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Mathuranathan Viswanathan

Wireless Communication Systems in

Matlab
Second Edition

June 2020

Copyright © 2020 Mathuranathan Viswanathan. All rights reserved.

 Wireless Communication Systems in Matlab, Second Edition

Copyright ©2020 Mathuranathan Viswanathan

Cover design ©2020 Mathuranathan Viswanathan

Cover art ©2020 Mathuranathan Viswanathan

Previous editions (black & white, color) ©2018, ©2019

All rights reserved.

MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written
permission of the author, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other
noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. For permission requests, write to

[email protected]
https://www.gaussianwaves.com

ISBN: 9798648350779 (paperback color print)

ISBN: 9798648523210 (paperback black & white print)

The author has used his best endeavors to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred in this book are
correct and active at the time of publishing. However, the author bears no responsibility for the referred
websites, and gives no guarantee that they will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate.
Dedicated to Advaith
Preface

Introduction

There exist many textbooks that provide an in-depth treatment of various topics in wireless communication
systems. Most of them underscore different theoretical aspects of design and performance analysis of wireless
communication systems. Only a handful of books provide insight on how these techniques can be modeled and
simulated. Predominantly, such books utilize the sophisticated built-in functions or toolboxes that are already
available in software like Matlab. These built-in functions or toolboxes hide a lot of background computations
from the user thereby making it difficult, especially for a learner, to understand how certain techniques are
actually implemented inside those functions.
In this book, I intend to show how the theoretical aspects of a wireless communication system can be trans-
lated into simulation models, using elementary matrix operations in Matlab. Most of the simulation models
shown in this book, will not use any of the inbuilt communication toolbox functions. This provides an oppor-
tunity for a practicing engineer to understand the basic implementation aspects of modeling various building
blocks of a wireless system. I intend the book to be used primarily by undergraduate and graduate students in
electrical engineering discipline, who wish to learn the basic implementation aspects of a wireless system. I
assume that the reader has a fair understanding on the fundamentals of programming in Matlab. Readers may
consult other textbooks and documentations that cover those topics.

Intended audience

I intend the book to be used primarily by undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering dis-
cipline, who wish to learn the basic implementation aspects of a wireless system. I assume that the reader
has a fair understanding on the fundamentals of programming in Matlab. Readers may consult authoritative
textbooks and documentations that cover those topics.

Organization of topics

Theoretical aspects of wireless communication systems will be kept brief. For each topic discussed, a short
theoretical background is provided along with the implementation details in the form of Matlab scripts. The
Matlab scripts carry inline comments intended to help the reader understand the flow of implementation.
As for the topics concerned, only the basic aspects of a wireless communication system are covered. Wave-
form simulation technique and the complex equivalent baseband simulation model will be provided on a
case-by-case basis. Performance simulations of well known digital modulation techniques including OFDM
are also provided.

i
ii Preface

Chapters 1 and 2 introduce some of the basic signal processing concepts that will be used throughout this
book. Concepts covered in chapter 1 include- signal generation techniques for generating well known test sig-
nals, interpreting FFT results and extracting magnitude/phase information using FFT, Power spectral density,
computation of power and energy of a signal, various methods to compute convolution of two signals, ana-
lytic signal and its application, and FIR/IIR filters. Chapter 2 covers various random variables for simulating
probabilistic systems. The random variables such as the following are covered: uniform, Bernoulli, Binomial,
exponential, Poisson process, Gaussian, Chi-squared, non-Chi squared, Chi, Rayleigh, Ricean and Nakagami.
Chapters 3 and 4 cover the concepts of channel capacity and coding theory. Topics like Shannon’s coding
theorem, capacity calculation and Shannon’s limit are covered in chapter 3. Chapter 4 includes discussions on
error control schemes, linear block codes, hard and soft decision decoding. Simulation of Hamming codes and
their performance using hard and soft decision decoding are also given in this chapter.
Chapters 5 and 6 are dedicated to digital modulations that form the heart of any wireless communication
system. Complex baseband equivalent models for techniques such as M-ary PAM, M-ary PSK, M-ary QAM
and M-ary FSK modulations are available in these chapters.
Chapters 7,8 and 9 discuss the aspects of intersymbol interference, essentials of equalizers and receiver
impairments. Chapter 7 covers various pulse shaping techniques such as rectangular, sync, raised-cosine (RC)
and square-root raised-cosine (SRRC) pulse shaping. Method to construct an eye diagram - an important tool
to visualize intersymbol interference, implementing a matched filter system, partial response signaling models
and precoding techniques are discussed in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 contains simulation models for commonly
encountered linear equalizers such as zero-forcing (ZF), minimum mean squared error (MMSE) equalizers
and least mean square (LMS) algorithm for adaptive equalizers. A sample simulation of performance of BPSK
modulation with ZF and MMSE equalizers, is given in this chapter. Chapter 9 covers the topic of modeling
receiver impairment, estimation and compensation for such impairments and a sample performance simulation
for such case.
Chapters 10 and 11 are dedicated to modeling large-scale and small-scale models for wireless communica-
tion systems. Topics such as Friis free space propagation model, log distance path loss model, two ray ground
reflection model, modeling diffraction loss using single knife-edge diffraction model and Hata Okumura em-
pirical model are covered in Chapter 10. Chapter 11 contains various basic aspects of small-scale models for
multipath effects. The topics covered include statistical characteristics of multipath channels like scattering
function, power delay profile, Doppler power spectrum, Rayleigh and Rice process, and models for frequency
flat and frequency selective multipath channels.
Chapter 12, newly added in this second edition of the book, is dedicated to diversity techniques for multi-
ple antenna systems, especially the spatial diversity schemes. Receive diversity methods like maximum ratio
combining, equal gain combining and selection combining are discussed. Alamouti space-time coding is taken
as an example for transmit diversity scheme.
Chapters 13 and 14 cover two important techniques used in multiuser and multitone communication sys-
tems: spread spectrum and OFDM respectively. Chapter 13 is dedicated for discussions on basics of code
sequences in a spread spectrum system, modeling and simulation of direct sequence spread spectrum and
frequency hopping spread spectrum. Performance simulation models for cyclic prefixed OFDM are given in
Chapter 14.
Reference texts are cited in square brackets within the text and the references are provided at the end of
each chapter.

