secure the remedies for
evils prove futile.” Ito ang mga katagang sinabi ni Pilar, na naghikayat
kay Andres Bonifacio na buuin ang katipunan.

26
 Binansagang Tandang Sora ng Katipunan, si Melchora
Aquino ay ang “Ina ng Katipunan” dahil sa kontribusyon nito
sa rebolusyon kahit na walumpu’t apat na taong gulang na
ito. Ang kanyang tindahan ang nagsilbing rendevous point
ng mga katipunero upang magtipon at magdaos ng
importanteng mga miting. Nagsilbi rin itong pagalinan ng
mga sugatang katipunero na si Aquino at iba pang kasapi
ang nag-aalaga.

Nang napag-alaman ng mga kastila ang pagtataksil na

ginawa ni Aquino ay inaresto siya ng mga kastila at
pwersahang tinanong sa kinalalagyan ni Bonifacio. Hindi
nagpatinag si Aquino kung kaya’t pinatapon siya sa Mariana
Islands.

Namatay si Auino sa edad na isang daa’t pito.

Ang kanyang katawa’y inilibing sa Himlayang

Filipino Memorial Park.

27
 Si Miguel Malvar ay isang heneral na isa sa mga
lumaban sa rebolusyon at sa digmaan ng Pilipinas at
Amerika. Siya ang humalili sa pagiging presidente matapos
tumakas ni Aguinaldo sa kabundukan ngunit hindi siya
kinilala bilang pangalawang presidente ng Pilipinas. Si
Miguel Malvar ang huling heneral na sumuko sa digmaan ng
Pilipinas at Amerika.

Nabuhay sa prominenteng pamilya at may koneksyon

sa pamilya ni Rizal, naging mulat si Malvar at tumulong sa
pagtigil ng karahasan ng mga prayle. Di kalauna’y sumali
siya sa katipunan at doo’y sumabak sa himagsikan sa
direktang pamumuno ni Aguinaldo.

Kabaliktaran si Malvar kay Aguinaldo nang naging

“presidente” ito. Habang si Aguinaldo’y tahimik, hindi
tinatago ni Malvar ang simpatya sa mga mahihirap at
naghihingalo.

28
 Tinatawag si Ramon Magsaysay na “the guy” o “Presidente
ng Masang Pilipino” dahil sa kanyang pagkiling sa mamamayan.
Binuksan niya ang pintuan ng Malacañang para direktan pakinggan
ang mga daing ng mahihirap at nagdurusa. Hanggang sa
kasalukuyan, ang katangiang ito ni Magsaysay ang ninanais ng
mga Pilipino na tinataglay ng presidente ng Pilipinas.

Si Ramon Magsaysay ang humupa sa banta ng HukBaLaHap

(Hukbong Bayan Laban sa mga Hapon) sa pamamagitan ng
pagbigay ng mga lupa sa mga magsasaka at mga mahihirap.
Binigyan niya ang mga itong mga sapat na kasangkapan upang
bumangon, dahilan kung bakit minahal sya ng masa.

Tiniwalag rin ni Magsaysay ang mga kurap na mga opisyal sa

politika at pinagtibay ang militar upang mahanda ang mga ito sa
anti-gerilya. Dahil sa kanyang radikalistang pananaw ay dumami
ang kanyang kalaban sa pamahalaan. Nagbitiw siya sa kanyang
posisyon noong ika-28 ng Pebrero, 1953.

https://gabay.ph/mga-bayani-ng-pilipinas/#3-apolinario-mabini

29
 Si Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda, o mas kilala
sa pangalang Jose Rizal, ay ang pambansang bayani ng Pilipinas.
Pinamunuan niya ang propaganda na nagnanais na magkaroon ng
magkakapantay pantay na karapatan at pribiliheyo sa mga kastilang
pinamumunuan ng hari ng Espanya. Pinatay siya noong ika-30 ng
Disyembre, 1896 sa Bagumbayan, na tinatawag ngayong Rizal Park.
Kinitil ang kanyang buhay sa pamamagitan ng firing squad.

Kilala si Rizal bilang isa sa mga manunulat ng La Solaridaridad,

isang dyaryong hindi kinikilingan ang mga kastila. Kahit hindi
sinusuportahan ng La Liga Filipina, ang repormang grupong kanyang
pinamumunuan, ang paggamit ng armas, napatalsik pa rin sa Dapitan si
Rizal. Napagkamalan rin siyang lider ng rebolusyong kinabibilangan ni
Andres Bonifacio kung kaya’t pinatupad ang kanyang eksekusyon.

