Assignment on

Cloud Computing

Submitted to Submitted by
Sir Sagar Samrat Shah Arpit Singh
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, B.Tech CSE 7th Semester,
School Of Engineering and Technology Roll No. 21134501037

Bachelor of Technology
Session 2024 - 2025
Q.1: Explain the evolution of cloud computing, highlighting the key milestones
and technological advancements that led to its current state.

Ans: The Evolution of Cloud Computing: Key Milestones and Technological

advancements:

1. 1960s: Early Concepts

- John McCarthy introduced the idea of computing as a utility
- Mainframe computers with time-sharing systems were the precursor to cloud
computing.

2. 1990s: Virtualization
- Virtualization technologies like VMware allowed multiple operating systems to
run on a single physical machine, improving resource utilization.

3. 2000s: Emergence of Cloud Services

- Companies like Salesforce (1999) popularized Software as a Service (SaaS).
- Amazon launched AWS (2006), offering Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and
Simple Storage Service (S3), enabling businesses to scale their infrastructure
on-demand.

4. 2010s: Mainstream Adoption

- Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud Platform entered the market.
- Hybrid and multi-cloud strategies gained traction, offering flexibility and
reliability.

5. 2020s: Advanced Cloud Features

- Growth of edge computing, AI integration, and serverless computing.
- Enhanced focus on sustainability and green computing practices.

Cloud computing has evolved from shared mainframes to highly scalable,

AI-driven platforms, driving digital transformation globally.

Q.2: Describe the three main cloud service models (SaaS, PaaS, IaaS) and
provide an example of a real-world application for each model.

Ans: Three main cloud service models are:

1. Software as a Service (SaaS)

2
 - Definition: Delivers software applications over the internet, eliminating the
need for local installation or maintenance.
- Example: Google Workspace (Docs, Gmail, Drive) - Accessible productivity
and collaboration tools hosted in the cloud.

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

- Definition: Provides a platform for developers to build, deploy, and manage
applications without managing the underlying infrastructure.
- Example: Heroku - A platform that allows developers to deploy and manage
web applications easily.

3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

- Definition: Offers virtualized computing resources like servers, storage, and
networking on-demand.
- Example: Amazon Web Services EC2 - Provides scalable virtual servers for
hosting and running applications.

Each model caters to different business needs, from end-user software to

infrastructure-level flexibility.

Q.3: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each cloud deployment

model (Public, Private, Hybrid). When would you recommend using each
model?

Ans: Cloud Deployment Models: advantages, disadvantages, & recommendations -

1. Public Cloud

➔ Advantages:
- Cost-effective with pay-as-you-go pricing.
- Scalable with global access.
- Managed by a third-party provider, reducing maintenance overhead.

➔ Disadvantages:
- Less control over data and infrastructure.
- Security concerns for sensitive information.

➔ Recommended: For startups, small businesses, or non-critical workloads

needing scalability at low cost.

3
2. Private Cloud

➔ Advantages:
- High control over data and infrastructure.
- Enhanced security and compliance for sensitive data.
- Customizable to specific organizational needs.

➔ Disadvantages:
- Expensive to set up and maintain.
- Limited scalability compared to public cloud.

➔ Recommended: For large enterprises or industries with strict compliance

requirements (e.g., finance, healthcare).

3. Hybrid Cloud

➔ Advantages:
- Combines benefits of public and private clouds.
- Offers flexibility by allowing data to move between environments.
- Cost-efficient for varying workloads.

➔ Disadvantages:
- Complexity in setup and management.
- Potential challenges in ensuring seamless integration.

➔ Recommended: For businesses needing scalability with sensitive data

storage or disaster recovery solutions.

Each model fits different use cases based on cost, control, and security needs.

Q.4: Virtualization is a cornerstone technology in cloud computing. Explain

the concept of virtualization and how it helps optimize resource utilization in
data centers.

Ans: Virtualization is the process of creating virtual instances of physical

hardware, such as servers, storage, or networks, to run multiple workloads on the
same physical infrastructure. It allows a single physical machine to host multiple

4
virtual machines (VMs), each functioning like a standalone computer with its own
operating system and applications.

How It Optimizes Resource Utilization:

1. Efficient Resource Allocation:

Virtualization allows resources like CPU, memory, and storage to be dynamically
allocated to VMs based on demand, avoiding underutilization.