Code documentation

Code download and documentation for the Matlab scripts shown in this book, are available at the following
URL:
https://www.gaussianwaves.com/wireless comm sys matlab second edition/
Download and unzip the scripts to a location in your computer. Add the unzipped directory along with all
its sub-directories, to Matlab search path.
Preface iii

The scripts are thoroughly checked for integrity and they will execute without any error. If you face any
issues during execution or spot any mistake in this book, do not hesitate to provide feedback or contact me via
the email provided below.

Acknowledgments

Finally, it is a pleasure to acknowledge the help I received while writing this book. I thank my wife Varsha
Mathuranathan for getting the manuscript edited so quickly and for her support during the review process that
greatly helped improve the manuscript. I also thank the numerous reviewers and readers for their generous
comments that helped improve the contents of this book.

Singapore, Mathuranathan Viswanathan

May 2020 [email protected]
Contents

Part I Fundamental Concepts

1 Essentials of Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.1 Generating standard test signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.1 Sinusoidal signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.2 Square wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.1.3 Rectangular pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.1.4 Gaussian pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.1.5 Chirp signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 Interpreting FFT results - complex DFT, frequency bins and FFTShift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.1 Real and complex DFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2.2 Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.3 Interpreting the FFT results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.2.4 FFTShift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.2.5 IFFTShift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.2.6 Some observations on FFTShift and IFFTShift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3 Obtaining magnitude and phase information from FFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.1 Discrete-time domain representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.2 Representing the signal in frequency domain using FFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.3.3 Reconstructing the time domain signal from the frequency domain samples . . . . . . . . . 22
1.3.4 Plotting frequency response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.4 Power spectral density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.5 Power and energy of a signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.5.1 Energy of a signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.5.2 Power of a signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.5.3 Classification of signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.5.4 Computation of power of a signal - simulation and verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.6 Polynomials, convolution and Toeplitz matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.6.1 Polynomial functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.6.2 Representing single variable polynomial functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.6.3 Multiplication of polynomials and linear convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.6.4 Toeplitz matrix and convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.7 Methods to compute convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.7.1 Method 1: Brute-force method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.7.2 Method 2: Using Toeplitz matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.7.3 Method 3: Using FFT to compute convolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

v
vi Contents

1.7.4 Miscellaneous methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

1.8 Analytic signal and its applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.8.1 Analytic signal and Fourier transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.8.2 Applications of analytic signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.9 Choosing a filter : FIR or IIR : understanding the design perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.9.1 Design specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.9.2 General considerations in design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

2 Random Variables - Simulating Probabilistic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.2 Plotting the estimated PDF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.3 Univariate random variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.3.1 Uniform random variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.3.2 Bernoulli random variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.3.3 Binomial random variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.3.4 Exponential random variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.3.5 Poisson process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.3.6 Gaussian random variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.3.7 Chi-squared random variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.3.8 Non-central Chi-Squared random variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.3.9 Chi distributed random variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.3.10 Rayleigh random variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.3.11 Ricean random variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.3.12 Nakagami-m distributed random variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.4 Central limit theorem - a demonstration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.5 Generating correlated random variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.5.1 Generating two sequences of correlated random variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.5.2 Generating multiple sequences of correlated random variables using Cholesky
decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.6 Generating correlated Gaussian sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.6.1 Spectral factorization method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.6.2 Auto-Regressive (AR) model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Part II Channel Capacity and Coding Theory

3 Channel Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.2 Shannon’s noisy channel coding theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.3 Unconstrained capacity for bandlimited AWGN channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.4 Shannon’s limit on spectral efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.5 Shannon’s limit on power efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.6 Generic capacity equation for discrete memoryless channel (DMC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.6.1 Capacity over binary symmetric channel (BSC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.6.2 Capacity over binary erasure channel (BEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.7 Constrained capacity of discrete input continuous output memoryless AWGN channel . . . . . . . 105
3.8 Ergodic capacity over a fading channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Contents vii

4 Linear Block Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

4.1 Introduction to error control coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.1.1 Error control schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.1.2 Channel coding – metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.2 Overview of block codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.2.1 Error-detection and error-correction capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.2.2 Decoders for block codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.2.3 Classification of block codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.3 Theory of linear block codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.4 Optimum soft-decision decoding of linear block codes for AWGN channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.5 Sub-optimal hard-decision decoding of linear block codes for AWGN channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.5.1 Standard array decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.5.2 Syndrome decoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.6 Some classes of linear block codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.6.1 Repetition codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.6.2 Hamming codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.6.3 Maximum-length codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.6.4 Hadamard codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.7 Performance simulation of soft and hard decision decoding of hamming codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Part III Digital Modulations