Ang mga tanyag na likha ni Rizal ay ang mga sumusunod:

• Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not)

• El Filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed)
• Mi Ultimo Adios (The Final Goodbye)

30
 MGA BAYANING KATIPUNERO

Ang mga tinatawag na katipunerong bayani ay mga miyembro ng

Katipunan, isang lihim na samahan na itinatag ni Andres Bonifacio noong
1892. Layunin ng samahan ang paglaban para sa kalayaan ng Pilipinas mula
sa kolonyal na pananakop ng mga Espanyol.

• Andres Bonifacio - Kilala bilang "Ama ng Rebolusyong Pilipino," siya

ang nagtatag ng Katipunan, isang lihim na samahan na naglalayong
ipaglaban ang kalayaan ng Pilipinas mula sa mga Espanyol.
• Emilio Aguinaldo - Isang pangunahing lider ng rebolusyon, siya ang
naging unang Pangulo ng Pilipinas at nakipaglaban para sa kasarinlan
ng bansa.
• José Rizal - Bagaman hindi siya direktang kasapi ng Katipunan, ang
kanyang mga akda at ideya ay nagbigay inspirasyon sa mga
Katipunerong bayani at sa rebolusyon. Siya ay isang pambansang
bayani ng Pilipinas.
• Antonio Luna - Isang heneral sa panahon ng Digmaang Pilipino-
Amerikano at isang kilalang lider ng mga Katipunerong sundalo.
• Gregorio del Pilar - Isang batang heneral na nagpakita ng katapangan
sa mga laban para sa kalayaan at sa pagtatanggol sa bayan.
• Mariano Llanera - Isang lider ng Katipunan na kilala sa kanyang mga
ambag sa laban para sa kalayaan sa hilagang Luzon.
• Apolinario Mabini - Bagamat hindi isang mandirigma, siya ay isang
henyo sa estratehiya at pagpaplano sa mga laban. Siya ang naging
tagapayo ni Aguinaldo at isang mahalagang personalidad sa
rebolusyon.
• Jose Palma - Isang makata at patnugot, siya ang sumulat ng “Lupang
Hinirang,” na naging pambansang awit ng Pilipinas.

. 31
 MGA BAYANING REBOLUSYONARYO

Tinatawag silang bayaning rebolusyonaryo dahil sila ay mga pangunahing

tauhan sa paglaban at pakikibaka upang mapalaya ang Pilipinas mula sa
pananakop ng mga dayuhan, partikular ng mga Espanyol at Amerikano. Ang
salitang "rebolusyonaryo" ay nagmula sa salitang "rebolusyon," na
nangangahulugang isang radikal na pagbabago sa lipunan o pamahalaan.
Ang mga bayani ay tinawag na rebolusyonaryo dahil sila'y nagsagawa ng
aktibong hakbang upang baguhin ang umiiral na sistema at mapatalsik ang
mga kolonyal na puwersa.

ang mga bayaning rebolusyonaryo ay mga indibidwal na nagpatuloy ng

laban para sa kalayaan, hindi lamang sa pamamagitan ng salita kundi sa
pamamagitan ng aktwal na pakikibaka laban sa kolonyalismo, kaya't sila ay
kinikilala bilang mga bayani ng rebolusyon

1. Andres Bonifacio - Itinuturing na "Ama ng Rebolusyon," siya ang

nagtatag ng Katipunan, isang lihim na samahang rebolusyonaryo na
naglalayon ng kalayaan ng Pilipinas mula sa mga Espanyol.

2. Emilio Aguinaldo - Siya ang unang Pangulo ng Pilipinas at isa sa mga

pangunahing lider ng rebolusyon. Pinamunuan niya ang mga pwersang
Pilipino laban sa mga Espanyol at Amerikano.

3. Apolinario Mabini - Kilala bilang "Dakilang Lumpo," siya ang

pangunahing tagapayo ni Aguinaldo at kilalang utak ng Rebolusyong
Pilipino.

4. Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) - Siya ang tinaguriang "Ina ng

Katipunan." Bagaman hindi direktang nakipaglaban, siya ay nagbigay ng
suporta sa mga rebolusyonaryo sa pamamagitan ng pagbibigay ng
kanlungan, pagkain, at tulong medikal.