2. Consolidation of Hardware:
Multiple VMs can run on a single server, reducing the need for physical machines
and lowering hardware and energy costs.

3. Scalability and Flexibility:

Virtual machines can be quickly created, resized, or migrated across physical
servers, enabling efficient scaling and high availability.

4. Improved Fault Tolerance:

Virtualization enables failover and backup mechanisms by replicating VMs to
different physical hosts.

By abstracting physical hardware into virtual environments, data centers achieve

better performance, cost savings, and operational efficiency.

Q.5: Discuss two major challenges associated with cloud computing and
propose solutions or strategies to mitigate these risks.

Ans: Two Major Challenges with proposed solutions or strategies to mitigate these
risks in Cloud Computing -

1. Security and Data Privacy Risks

➔ Challenge: Storing sensitive data in the cloud exposes it to potential
breaches, unauthorized access, or compliance issues with regulations like
GDPR.

➔ Solution:
- Implement strong encryption for data at rest and in transit.
- Use multi-factor authentication (MFA) and robust access controls.
- Regularly audit cloud services to ensure compliance with security standards.

5
2. Downtime and Service Availability
➔ Challenge: Cloud services may face outages or disruptions, impacting
business operations and customer experience.

➔ Solution:
- Choose providers with strong Service Level Agreements (SLAs) guaranteeing
high uptime.
- Implement a multi-cloud strategy or hybrid deployment to minimize
dependency on a single provider.
- Use disaster recovery and backup solutions to ensure business continuity.

By addressing these challenges proactively with robust strategies, businesses can

leverage the cloud's benefits while minimizing risks.

Q.6: Choose two major cloud platforms (e.g., Amazon Web Services,
Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform) and compare their key features,
pricing models, and target audiences.

Ans: Amazon Web Services, and Microsoft Azure: key features, pricing models,
and target audiences -

Feature Amazon Web Services (AWS) Microsoft Azure

Key 200+ services (compute, storage, Strong integration with
Features AI, IoT). Microsoft tools (e.g., Office
365).
Global infrastructure with many Focus on hybrid solutions
availability zones. (Azure Arc).
Advanced tools like AWS AI and analytics tools like
Lambda and SageMaker. Azure Synapse Analytics.
Pricing Pay-as-you-go, billed by the Pay-as-you-go, with discounts
Models second. for Reserved Instances.
Reserved Instances and Savings Hybrid Benefit for existing
Plans for cost savings. Windows licenses.

6
Target Startups, enterprises needing Businesses using Microsoft
Audiences global reach and advanced products.
features.
Suitable for diverse workloads, Ideal for hybrid deployments.
AI, and big data.

Q.7: What factors should be considered when choosing a cloud provider and
designing the migration process?

Ans: Factors to consider when choosing a cloud provider and designing the
migration process -

1. Choosing a Cloud Provider

- Performance and Reliability: Assess the provider's uptime, network latency,

and availability zones.
- Security and Compliance: Check for certifications (e.g., ISO 27001) and
compliance with regulations like GDPR or HIPAA.
- Cost and Pricing Models: Compare pricing structures (pay-as-you-go,
reserved instances) and ensure transparency in costs.
- Service Offerings: Evaluate available services (e.g., AI tools, big data
analytics) based on your business needs.
- Support and SLAs: Look for robust customer support and SLAs that guarantee
high performance and uptime.
- Scalability: Ensure the provider can handle your growth and offer global reach
if needed.

2. Designing the Migration Process

- Assessment of Current Systems: Audit existing workloads, applications, and

dependencies to determine what can be migrated.
- Migration Strategy:
- Rehost ("lift and shift") for simple moves.
- Refactor or rearchitect for modernization.
- Rebuild or replace if needed.
- Data Security: Encrypt data during transit and ensure backups before
migration.

7
 - Testing and Validation: Conduct trials in non-production environments to
identify issues.
- Downtime Planning: Schedule migration during low-traffic periods to
minimize disruption.
- Post-Migration Monitoring: Use monitoring tools to ensure stability and
address any performance issues.

Carefully evaluating these factors ensures a smooth migration and long-term

success with the chosen cloud provider.

Q.8: Explain the concept of MapReduce and how it is used for processing big
data in the cloud.