5 Digital Modulators and Demodulators : Complex Baseband Equivalent Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

5.1 Passband and complex baseband equivalent model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.1.1 Complex baseband representation of modulated signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.2 Complex baseband representation of channel response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.3 Modulators for amplitude and phase modulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.3.1 Pulse Amplitude Modulation (M-PAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.3.2 Phase Shift Keying Modulation (M-PSK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.3.3 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.4 Demodulators for amplitude and phase modulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.4.1 M-PAM detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.4.2 M-PSK detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.4.3 M-QAM detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.4.4 Optimum detector on IQ plane using minimum Euclidean distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.5 M-ary FSK modulation and detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.5.1 Modulator for M orthogonal signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.5.2 M-FSK detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

6 Performance of Digital Modulations over Wireless Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

6.1 AWGN channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
6.1.1 Signal to noise ratio (SNR) definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
6.1.2 AWGN channel model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.1.3 Theoretical symbol error rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
6.1.4 Unified simulation model for performance simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.2 Fading channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.2.1 Linear time invariant channel model and FIR filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.2.2 Simulation model for detection in flat fading channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
6.2.3 Rayleigh flat-fading channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
viii Contents

6.2.4 Ricean flat-fading channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Part IV Intersymbol Interference and Equalizers

7 Pulse Shaping, Matched Filtering and Partial Response Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.2 Nyquist criterion for zero ISI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
7.3 Discrete-time model for a system with pulse shaping and matched filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
7.3.1 Rectangular pulse shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
7.3.2 Sinc pulse shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7.3.3 Raised-cosine pulse shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
7.3.4 Square-root raised-cosine pulse shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
7.4 Eye diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.5 Implementing a matched filter system with SRRC filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.5.1 Plotting the eye diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
7.5.2 Performance simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
7.6 Partial response (PR) signaling models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
7.6.1 Impulse response and frequency response of PR signaling schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
7.7 Precoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
7.7.1 Implementing a modulo-M precoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
7.7.2 Simulation and results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

8 Linear Equalizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205

8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
8.2 Linear equalizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
8.3 Symbol-spaced linear equalizer channel model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
8.4 Zero-forcing equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
8.4.1 Least squares solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
8.4.2 Noise enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
8.4.3 Design and simulation of zero-forcing equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
8.4.4 Drawbacks of zero-forcing equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
8.5 Minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
8.5.1 Alternative solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
8.5.2 Design and simulation of MMSE equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
8.6 Equalizer delay optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
8.7 BPSK modulation with zero-forcing and MMSE equalizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
8.8 Adaptive equalizer: Least mean square (LMS) algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

9 Receiver Impairments and Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
9.2 DC offsets and compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
9.3 IQ imbalance model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
9.4 IQ imbalance estimation and compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
9.4.1 Blind estimation and compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
9.4.2 Pilot based estimation and compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
9.5 Visualizing the effect of receiver impairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
9.6 Performance of M-QAM modulation with receiver impairments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Contents ix

Part V Wireless Channel Models

10 Large-scale Propagation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
10.2 Friis free space propagation model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
10.3 Log distance path loss model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
10.4 Two ray ground reflection model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
10.5 Modeling diffraction loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
10.5.1 Single knife-edge diffraction model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
10.5.2 Fresnel zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
10.6 Hata Okumura model for outdoor propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

11 Small-scale Models for Multipath Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
11.2 Statistical characteristics of multipath channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
11.2.1 Mutipath channel models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
11.2.2 Scattering function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
11.2.3 Power delay profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
11.2.4 Doppler power spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
11.2.5 Classification of small-scale fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
11.3 Rayleigh and Rice processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
11.3.1 Probability density function of amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
11.3.2 Probability density function of frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
11.4 Modeling frequency flat channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
11.5 Modeling frequency selective channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
11.5.1 Method of equal distances (MED) to model specified power delay profiles . . . . . . . . . . 287
11.5.2 Simulating a frequency selective channel using TDL model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

12 Multiple Antenna Systems - Spatial Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
12.1.1 Diversity techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
12.1.2 Single input single output (SISO) channel model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
12.1.3 Multiple antenna systems channel model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
12.2 Diversity and spatial multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
12.2.1 Classification with respect to antenna configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
12.2.2 Two flavors of multiple antenna systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
12.2.3 Spatial diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
12.2.4 Spatial multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
12.3 Receive diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
12.3.1 Received signal model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
12.3.2 Maximum ratio combining (MRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
12.3.3 Equal gain combining (EGC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
12.3.4 Selection combining (SC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
12.3.5 Performance simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
12.3.6 Array gain and diversity gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
12.4 Transmit diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
12.4.1 Transmit beamforming with CSIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
12.4.2 Alamouti code for CSIT unknown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
x Contents

Part VI Multiuser and Multitone Communication Systems

13 Spread Spectrum Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
13.2 Code sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
13.2.1 Sequence correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
13.2.2 Maximum-length sequences (m-sequences) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
13.2.3 Gold codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
13.3 Direct sequence spread spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
13.3.1 Simulation of DSSS system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
13.3.2 Performance of direct sequence spread spectrum over AWGN channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
13.3.3 Performance of direct sequence spread spectrum in the presence of a Jammer . . . . . . . . 335
13.4 Frequency hopping spread spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
13.4.1 Simulation model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
13.4.2 Binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
13.4.3 Allocation of frequency channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
13.4.4 Frequency hopping generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
13.4.5 Fast and slow frequency hopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
13.4.6 Simulation code for BFSK-FHSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