32
5. Gregorio del Pilar - Isang batang heneral ng rebolusyon, siya
ay kilala sa kanyang kabayanihan sa Labanan sa Pasong
Tirad, kung saan siya ay nagbuwis ng buhay upang
protektahan si Aguinaldo mula sa mga puwersa ng Amerikano.
6. Antonio Luna - Isa sa mga pinakamagaling na heneral ng
rebolusyon laban sa mga Amerikano. Kilala siya sa kanyang
disiplina at taktikal na katalinuhan sa larangan ng digmaan.
7. Diego Silang - Bagaman mas maaga ang kanyang pakikibaka
kaysa sa rebolusyon ng Katipunan, siya ay isang
rebolusyonaryong pinuno mula sa Ilocos na lumaban sa mga
Espanyol noong ika-18 siglo.
8. Gabriela Silang - Asawa ni Diego Silang, siya ay nagpatuloy
ng labanang sinimulan ng kanyang asawa matapos itong
mapatay. Isa siya sa mga kilalang babaeng lider ng
rebolusyon.
9. Marcelo H. del Pilar - Isang propagandista na mas kilala sa
kanyang mga sulatin laban sa kolonyal na pamahalaan ng
Espanya. Bagaman mas aktibo sa kilusang propaganda,
malaking ambag ang kanyang mga ideya sa pag-usbong ng
rebolusyon.
10. Juan Luna - Bagamat mas kilala bilang isang pintor,
siya ay naging aktibo rin sa kilusang propaganda
at tagasuporta ng rebolusyon.

33
 MGA
PANGULO
NG
PILIPINAS
 Emilio Aguinaldo (January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901)
Emilio Aguinaldo was the first president of the Philippines First Republic (also
known as the Malolos Republic). He was inaugurated on January 23, 1899,
at the Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan. He led the proclamation of the
Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898, in his ancestral home in Kawit,
Cavite.
Contributions and Achievements of Emilio Aguinaldo:
• He waved the Philippine flag in declaring the independence of the
Philippines in 1898
• He was the first (and only) president of the First Republic (Malolos
Republic)
• The youngest Filipino president, taking office at age 28
• The longest-lived president of the Philippines, passing away at age 94
• Featured in the front and back of the Philippine 5-peso bill (not
circulated anymore)
• He led the country in the Spanish-Philippine War and the American-
Philippine War
• He led the proclamation of the Philippine Independence
• Known as the President of the Revolutionary Government
• Signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, creating a truce between the Spanish
and Philippine revolutionaries
• He was a well-known entrepreneur, soldier, and politician
• Emilio Aguinaldo had Bachelor of Arts (college preparatory) at the
Colegio de San Juan de Letran in 1880

34
 Manuel L. Quezon was the 2nd president of the Philippines and the
first president of the Philippine Commonwealth established under the USA.
He was inaugurated on December 30, 1941, in Corregidor Island. He’s known
as the “Father of National Language” (Ama ng Wikang Pambansa). He died
of tuberculosis in Saranac Lake, New York.
Contributions and Achievements of Manuel L. Quezon:
• First President elected through a national election
• First Senate President elected as President of the Philippines
• The first president of the Philippines under the Commonwealth
• Initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth
• Manuel L. Quezon created the National Council of Education
• He approved Filipino as the national language of the Philippines
• Studied Bachelor of Arts at Colegio de San Juan de Letran
• Studied Bachelor of Law at the University of Sto. Tomas
• Ranked 4th in the Philippine Bar Exam (1903)
• A province, a city, a bridge, and a university in Manila are named after
him
• He fought for the passage of the Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934)
• His body rests peacefully inside the special monument on Quezon
Memorial Circle
• Featured in the 20-peso bill, for the Declaration of Filipino as the
national language
• First Filipino featured on the cover of TIME Magazine

35
 Jose P. Laurel was the 3rd president of the Philippines and the
president of the Second Philippine Republic. His inauguration was on
October 14, 1943, in the Legislative Building, now National Museum. He
served president of the Philippines during the Japanese occupation
during World War II.
Contributions and Achievements of Jose P. Laurel:
• Jose P. Laurel is the only Philippine president who served the three
branches of government – he became a senator-congressman,
associate justice, and president
• Since the early 1960s, Laurel was recognized as a legitimate
president of the Philippines
• Organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong
Pilipinas, or Association for Service to the New Philippines), a
provisional government during the Japanese occupation
• Laurel declared Martial Law and war between the Philippines and
the US/United Kingdom in 1944
• He’s the Founder of the Lyceum of the Philippines
• He’s a Law genius, ranked 2nd in the Philippine Bar Exam in 1915
• Earned a Doctorate in Civil Law from Yale University in 1920
• Received Honoris Causa from Tokyo Imperial University in 1938
• He was assassinated twice, but he survived and recovered