Ans: MapReduce is a programming model and processing technique designed for

handling and analyzing large datasets in a distributed computing environment. It
breaks down data processing into two key steps:

1. Map: The dataset is divided into smaller chunks and processed in parallel by
multiple nodes, producing intermediate key-value pairs.
2. Reduce: The intermediate results are aggregated or combined to generate the
final output.

How It Works in the Cloud -

1. Data Distribution:
- The input data is stored in distributed file systems (e.g., HDFS for Hadoop)
across multiple nodes.

2. Parallel Processing:
- The Map step assigns chunks of data to multiple nodes, where each node
processes its portion independently.
- The Reduce step consolidates these results to produce the final output.

3. Fault Tolerance:
- If a node fails, the task is reassigned to another node, ensuring reliability.

4. Use in the Cloud:

- Cloud platforms like AWS (Elastic MapReduce) or Google Cloud integrate
MapReduce for scalable data processing.

8
 - Common tasks include log analysis, indexing, and machine learning model
training.

Advantages:
- Enables processing of petabytes of data efficiently.
- Leverages cloud scalability for cost-effective and time-saving computation.

MapReduce simplifies handling big data by leveraging distributed systems to

achieve parallelism, scalability, and reliability.

Q.9: Discuss the key differences between HDFS and GFS, two commonly used
distributed file systems in cloud environments.

Ans: Each system is tailored for its intended environment: HDFS for general
purpose big data processing and GFS for Google’s internal applications.

The key differences between HDFS and GFS:

Aspect HDFS (Hadoop GFS (Google File System)

Distributed File System)
Developer/Origin Developed by the Apache Developed by Google to
Software Foundation for handle large-scale data storage
Hadoop. needs.
Primary Use Designed for big data Designed for internal Google
Case analytics and batch applications like search and
processing. indexing.
File Block Size Default block size is 128 Default chunk size is 64 MB
MB (configurable). (configurable).
Fault Tolerance Uses replication (default: 3 Uses replication and
copies) for reliability. checksumming for fault
tolerance.
Master Node Single NameNode manages Single Master handles
metadata; prone to metadata; more optimized for
becoming a bottleneck. scalability.

9
Consistency Strong consistency; Relaxed consistency;
supports append operations optimized for high throughput
but no concurrent writes. and append-heavy workloads.
Ecosystem Part of the Hadoop Integrated with Google’s
Integration ecosystem and supports proprietary tools and systems.
tools like MapReduce and
Spark.

Q.10: Describe two main approaches for achieving interoperability between

different cloud services.

Ans: Two main approaches for Cloud Interoperability:

1. Use of APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)

➔ How It Works:
- Cloud providers offer APIs that allow services to communicate with each
other.
- Standardized APIs enable integration between different cloud platforms (e.g.,
RESTful APIs, OpenStack APIs).

➔ Example: A business can use AWS Lambda with Google Cloud Storage by
leveraging APIs to connect the two services.

➔ Challenges: Differences in API standards and implementations may require

middleware or custom code.

2. Adopting Multi-Cloud Management Tools

➔ How It Works:
- Tools like Terraform, Kubernetes, or Cloudify provide a unified interface for
managing resources across multiple cloud providers.
- These tools abstract the underlying differences between platforms, enabling
seamless interoperability.

➔ Example: Kubernetes allows containerized applications to run on AWS,

Azure, or GCP without significant modifications.

10
 ➔ Challenges: Complexity in setup and potential cost of using third-party
tools.

Q.11: Explain the concept of Service Level Agreements (SLAs) and their
importance in cloud computing.

Ans: A Service Level Agreement (SLA) is a formal contract between a cloud

service provider and a customer that defines the agreed-upon performance
standards, responsibilities, and expectations for the provided services.

Key Elements of an SLA:

1. Performance Metrics: Specifies measurable criteria, such as uptime (e.g.,

99.9%), latency, and data transfer speeds.
2. Responsibilities: Outlines the roles of both the provider (e.g., maintaining
servers) and the customer (e.g., reporting issues).
3. Remedies and Penalties: Describes compensation mechanisms, such as
service credits, if the provider fails to meet agreed metrics.
4. Security and Compliance: Defines measures to safeguard data and comply
with industry regulations like GDPR or HIPAA.

Importance in Cloud Computing:

1. Reliability and Accountability: SLAs hold providers accountable for

meeting service standards, ensuring reliability.
2. Risk Management: Reduces ambiguity by clearly defining remedies for
service interruptions or failures.
3. Customer Trust: Enhances confidence in the provider's ability to deliver
consistent and secure services.
4. Alignment with Business Goals: Helps customers choose services that
align with their specific performance and compliance needs.