14 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
14.2 Understanding the role of cyclic prefix in a CP-OFDM system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
14.2.1 Circular convolution and designing a simple frequency domain equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . 354
14.2.2 Demonstrating the role of cyclic prefix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
14.2.3 Verifying DFT property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
14.3 Discrete-time implementation of baseband CP-OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
14.4 Performance of MPSK-CP-OFDM and MQAM-CP-OFDM on AWGN channel . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
14.5 Performance of MPSK-CP-OFDM and MQAM-CP-OFDM on frequency selective Rayleigh
channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
 Part I
Fundamental Concepts
Chapter 1
Essentials of Signal Processing

Abstract This chapter introduces some of the basic signal processing concepts that will be used throughout
this book. The goal is to enable the reader to appreciate the concepts and apply them in building a basic
communication system. Concepts covered include - signal generation techniques for generating well known
test signals like rectangular pulse, sine wave, square wave, chirp signal and gaussian pulse, interpreting FFT
results and extracting magnitude/phase information using FFT, computation of power and energy of a signal,
various methods to compute convolution of two signals, analytic signal and applications, FIR/IIR filters.

1.1 Generating standard test signals

In experimental modeling and simulation, simple test inputs such as sinusoidal, rectangular pulse, gaussian
pulse, and chirp signals are widely used. These test signals act as stimuli for the simulation model and the
response of the model to the stimuli is of great interest in design verification.

1.1.1 Sinusoidal signals

In order to generate a sine wave, the first step is to fix the frequency f of the sine wave. For example, we wish
to generate a f = 10Hz sine wave whose minimum and maximum amplitudes are −1V and +1V respectively.
Given the frequency of the sinewave, the next step is to determine the sampling rate.
For baseband signals, the sampling is straight forward. By Nyquist Shannon sampling theorem, for faithful
reproduction of a continuous signal in discrete domain, one has to sample the signal at a rate fs higher than
at-least twice the maximum frequency fm contained in the signal (actually, it is twice the one-sided bandwidth
occupied by a real signal. For a baseband signal bandwidth (0 to fm ) and maximum frequency fm in a given
band are equivalent).
Matlab is a software that processes everything in digital. In order to obtain a smooth sine wave, the sam-
pling rate must be far higher than the prescribed minimum required sampling rate which is at least twice the
frequency f - as per Nyquist-Shannon theorem. Hence we need to sample the input signal at a rate signifi-
cantly higher than what the Nyquist criterion dictates. Higher oversampling rate requires more memory for
signal storage. It is advisable to keep the oversampling factor to an acceptable value.
An oversampling factor of 30 is chosen in the following code snippet. This is to plot a smooth continuous-
like sine wave. Thus the sampling rate becomes fs = 30 × f = 30 × 10 = 300Hz. If a phase shift is desired for
the sine wave, specify it too. The resulting plot from the code snippet shown next, is given in Figure 1.1.

3
4 1 Essentials of Signal Processing

Program 1.1: sinusoidal signal.m: Simulate a sinusoidal signal with given sampling rate
f=10; %frequency of sine wave
overSampRate=30; %oversampling rate
fs=overSampRate*f; %sampling frequency
phase = 1/3*pi; %desired phase shift in radians
nCyl = 5; %to generate five cycles of sine wave
t=0:1/fs:nCyl*1/f-1/fs; %time base

g=sin(2*pi*f*t+phase); %replace with cos if a cosine wave is desired

plot(t,g); title(['Sine Wave f=', num2str(f), 'Hz']);

Sine wave f=10 Hz

Fig. 1.1: A 10Hz sinusoidal wave with 5 cycles and phase shift 1/3π radians

1.1.2 Square wave

The most logical way of transmitting information across a communication channel is through a stream of
square pulse – a distinct pulse for ‘0’ and another for ‘1’. Digital signals are graphically represented as square
waves with certain symbol/bit period. Square waves are also used universally in switching circuits, as clock
signals synchronizing various blocks of digital circuits, as reference clock for a given system domain and so
on.
Square wave manifests itself as a wide range of harmonics in frequency domain and therefore can cause
electromagnetic interference. Square waves are periodic and contain odd harmonics when expanded as Fourier
Series (where as signals like saw-tooth and other real word signals contain harmonics at all integer frequen-
cies). Since a square wave literally expands to infinite number of odd harmonic terms in frequency domain,
approximation of square wave is another area of interest. The number of terms of its Fourier Series expansion,
taken for approximating the square wave is often seen as Gibbs phenomenon, which manifests as ringing effect
at the corners of the square wave in time domain.
1.1 Generating standard test signals 5

True square waves are a special class of rectangular waves with 50% duty cycle. Varying the duty cycle
of a rectangular wave leads to pulse width modulation, where the information is conveyed by changing the
duty-cycle of each transmitted rectangular wave. A true square wave can be simply generated by applying
signum function over a periodic function.
 
g(t) = sgn sin(2π f t) (1.1)

where f is the desired frequency of the square wave and the signum function is defined as

−1 i f x < 0,


sgn(x) = 0 i f x = 0, (1.2)

1 if x > 0


Program 1.2: square wave.m: Generate a square wave with given sampling rate
f=10; %frequency of sine wave in Hz
overSampRate=30; %oversampling rate
fs=overSampRate*f; %sampling frequency
nCyl = 5; %to generate five cycles of square wave
t=0:1/fs:nCyl*1/f-1/fs; %time base
g = sign(sin(2*pi*f*t));
plot(t,g); title(['Square Wave f=', num2str(f), 'Hz']);

Square wave f=10 Hz

Fig. 1.2: A 10Hz square wave with 5 cycles and 50% duty cycle

1.1.3 Rectangular pulse

An isolated rectangular pulse of amplitude A and duration T is represented mathematically as

6 1 Essentials of Signal Processing
 
t
g(t) = A · rect (1.3)
T

where, 
1
1

 i f |t| < 2
1 1
rect(t) = 2 i f |t| = 2
(1.4)
1

0 i f |t| >

2

The following code simulates a rectangular pulse with desired pulse width and the resulting plot is shown
in Figure 1.3.