36
 Sergio Osmeña Sr. was the 4th president of the Philippines and the
2nd president of the Commonwealth. He was inaugurated on August 1,
1944, in Washington DC. He succeeded the presidency after the death
of then president Manuel L. Quezon. During his administration, the
Philippines joined the International Monetary Fund.
Contributions and Achievements of Sergio Osmena:
• Sergio Osmeña was the first Visayan to become
president, born in Cebu City
• He joined with U.S. Gen. Douglas McArthur in Leyte on October
20, 1944, to begin restoration of Philippine freedom after
Japanese occupation
• Founder of the Nacionalista Party
• Philippine National Bank was rehabilitated, and the country
joined the International Monetary Fund during his presidency
• The U.S. Congress approved the Bell Trade Act during his
presidency
• He was 2nd placer in the 1903 Philippine Bar Exam
• Founder and Editor of a Spanish newspaper, El Nuevo Dia, in
Cebu City
• Had Bachelor of Arts from Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1894)
• Had Bachelor of Law from the University of Santo Tomas (1903)
• Featured in the 50-peso bill, First Philippine Assembly, Leyte
Landing

37
 Manuel Roxas was the 5th president of the
Philippines, the 3rd (and last) president under the
Commonwealth, and the first president of the Third
Republic of the Philippines. He was inaugurated on May
28, 1946, at the National Museum building. He held office
for only one year, 10 months, and 18 days.
Contributions and Achievements of Manuel Roxas:
• Manuel Roxas was inaugurated as the first president
of the New Republic after World War II
• Reconstruction from war damage and life without
foreign rule began during his presidency
• Congress accepted the Philippine Rehabilitation Act
and Philippine Trade Act laws under his term
• Ranked 1st Place in the Philippine Bar Exam (1913)
• Featured in the 100-peso bill, Old Bangko Sentral ng
Pilipinas building in Intramuros, Manila, Inauguration
of the Third Philippine Republic

39
 Elpidio Quirino was the 6th president of the Philippines and
the 2nd president of the Third Republic. He succeeded
presidency after incumbent president Manuel Roxas died in
1948. Quirino was 57 years old when he was inaugurated as
president on April 17, 1948, at the Malacañang Palace.
Contributions and Achievements of Elpidio Quirino:
• Hukbalahap Guerrilla movement was active during his
presidency
• He created the Social Security Commission
• He created the Integrity Board to monitor graft and
corruption
• During his term, Quezon City became capital of the
Philippines in 1948
• Completed Bachelor of Law at the University of the
Philippines in 1915
• Dean of the College of Law at the Adamson University
(1941-1946)
• Ranked 2nd placer in the Philippine Bar Exam in 1915

39
 Ramon Magsaysay was the 7th president of the
Philippines and the 3rd president of the Third Republic.
He was the first president who sworn into the office
wearing Barong Tagalog during the inauguration. He died
in an aircraft disaster while boarding the presidential
plane.
Contributions and Achievements of Ramon
Magsaysay:
• He led to defeat the Hukbalahap movement
• Chairman of the Committee on Guerrilla Affairs
• His presidency was referred to as the Philippines’
“Golden Years” for its lack of corruption
• The Philippines was ranked second in Asia’s clean
and well-governed countries during his presidency
• He established the National Resettlement and
Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among other
agrarian reforms
• He made the Philippine a member of the Southeast
Asia Treaty Organization
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 Carlos P. Garcia is the 8th president of the Philippines and
fourth president of the Third Republic. This Bohol native was a
lawyer, poet, and professor and served as a guerrilla leader
during the Pacific War. Garcia served as vice president under
Ramon Magsaysay and as secretary of Foreign Affairs for four
years. He became president when Magsaysay died in a plane
crash in 1957.
Contributions and Achievements of Carlos P. Garcia:
• Carlos P. Garcia was known for promoting “Filipino First
Policy,” which favored Filipino businesses over foreign
investors
• He established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino
trade and commerce
• He became a famous poet and known as the “Prince of
Visayan Poets” and the “Bard from Bohol.”
• Cultural arts were revived during his term
• He was the first president to have his remains buried at the
Libingan ng mga Bayani
• He achieved 7th placer in the Philippine Bar Exam in 1923