Q.12: Discuss the various security challenges associated with cloud computing
and propose strategies for mitigating these risks.

Ans: Various security challenges in Cloud Computing and mitigation strategies:

11
1. Data Breaches

Challenge: Unauthorized access to sensitive data stored in the cloud can result in
significant financial and reputational damage.

Mitigation:

➢ Implement strong encryption for data at rest and in transit.

➢ Use access control policies and multi-factor authentication (MFA).
➢ Conduct regular security audits and vulnerability assessments.

2. Insider Threats

Challenge: Malicious or negligent actions by employees or contractors can

compromise data security.

Mitigation:

➢ Enforce role-based access control (RBAC).

➢ Monitor user activity using Security Information and Event
Management (SIEM) tools.
➢ Provide regular security training for employees.

3. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks

Challenge: Attackers overwhelm cloud servers, causing service downtime and

disrupting business operations.

Mitigation:

➢ Use cloud provider tools like AWS Shield or Azure DDoS Protection.
➢ Implement traffic filtering and load balancing.

4. Insecure APIs

Challenge: Publicly accessible APIs can be exploited by attackers to gain

unauthorized access.

Mitigation:

➢ Secure APIs using authentication, authorization, and rate-limiting

mechanisms.
➢ Regularly test and patch APIs for vulnerabilities.

12
5. Data Loss or Leakage

Challenge: Data can be lost or corrupted due to accidental deletion, hardware

failure, or cyberattacks.

Mitigation:

➢ Schedule regular data backups with redundancy across multiple

locations.
➢ Use robust data recovery and versioning solutions.

6. Compliance and Legal Issues

Challenge: Organizations may fail to meet regulatory requirements, leading to

legal penalties.

Mitigation:

➢ Choose cloud providers compliant with relevant regulations (e.g.,

GDPR, HIPAA).
➢ Maintain documentation of compliance efforts and audit trails.

Q.13: Explain the concept of mobile cloud computing and its potential benefits
for businesses and users. Discuss some of the key considerations for deploying
mobile applications in the cloud.

Ans: Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC) combines mobile devices with cloud
computing to enable resource-intensive applications to be run on the cloud instead
of the device itself. The cloud handles data storage, processing, and application
execution, delivering results to mobile devices over the internet.

Potential Benefits for Businesses and Users

For Businesses:

1. Cost Savings: Reduces the need for extensive mobile app development for
different platforms by centralizing app execution in the cloud.
2. Scalability: Easily handle fluctuating user demands without overloading
mobile devices.

13
 3. Global Reach: Deliver applications and updates to users worldwide without
physical distribution.

For Users:

1. Performance Enhancement: Offloads heavy computation to the cloud,

allowing resource-intensive apps to run smoothly on low-powered devices.
2. Access to Data Anywhere: Seamless access to personal and shared data
across multiple devices.
3. Battery Efficiency: Reduces processing load on devices, extending battery
life.

Key Considerations for Deploying Mobile Applications in the Cloud

1. Network Reliability:
○ Ensure stable and high-speed internet connections to prevent app lag
or interruptions.
○ Use caching and offline capabilities to enhance user experience during
network downtimes.
2. Security and Privacy:
○ Protect sensitive user data with encryption and secure access controls.
○ Comply with regulations like GDPR to safeguard user privacy.
3. Cross-Platform Compatibility:
○ Design applications to work seamlessly across various devices and
operating systems.
4. Latency Optimization:
○ Minimize data transfer delays by using edge computing or Content
Delivery Networks (CDNs).
5. Scalability and Resilience:
○ Use cloud platforms that support auto-scaling and failover
mechanisms to handle large user bases.

Q.14: Briefly discuss the concept of "Green Cloud Computing" and its
importance in promoting sustainable cloud practices.

14
Ans: Green Cloud Computing refers to environmentally sustainable cloud practices
aimed at reducing the carbon footprint of data centers and cloud operations. It
emphasizes energy-efficient technologies, resource optimization, and renewable
energy use to minimize environmental impact.