Program 1.3: rectangular pulse.m: Generating a rectangular pulse with desired pulse width
fs=500; %sampling frequency
T=0.2; %width of the rectangule pulse in seconds
t=-0.5:1/fs:0.5; %time base
g=(t >-T/2) .* (t<T/2) + 0.5*(t==T/2) + 0.5*(t==-T/2);
%g=rectpuls(t,T); %using inbuilt function (signal proc toolbox)
plot(t,g);title(['Rectangular Pulse width=', num2str(T),'s']);

Rectangular pulse width = 0.2s

Fig. 1.3: A rectangular pulse having pulse-width 0.2s

1.1.4 Gaussian pulse

In digital communications, Gaussian Filters are employed in Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying - GMSK [1]
and Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK). Two dimensional Gaussian filters are used in image processing
for producing Gaussian blurs. The impulse response of a Gaussian filter is Gaussian. Gaussian filters give no
overshoot with minimal rise and fall time when excited with a step function. Gaussian filter has minimum
group delay. The impulse response of a Gaussian filter is written as a Gaussian function
Another random document with
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A TESTAMENT FROM BARTHOLOMEUS PANTEN TO HIS LITTLE DAUGHTER, WHO
AFTER HER FATHER’S DEATH WAS PUT INTO A CONVENT BY THE PRIESTS; THE
LORD GRANT THAT SHE MAY YET BE BROUGHT INTO THE RIGHT WAY.