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 Diosdado P. Macapagal was the 9th president of the
Philippines. He was a lawyer and economist, born in Lubao,
Pampanga. He was inaugurated on December 30, 1961, at the Quirino
Grandstand. His daughter, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, followed his path
and became president, too.
Contributions and Achievements of Diosdado Macapagal:
• Topped the Bar Exam, 1st place in 1936
• Took a Master of Law in 1941 and Doctor of Civil Law in 1947,
and a Ph.D. in Economics in 1957
• Diosdado Macapagal was a great economist, he established the
first Land Reform Law, allowing for the purchase of private
farmland to be distributed in inexpensive, small lots to the
landless
• He placed the Philippine peso on the free currency exchange
market and encouraged exports
• The Philippine representative to the United Nations General
Assembly three times
• He signed the Minimum Wage Law
• Diosdado Macapagal signed the law to create the Philippine
Veteran’s Bank
• Featured in the 200-peso bill

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 Ferdinand Marcos was the tenth president of the Philippines and the last
president of the Third Republic. He was one of the most controversial leaders of the
20th century. He ruled the Philippines for 21 years and was removed from office after
the People Power Revolution.
Contributions and Achievements of Ferdinand Marcos:
• The first president to win a second term
• The longest-ruling president of the Philippines, he ruled for 21 years
• He declared Martial Law on Sept. 22, 1972
• He increased the size of Philippine military and armed forces
• By 1980, the Philippine GNP was four times greater than 1972
• Marcos built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals, and other infrastructure
than all former presidents combined
• He topped 1st place in the Bar Exam in 1939
• The only president whose remains were interred inside a refrigerated crypt
• Many of Marcos Sr.’s infrastructure projects include the North Luzon Expressway,
South Luzon Expressway, Maharlika Highway, Circumferential Roads 1-10, San
Juanico Bridge, and Mactan-Mandaue Bridge
• Ferdinand Marcos Sr.’s government also completed 20 power plants so that the
Philippines would be independent of the surging prices of oil and electricity
• Notable medical institutions were also built during Marcos’s regime, such as the
Philippine Heart Center, Lung Center of the Philippines, and National Kidney and
Transplant Institute
• The Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP), Folks Arts Theater, Philippine
International Convention Center (PICC), National Arts Center, Nayong Pilipino,
and the People’s Park in the Sky were constructed during Marcos Sr.’s regime to
promote Filipino heritage and culture
• Marcos Sr. signed the Emancipation of Tenants from the Bondage of the Soil
(Presidential Decree No.27) in 1972
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 Corazon Aquino was the first woman president of the Philippines
and the first woman to become president of an Asian country. She was the
11th president and a democracy icon, one of the 100 Women Who Shaped
World History and 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century.
Contributions and Achievements of Corazon Aquino:
• The first woman to be president of the Philippines or any Asian
country
• She signed the Family Code of 1987, a major civil law reform, and
1191 Local Government Code, which reorganized the structure of
the executive branch of government
• She initiated charitable and social activities helping the poor and the
needy
• Was named “Woman of the Year” in 1986 by TIME magazine
• She was featured on the new 500-peso bill together with her
husband, Benigno Aquino Jr.
• Among the 100 Women Who Shaped World History
• One of the 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century
• One of TIME Magazine’s 65 Asian Heroes
• Received Honorary Doctorates from international
universities including Boston University, Eastern
University in Pennsylvania, Fordham University in
New York, Waseda University in Tokyo