Importance in Promoting Sustainable Cloud Practices

1. Energy Efficiency: Cloud providers optimize resource usage through

virtualization, reducing energy consumption compared to traditional data
centers.
2. Reduction of Carbon Emissions: Many providers adopt renewable energy
sources, such as solar and wind, to power data centers.
3. Cost Savings: Energy-efficient practices lower operational costs for
providers and customers.
4. Regulatory Compliance: Helps organizations meet environmental
regulations and achieve sustainability goals.
5. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR): Demonstrates a commitment to
sustainability, enhancing brand reputation and customer trust.

Examples: Providers like AWS and Google Cloud invest in carbon-neutral or

carbon-free initiatives, such as using renewable energy and improving cooling
technologies.

Q.15: What is VMware?

Ans: VMware is a leading virtualization technology company that provides

software for creating and managing virtual machines (VMs) on physical servers. Its
flagship products, such as VMware ESXi and vSphere, enable businesses to
optimize hardware utilization, enhance scalability, and simplify IT infrastructure
management.

Q.16: What is KVM?

Ans: KVM (Kernel-based Virtual Machine) is an open-source virtualization

technology built into the Linux kernel. It allows Linux-based systems to function
as hypervisors, enabling multiple virtual machines to run on a single physical
machine. KVM is known for its performance, scalability, and compatibility with
various guest operating systems.

15
Q.17: What is Xen?

Ans: Xen is an open-source hypervisor that allows multiple operating systems to

run on the same physical hardware simultaneously. It supports both
para-virtualization and full virtualization and is widely used in cloud platforms like
AWS and Citrix for creating and managing VMs efficiently.

Q.18: How does Docker differ from traditional virtualization?

Ans: Differences Between Docker and Traditional Virtualization:

Aspect Docker (Containerization) Traditional Virtualization

Architecture Containers share the host OS Each virtual machine (VM)
kernel, isolating applications runs a full OS, including its
within lightweight own kernel.
environments.
Resource Lightweight; uses less memory Heavyweight; each VM
Usage and storage as containers share includes a full OS,
the host OS. consuming more resources.
Startup Time Containers start in seconds due VMs take minutes to boot as
to minimal overhead. they require loading a full
OS.
Isolation Process-level isolation; suitable Strong isolation with
for application-level separation. complete OS environments;
ideal for running different
OSes.
Use Cases Ideal for microservices, CI/CD Suitable for running legacy
pipelines, and distributed applications or multiple OSes
applications. on the same hardware.
Management Managed through Docker Managed via hypervisors like
Engine and orchestration tools VMware, Hyper-V, or KVM.
like Kubernetes.

16
Q.19: What factors can impact the performance of virtual machines?

Ans: Factors That Can Impact the Performance of Virtual Machines (VMs):

1. CPU Allocation and Usage

○ Impact: Insufficient CPU resources or over-allocation can lead to
slow performance or high latency.
○ Solution: Properly allocate CPU cores and monitor CPU utilization to
avoid bottlenecks.
2. Memory (RAM) Allocation
○ Impact: Inadequate RAM can lead to swapping to disk, which
significantly degrades VM performance.
○ Solution: Ensure enough memory is allocated to VMs based on their
workloads, and avoid oversubscription.
3. Disk I/O and Storage Configuration
○ Impact: Slow or inadequate disk performance, especially for
storage-heavy applications, can cause delays.
○ Solution: Use SSDs for faster I/O and configure disk types (e.g., thick
vs. thin provisioning) according to needs.
4. Network Latency and Bandwidth
○ Impact: Network congestion or low bandwidth can affect data
transfer speeds, impacting applications that rely on constant data flow.
○ Solution: Optimize network settings, ensure sufficient bandwidth, and
use dedicated network resources for critical VMs.
5. Hypervisor Overhead
○ Impact: The type of hypervisor and its configuration can introduce
performance overhead, especially when running many VMs on a
single host.
○ Solution: Choose an efficient hypervisor (e.g., VMware ESXi, KVM)
and optimize its settings for resource management.
6. VM Configuration
○ Impact: Misconfigured VMs, such as allocating too many or too few
resources, can reduce efficiency.

17
 ○ Solution: Follow best practices for VM configuration based on
workload demands (e.g., CPU, RAM, disk settings).
7. Host Resource Contention
○ Impact: When multiple VMs share physical resources on a host,
resource contention can occur, affecting performance.
○ Solution: Use resource management policies to ensure fair
distribution, such as setting resource limits and prioritization.
8. Background Processes and Applications
○ Impact: VMs running unnecessary background processes can
consume CPU, memory, and I/O resources, slowing performance.
○ Solution: Regularly check and optimize running processes and
applications within VMs.
9. Virtualization Overhead
○ Impact: Virtualization itself introduces some level of overhead that
can reduce performance compared to running directly on physical
hardware.
○ Solution: Optimize VM configurations, and allocate sufficient
resources to minimize this overhead.