My dear child, hear the instruction of your father, and forget it not, if
God permits you to grow up, and you attain to your understanding;
and remember how I went before you, according to my limited
ability, in all imperfection (which I lament before God), to enter in
through the strait gate, for wide is the gate, and broad is the way,
that leadeth to destruction, and many there be which go in thereat:
because strait is the gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto
life, and few there be that find it. Beware of false prophets, which
come to you in sheep’s clothing, but inwardly they are ravening
wolves. Ye shall know them by their fruits. Do men gather grapes of
thorns, or figs of thistles? My dear child, I say that it is impossible;
hence take heed to their fruits; for it agrees in no wise with the holy
Scriptures, that any one should be apprehended, spoiled of his
property, and put to death, for his faith; for neither Christ nor his
disciples did this, but they had to suffer themselves from
unbelievers, and were put to death by them, as it clearly appears,
that Christ himself was numbered among the transgressors, and was
led to death like a lamb, and as a sheep dumb before her shearers.
Hence, my dear child, endeavor to follow this Shepherd, if you would
be one of his sheep; for Peter declares of him: “Christ also suffered
for us, leaving us an example, that ye should follow his steps; who
did no sin, neither was guile found in his mouth: who, when he was
reviled, reviled not again; when he suffered, he threatened not; but
committed himself to him that judgeth righteously.” 1 Pet. 2:21–23.
Hence, my dear child, the author of our faith went before, as Paul
declares to us: “Wherefore, seeing we also are compassed about
with so great a cloud of witnesses, let us lay aside every weight, and
the sin which doth so easily beset us, and let us run with patience
the race that is set before us, looking unto Jesus the author and
finisher of our faith: who for the joy that was set before him
endured the cross, despising the shame, and is set down at the right
hand of the throne of God. For consider him that endured such
contradiction of sinners against himself, lest ye be wearied and faint
in your minds. Ye have not yet resisted unto blood, striving against
sin.” Heb. 12:1–4.
Thus, my dear child, lay this to heart, and when you attain to your
understanding, it is my fatherly request of you, that you will join
yourself to those that fear God, who are by far the least among all
people, but are yet the true congregation and church of God, who
regulate themselves according to the ordinances of the Lord, and
according to the practice of the holy apostles, namely, a baptism
which is founded upon faith, and must be received as Christ has
commanded, and is written in Matthew: “Go ye therefore, and teach
all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son,
and of the Holy Ghost: teaching them to observe all things
whatsoever I have commanded you.” Matt. 28:19,20. Also in Mark:
“Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature.
He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved.” Mark 16:15,16.
Also in the Acts of the Apostles, where Peter practiced it on many.
This confession of faith must not only be made with the mouth, but
it must also be apprehended with the heart, and shown by the
works, even as John declared to the Pharisees and Sadducees,
whom he saw coming to his baptism, and said: “O generation of
vipers, who hath warned you to flee from the wrath to come? Bring
forth therefore fruits meet for repentance.” Matthew 3:7,8.
It must withal be understood, that confession is not enough, but
that sorrow of heart must also be evinced by good works; that the
old man with his evil works, must first be put off, and that it must be
done out of pure faith, as Philip said to the eunuch: “If thou
believest with all thine heart, thou mayest.” Acts 8:37. For all
outward action, without renewing of the spirit, cannot please God.
And the Supper we keep in remembrance of the Lord’s bitter death
and sufferings, as is declared [a letter] to the Corinthians: “I have
received of the Lord that which also I delivered unto you, That the
Lord Jesus, the same night in which he was betrayed, took bread:
and when he had given thanks, he brake it, and said, Take, eat; this
is my body, which is broken for you: this do in remembrance of me.
After the same manner also he took the cup, when he had supped,
saying, This cup is the new testament in my blood: this do ye, as oft
as ye drink it, in remembrance of me. For as often as ye eat this
bread, and drink this cup, ye do shew the Lord’s death till he come.”
1 Cor. 11:23–26. Now if we are to show his death till he come, he is
not daily in their mass, nor in all their idolatry, nor in their idol, with
which they visit the sick in their distress, where they say he is; this is
far from the truth.
And as regards the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, we believe
what the holy Scriptures declare concerning it, and are satisfied with
the confession of Peter, when Christ asked his disciples, who men
said that he was: Some said Jeremiah, Elias, or one of the prophets.
Hence Christ asked his disciples: But whom say ye that I am? Peter
answered: Lord, thou art the Son of the living God. Matthew 16:13.
And as also Nathaniel testifies: Thou art the King of Israel. John
1:49. Paul says: For if, when we were enemies, we were reconciled
to God by the death of his Son; much more, being reconciled, we
shall be saved by his life. Rom. 5:10. And John says: The blood of
Jesus Christ his Son cleanseth us from all sin. 1 John 1:7. And in the
Acts of the Apostles it is written: God raised up his child Jesus. Acts
3:26. Now if he raised up his child, it must certainly have been dead.
And in Isaiah it is written: A virgin shall receive [conceive], and bear
a son. Is. 7:14. If she received [conceived] him, it is my belief that
she did not receive more than she brought forth; and I am satisfied
with the work of God, however it may have been effected. That I
should believe, that he is of her flesh and blood, of this I have no
testimony in the holy Scriptures, and am content with the aforesaid
confession.
We further practice, according to the doctrine of Christ and of the
apostles, an excommunication, whereby the disorderly, who pervert
their faith in improper works must be punished, as Christ and Paul
declare. It must be used with those that have entered into the
communion of the saints and been baptized into one body with
them, but relapse into any carnal works, as in adultery, whoredom,
murder, drunkenness, idolatry, and the like. Matthew 16:19; 1 Cor.
5:11; 1 Tim. 5:20.
Hence, my child, when you attain to your understanding, defer not
to take up the cross, as much as you value your soul, for it is
written: “If any man come to me, and hate not his father, and
mother, and wife, and children, and brethren, and sisters, yea, and
his own life also, he cannot be my disciple. And whosoever doth not
bear his cross, and come after me, cannot be my disciple. Luke
14:26,27. Hence everything must be forsaken for the Lord’s sake, for
Christ also says in the same chapter: “Whosoever forsaketh not all
that he hath cannot be my disciple.” Verse 33.
Therefore, my dear child, look not at the great multitude, but
remember the time of Noah, how few there were saved when the
world perished by the flood. And that from the five cities of Sodom
and Gomorrah there were left but three persons.
Hence, my dear child, separate also from the spiritual Sodom, that
you be not a partaker of her sins, and receive not of her plagues.
Rev. 18:4. It is also written, 2 Cor. 6:17,18; 7:1: “Come out from
among them, and be ye separate, saith the Lord, and touch not the
unclean thing; and I will receive you, and will be a Father unto you,
and ye shall be my sons and daughters, saith the Lord Almighty.”
Having therefore these promises, dearly beloved, let us cleanse
ourselves from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit, perfecting
holiness in the fear of God. For the time will come when they shall
lament it, who have spent their life here in that which was not
proper; for when they shall say, Peace and safety; then sudden
destruction cometh upon them, as travail upon a woman with child;
and they shall not escape. 1 Thess. 5:3.
Hence, my dear child, Paul says: “But ye are not in darkness, that
that day should overtake you as a thief. Ye are all the children of
light, and the children of the day: we are not of the night, nor of
darkness. Therefore let us not sleep, as do others; but let us watch
and be sober. For they that sleep, sleep in the night; and they that
be drunken are drunken in the night. But let us, who are of the day,
watch and be sober.” Verse 4. As also Peter says: “Be sober, be
vigilant; because your adversary the devil, as a roaring lion, walketh
about, seeking whom he may devour: whom resist steadfast in the
faith, knowing that the same afflictions are accomplished in your
brethren that are in the world.” 1 Pet. 5:8,9.
We also believe in a resurrection of the flesh, at the last day, of the
good and of the evil, of the just and the unjust, so that all that are
in the grave, shall hear the voice of the Son of God; and they that
have done good shall come forth unto the resurrection of eternal
life; and they that have done evil shall come forth unto eternal
damnation. John 5:28,29.
Hence, my dear child, order your paths according to the holy
Scriptures, which will show you the right truth; for he that seeketh
findeth, and to him that knocketh it shall be opened. Hence, pray
the Lord for help and assistance, for he is the giver of every good
thing; that after this life you may hear the welcome voice: “Come,
ye blessed of my Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from
the foundation of the world: for I was a hungered, and ye gave me
meat: I was thirsty, and ye gave me drink: I was a stranger, and ye
took me in: naked, and ye clothed me: I was sick, and ye visited me:
I was in prison, and ye came unto me. Matt. 25:34.
Hence, my dear child, exercise yourself herein, and have your
delight in it; do according to Tobit’s advice: If thou hast much, give
much; if thou hast little, give little, and that with a faithful heart.
Tobit 4:8.
O my dear child, be mindful of what I have written you, and be
always faithful and obedient to people, in all that is not contrary to
the truth; and be diligent in your labor, courteous, gentle and meek;
for the fruit of the Spirit is in all goodness and righteousness and
truth. Eph. 5:9.
Herewith I commend my dear child to the Lord, and to those that
fear God.
This was written by me your father, Bartholomeus Panten, on the
same day that I was tortured for the name of the Lord; some of it
before the torturing, and some after it. Let all of you that read this,
or hear it read, bear in mind, and not be surprised, though this has
taken place, for the apostle Peter says: Beloved, think it not strange,
as though some strange thing happened unto you; but rejoice,
inasmuch as ye are partakers of Christ’s sufferings; that in the time
of revelation ye may be glad with exceeding joy, if ye are now
reproached here for the name of Christ. Amen. By me,
Bartholomeus Panten.