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 Fidel Ramos was the 12th president of the Philippines. Ramos also
lived longer than the other presidents. Like Aguinaldo, FVR was 94 years old
when he died. He’s one of the most admired presidents because, during his
presidency, he restored economic growth and stability in the country.
Contributions and Achievements of Fidel V. Ramos:
• FVR was widely credited as the most effective president because he led
the Philippines to economic growth
• He promoted family-planning practices to help to solve the country’s
growing population
• Hosted the 4th Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Leader’s Summit in
the Philippines in 1996
• He presided over celebrations of Philippine Independence Centennial in
1998
• Ramos reached out peace talks with the rebels such as the Moro
National Liberation Front and New People’s Army
• FVR received British Knighthood from Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II
(Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George)
• The Philippine Stock Exchange became an international favorite during
his presidency
• Ranked 8th Place in the Philippine Civil Engineering Licensure Exam
(1953)
• The death penalty was reinstated while he was in office
• FVR was the only military officer who reached the rank of five-star
general/admiral de jure who rose from second lieutenant up to
commander-in-chief of the armed forces
• Had 29 Honorary Doctorate Degrees
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 Joseph Estrada is the 13th president of the Philippines and the
first film actor to become a president in the country. During his years
in office, economic growth was slow, and he faced impeachment
proceedings. He became the first president in Asia to be impeached
from an executive role. He was ousted from the presidency in 2001.
Contributions and Achievements of Joseph Estrada:
• He starred in over 100 films in the Philippines and received
numerous Best Actor awards
• Moro Islamic Liberation Front headquarters and camps were
captured during his presidency
• Cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989
• He became a Mayor of the City of Manila, the county’s capital
• He won every mayor election in San Juan from 1969 to 1984
• Erap was among the “Magnificent 12” who voted to terminate the
agreement that allows for U.S. control of Clark Airbase and
Subic Naval Base
• He was credited with the passage of, among other
pieces of legislation, the bills on irrigation project
and the protection of carabaos

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 Gloria Macapagal Arroyo is the 14th president of the Philippines, the 2nd female
president, and the first Filipino president whose parent was a former president. She’s also an
economist like her father, ex-president Diosdado Macapagal. Having a master’s degree and
doctorate in economics, Gloria put the Philippine economy back in shape.
Annual economic growth in the Philippines averaged 4.5% during her administration,
expanding every quarter of her presidency. That is higher than in the administrations of her
three immediate predecessors. The peso strengthened by nearly 20% in making it the best-
performing currency of the year in 2007.
Contributions and Achievements of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo:

• Second female president of the country

• First president to take oath outside Luzon
• Gloria Arroyo oversaw higher economic growth than the past three presidents before
her
• Philippine Peso became the best-performing currency of the year in Asia in 2007
during her term
• eVAT Law was implemented under her term
• She supported to bring back Spanish language in the Philippines during her 9-year
presidency
• She took up International Trade at Georgetown University in Washington D.C. with
Bill Clinton
• Graduated Magna Cum Laude from Assumption College in 1968
• Arroyo earned a Master’s Degree in Economics from Ateneo de Manila University in
1978
• Obtained Doctorate in Economics from the University of the Philippines in 1986
• Numerous Honorary Degrees granted by prominent international universities
• TIME Magazine’s People Who Mattered list for 2005
• Forbes 100 Most Powerful Women in the World (2004 – 2009)
• Currently featured on the 200-peso bill

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 Benigno Aquino III was the 15th president of the
Philippines. He was the first bachelor president. A son of
ex-president Corazon Aquino, he was also called as
Noynoy or PNoy. Noynoy finished his Economics degree
from Ateneo de Manila University. He was one of the
students of a former economics professor, Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo, the president before him.
Contributions and Achievements of Benigno Aquino
III:
• He created the no “wang-wang” (street siren) policy
• Noynoy initiated shifting to K-12 education in the
Philippines
• Peace agreement with the Moro Islamic Liberation
Front in October 2012
• Oversaw 7.1% growth of the Philippine economy in
2012
• TIME named him one of the 100 Most Influential
People in the World in 2013

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 Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the 16th president of the Philippines.
He’s one of the most loved presidents. He’s earned a massive
fanbase after transforming one of the most dangerous cities (Davao)
into one of the world’s safest when he was a mayor. At age 71, he
became the oldest Filipino ever elected to the presidency.
Contributions and Achievements of Rodrigo Duterte:
• He earned Political Science Degree from Lyceum of the
Philippines in 1968
• Obtained Law Degree from San Beda College in 1972
• He initiated decongesting the Ninoy Aquino International
Airport in Manila, the country’s main gateway
• Signed the Freedom of Information Order
• Duterte launched a 24-hour complaint hotline, 8888
• He signed an order for Smoking Ban in public places
• Boracay Island was rehabilitated during his term
• Launched the Build! Build! Build! Infrastructure Program
• Duterte signed the TRAIN Law and Comprehensive Tax
Reform Program
• One of Forbes list of World’s Most Powerful People in 2016
• Duterte has been featured on the cover of TIME Magazine