By properly managing and allocating resources, monitoring system performance,

and optimizing configurations, the performance of virtual machines can be
significantly improved.

Q.20: What are the techniques for optimizing resource allocation?

Ans: Techniques for Optimizing Resource Allocation in Virtualized Environments:

1. Resource Pooling and Dynamic Allocation

○ Technique: Group resources like CPU, memory, and storage into

resource pools that can be dynamically allocated based on demand.
○ Benefit: Ensures that VMs get resources when needed, minimizing
wastage and improving resource utilization efficiency.
○ Example: In VMware vSphere, resources are pooled and can be
allocated to VMs as demand increases or decreases.

18
2. Overprovisioning with Caution

○ Technique: Allocate more virtual resources (CPU, RAM) than the

physical resources available, but monitor and manage workloads to
avoid performance degradation.
○ Benefit: Increases flexibility and allows for better handling of peak
workloads. However, this must be carefully monitored to avoid
resource contention.
○ Example: Using virtualization software like Hyper-V or VMware that
provides overcommitment but alerts when limits are approaching.
3. Resource Scheduling and Automation

○ Technique: Use automated resource scheduling to allocate resources

during specific times of high demand and deallocate during off-peak
hours.
○ Benefit: Reduces idle time for resources, leading to more efficient
utilization.
○ Example: In cloud environments like AWS or Azure, scaling policies
(like auto-scaling groups) can automatically allocate resources based
on real-time demand.
4. Load Balancing

○ Technique: Distribute workloads evenly across available resources to

prevent bottlenecks.
○ Benefit: Prevents overloading any single host or VM, ensuring
optimal performance across the infrastructure.
○ Example: In cloud platforms (e.g., AWS Elastic Load Balancer),
distribute incoming traffic across multiple servers.
5. VM and Host Resource Monitoring

○ Technique: Continuously monitor the performance and resource

usage of VMs and hosts to identify underused or overburdened
systems.
○ Benefit: Provides insights into resource allocation efficiency and
allows for corrective action (e.g., migrating VMs or adjusting resource
allocation).
○ Example: Tools like VMware vRealize Operations or Azure Monitor
provide real-time insights and recommendations for optimization.

19
6. Storage Optimization

○ Technique: Use techniques like thin provisioning, which allocates

storage only as needed, rather than allocating all the requested storage
upfront.
○ Benefit: Reduces storage waste by preventing the allocation of unused
capacity, thus improving storage utilization.
○ Example: Thin provisioning in VMware vSphere allows storage to
grow dynamically as data is added.
7. Resource Allocation Based on Workload Priority

○ Technique: Prioritize resource allocation based on workload

importance or urgency, ensuring critical applications get the resources
they need when needed.
○ Benefit: Improves overall system performance by allocating resources
in alignment with business priorities.
○ Example: Setting CPU affinity and priority levels in virtual
environments to give critical workloads higher priority.
8. Server Consolidation and Virtual Machine (VM) Density

○ Technique: Consolidate workloads onto fewer servers by increasing

the density of VMs running on each physical host.
○ Benefit: Maximizes hardware utilization and reduces the number of
idle physical servers.
○ Example: Using VMware’s Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS) to
automatically balance workloads across hosts based on resource
availability.
9. Elastic Scaling (in Cloud Environments)

○ Technique: Automatically scale cloud resources up or down based on

demand (both vertically and horizontally).
○ Benefit: Ensures that resources are only used when necessary,
reducing costs during periods of low demand.
○ Example: AWS Auto Scaling adjusts the number of EC2 instances
based on CPU utilization or other metrics.

20
10.Optimizing Virtual Machine Configuration

○ Technique: Set appropriate limits on CPU, memory, and storage for

each VM based on its workload and minimize over-allocation.
○ Benefit: Ensures VMs are not over-provisioned, which leads to
wasted resources and potential performance issues.
○ Example: Configuring VM resource settings (e.g., CPU cores and
RAM) to reflect actual needs rather than maximum capabilities.

21