MICHIEL HAZEL, A. D. 1592.

In this year, 1592, also one Michiel Hazel, after he had been
imprisoned over four years, for the Christian faith, was beheaded in
prison, at Witling, in the country of Wurtemberg, on the seventh day
of the month of July, continuing firm, steadfast and of good cheer in
the Lord, though he had to suffer much misery and tribulation in the
time of his imprisonment. For a long time he was confined, not
knowing but that he should have to remain in confinement all the
days of his life; yet he would not forsake the faith and the divine
truth, no matter what might come upon him, even though it were
death. Hence even the unbelieving had to give a good testimony of
him; for the castellan himself said: This was a good man; and that if
such a man did not get into heaven, he would not venture to knock;
yea, that if he should come to such an end, he should rejoice over it
from the heart.

THOMAS HAN, A. D. 1592.

In the year 1592, on the twelfth day of May, also Thomas Han, of
Nicktsburg, was imprisoned for the faith, at Freiburg, in Bavaria; he
was also very severely tortured and racked, and in order that he
should tell what they wanted, and renounce his faith, they had him
suspended by ropes from eight until eleven o’clock. But he answered
them: “You have my body; do with it what you will; you shall not
deprive me of my soul, and I shall also not tell you what you want,
nor betray any one; though you extract the veins out of my body,
one after another, and cut away a strip from my skin every day, yet I
will not renounce, nor depart from the truth.” They applied to him
many words of reproach, as that he was a deceiver, and had
seduced many to the sect of the Anabaptists. But he said to them:
“It is the true, Christian baptism, and not anabaptism; and if I could
convert the whole world, I would gladly die three times if it were
possible.”
When he had been in confinement about seven weeks, he was
(since he could not be brought to recant) on the 8th of July brought
into the council house to be sentenced. As this took place, he turned
to the people and exclaimed thrice with a loud voice: “Honor and
thanks be to God, that it has come to this, and that this is his will.”
The executioner then bound him, and wanted to place him into a
wagon, but he said: “I will walk to death, even as also Christ our
Lord walked to death;” and he thereupon commenced to sing. The
beadle enjoined him silence, but the executioner said: “Let him
alone.” In going out, a priest joined himself to him, and also other
persons went with him. The priest asked (when he refused to be
instructed) whether he thought, that he and his like alone were
righteous, and that the rest were all damned. But brother Thomas
answered: “We endeavor to live piously, and shun sin; but those
who will live in sin, we put away from us, and do not tolerate them;
yet we condemn no one; but every one that commits sin is
condemned by his evil works, and this we tell them.” Thereupon the
priest said: “We also reprove sin.” The brother said: “How should
you reprove, for where the shepherd is not good, how then should
the sheep be good? You are false prophets, how then should you
reprove falseness?” And he further said to the priest: “Go away, you
false prophet; I cannot behold you any longer.” Thereupon the priest
began to exalt his sacrament, that it was the true body and blood of
Christ, and that whosoever partakes of it has no sin. The brother
said: “You go around with your sacrament, and sell it for money,
even as Judas sold and betrayed the Lord; but we observe the Lord’s
supper in remembrance of him, according to his command.”
He then asked the priest, where there was anything written of the
sacrament. The priest became silent, and did not know what to
answer, except that he said: “It is written in the Bible.” Thomas
asked: “Where?” The priest said: “Paul writes of it in the fifteenth
chapter.” The brother said: “That is not so;” and then went on to
say: “Do go away from me, you false prophet.” When they arrived at
the place of execution, the executioner asked whether he wanted to
pray. This he did, and then said: “I have finished my prayer; proceed
now, for I wish to get out of this world.” He then knelt down, and
the executioner quickly drew forth the sword, to frighten him, and
then begged him three times for God’s sake, to renounce, and he
would let him go. But the brother said: “Renounce I will not; but
proceed with your work, for it must be.” Thus the executioner
beheaded him, he peacefully commending his spirit to God. The
executioner then placed the body upon the wood, and singed it a
little, and then buried the severed head with the body. And though
there was a strong wind that day, yet the smoke of the fire ascended
straight up to heaven, as can also be testified by all who saw it. This
happened at Freiburg, in Bavaria, on the 8th of July, A. D. 1592.

MATTHEUS MAIR, A. D. 1592.

MATTHEUS MAIR DROWNED.