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 Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. is the 17th president of the Philippines. He is the
second child of former president Ferdinand Edralin Marcos and the “iron butterfly”
Imelda Romualdez Marcos. His campaign is focused on unity. BBM won the
presidential election by a landslide garnering over 31 million votes.
Contributions and Achievements of Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr:
• BBM has been a public servant since 1980
• He served as a senator, congressman, governor, and vice-governor
• Marcos Jr. authored landmark laws such as the Philippine Archipelagic
Baselines Law (R.A. 9522)
• He authored, co-authored, sponsored, and co-sponsored 54 bills passed into
law
• BBM led the modernization of agricultural and tourism landscape of Ilocos
Norte when he was a governor
• BBM is an advocate of renewable energy and sustainable development, the
Bangui Windmill Farm was one of his astonishing energy development
projects
• Philippine investment approval scored an all-time high of P1.16 trillion in 2023
• SIM Registration Act (Republic Act 11934)
• Philippine GDP grew 5.9% in Q3 2023
• BBM administration paid P1.48 trillion debt in 2023 (which amounted to 95.3%
of 2023 total debt)
• President BBM issued Executive Order 51, reinforcing Diversity and Inclusion
Program (DIP) for LGBTQIA+
• He launched a 24/7 hotline 1348, “One Repatriation Command Center” for
distressed OFWs
• His “Build Better More” program aims for 194 new infrastructure projects
• Marcos Jr. signed the “Ease of Paying Taxes Act” to boost our economy and
protect taxpayers in the Philippines

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 Amazing Facts About the Presidents of the Philippines:
• Manuel L. Quezon was the first Filipino to grace the cover of TIME Magazine on
November 25, 1935. If you’re featured on the cover of TIME magazine, it means
you are a notable international figure
• Three from the presidents of the Philippines were Top 1 in the Philippine Bar
Exam
• Manuel A. Roxas (1913 Bar Exam with a grade of 92)
• Diosdado P. Macapagal (1936 Bar Exam with a grade of 89.85)
• Ferdinand E. Marcos (1939 Bar Exam with a grade of 92.35)
• Three from the presidents of the Philippines were Top 2 in the Philippine Bar
Exam
Sergio S. Osmeña
Jose P. Laurel
Elpidio R. Quirino
• Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña were classmates and were both top-
notchers in the Bar Exam in 1903. Osmeña was 2nd placer, Quezon was 4th
placer. Nevertheless, Quezon became president before him.
During Ramon Magsaysay’s presidency, the Philippines had its “Golden Years” for
its lack of corruption. The country was also ranked second in Asia’s clean and well-
governed countries.
Ferdinand E. Marcos had an extraordinary memory, which allowed him to memorize
complicated texts and recite them forward or backward quickly. He aced the Philippine
Bar exam with scores so high he was accused of cheating. Upon an oral re-examination
by the Supreme Court, Marcos scored even higher with his remarkable memory.
Fidel V. Ramos was known as the most-effective president because he boosted
a positive financial outlook on the economy. The Philippine Stock Exchange was one of
the best in the world, and he received the top honor for World Peace Price for his
achievement in realizing economic growth, political stability, and democratic freedom in
Philippines and Asia Pacific region, as well as his promotion for World Peace
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was consistently on the Dean’s List at Georgetown University
in Washington D.C., where she started a friendship with then-future President Bill
Clinton. Arroyo was also a former Economics professor at the Ateneo de Manila
University, where her eventual successor, President Benigno Aquino III, was one of her
students.
Rodrigo Duterte launched the Build! Build! Build! Program which aims for the
“Golden Age of Infrastructure” in the Philippines. This project will boost the economy,
accelerate transportation, increase job opportunities, and produce more income. This
project includes a Tokyo-style Railway in Manila, NLEX-SLEX connector road, Cebu
Bus Transit, Clark International Airport Expansion, Subic-Clark Railway Project, Mactan
International Airport project, Binondo-Intramuros Bridge and many more.
Ferdinand “Bongbong” Marcos, Jr. is recognized among the 100 Most Influential People
of 2024 by TIME Magazine. TIME wrote “He brought technocrats back into government,
steadied the post--pandemic economy, and elevated the Philippines on the world
stage.”
Sources: Presidential Museum Library

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