The same year 1592, on Mary Magdalene’s day, Mattheus Mair was
apprehended at Wier, in the district of Baden. This was brought
about by a priest, who upon coming out of the church, and noticing
the brother, sent his servant maid after him, to see whether he
should leave the village. He further commanded her, that she should
so speak to him, as though she also wanted to become of his
persuasion, and would like to go with him to his people; in the
meantime he should come, and send other persons there, who
should speak with him. With such words the maid delayed the
brother, till the priest sent out some peasants, who apprehended
him, and conducted him into the town of Baden. Six days after,
namely, the 28th of July, as he would not follow them, nor renounce
his faith, the ungodly pack of priests proceeded with him; however,
what they talked with him, or what he answered them, this they did
not allow to come to the light. When he was led forth to death,
there were present his brother-in-law and several of his friends, who
interceded for him, and also offered to give money for him; but they
could obtain nothing, yea, not even to speak with him.
Now as he was going forth to death, he asked among the people,
where his brother-in-law and friends were, and how they might
come to him; saying that he had to charge them, that they should
tell his brethren and sisters, to take care of his wife and child, for
they were with a pious people. This he spoke aloud among the
people. Then one of his friends among the people consoled him and
said, that he should not yield, but be valiant; he should soon have
overcome. Thereupon one smote the friend, who had said this, for
it, and said that he was also a heretic, and ought to be treated like
the rest. Now when the executioner had thrust brother Matheus into
the water, he drew him out again three or four times, and each time
asked him whether he would recant. But he always said, No, as long
as he was able to speak; hence he was drowned, on the twenty-
ninth day of the month of July, through the power of God steadfastly
persevering in the faith. There was much said about his death, by
high and low, as that they had murdered him, and the traitorous
Judas and priest were cursed; for this Matheus was a well-known,
good and pious man; hence God also gave him power to continue
steadfast in the faith unto his end.
Note.—The envy of some of the Calvanists in the town of
Middelborgh was at this time so great against the defenseless sheep
of Christ, who had come to them from various papistic towns, to
escape the distress and persecution, and expected to rest under
their protection, that they paid no attention, and had no regard,
neither to humble supplications nor the repeated commands of the
Prince of Orange, who in the years 1577 and 1578 had given orders
to the magistrates there, to let these people dwell in peace; but
disturbed the peace of said people, and the practice of their religion.
Hence Maurice, the oldest son of the aforesaid Prince, of honorable
memory, following the footsteps of his father, issued, for the third
time, a prohibition concerning the oppressing of the aforesaid
people, to the end that they might now certainly obtain liberty of
conscience, as appears from the following act:
Transcript.
Maurice, born Prince of Orange, Count of Nassau, Marquis van der
Vere, to the honorable, most learned, wise, discreet, dear, particular,
etc.
That which has been brought to our knowledge, on behalf of
Mailjaert de Poorter, and Joost Leonisse, sawyers and wood-sellers,
residing in the town of Middelborgh, you will learn at length from the
accompanying request; and though we do not doubt at all, but that
you will conduct yourselves, with the supplicants, in the points of
their request and complaint, entirely according to the import of the
resolution previously taken with regard to this, by the Lords States
of Holland and Zealand; and will conform to such acts and letters as
have been granted to the supplicants and their fellow brethren in the
same profession, in the time of our lord and father the Prince of
Orange, of worshipful memory; yet we would nevertheless hereby
earnestly request you, seeing this matter concerns not only the town
of Middelborgh in particular, but these United Provinces in general,
that you will regulate yourself according to the import of the
aforesaid resolutions, in all quietness and friendship, allowing the
aforesaid supplicants and their fellow brethren to enjoy such liberties
as have been granted them by said resolutions and acts respectively,
until the aforesaid Lords General States of these United Provinces
shall have further considered and disposed of the aforesaid matter.
And besides that, we deem it reasonable and just, it is our pleasure.
And hereby, honorable, most learned, wise, discreet, dear, particular,
we commend you to God.
Gravenhage, on the 4th of March, 1593.
Signed:
Your very good friend,
Maurice de Nassau.
The superscription was: To the honorable, wise and discreet, our
dear, particular Burgomasters, Judges and Rulers of Middelborgh,
and was sealed with his Excellency’s seal.
Below was written: Compared with the original, and found to agree
with it.
J. Milander.
Further Observation.—Upon this followed, it appears, some rest, so
that the scattered flock of Christ began to increase some at that
place, and to extend its membership. In the meantime, however, [in
the dominion] of popery they were still persecuted to death; of
whom, among others that lost their lives there, the following have
come to our notice; from which the distress of that time, though
there was rest in some places, can be inferred and judged.
 AELTGEN BATEN, AND MAEYKEN WOUTERS, A. D. 1595.

Aeltgen Baten was an aged woman, and Maeyken Wouters a young

woman of about twenty-four years. Both were born at Sonhoven, in
the seignioralty of Vogelsanck, belonging under the territory of
Luyck, and resided there. Through the grace of God they obtained
the true knowledge of the holy gospel, believed the same, amended
their lives, according to its requirements, and had themselves
baptized upon the faith in Jesus Christ, according to his divine
commandment and the practice of his dear apostles. As this however
could not be tolerated, complaints were entered against them at
Luyck, where the Court is held, and where orders were given to
bring them thither as prisoners, which was done in the following
manner: The lords of Luyck have certain beadles, called trappers,
whom they send through the country whenever they want to have
any one apprehended. They sent fourteen of these trappers from
Luyck to Sonhoven, to apprehend these two women, or any others,
and to bring them to Luyck. They first captured Aeltgen, and
afterwards Maeyken and her brother (who was still very young), who
had made themselves ready and it was the intention of both of
them, if their father should have been taken, to go with him and not
to forsake him; but as they did not catch the father, her brother also
escaped the trappers.
Thus they began to conduct these two lambs to Luyck; but as they,
on their way to Luyck, had to pass through Hasselt, a town about a
league distant from Sonhoven, these two lambs were spoken to by
many of their acquaintances at Hasselt, and it was greatly lamented,
that they had to go to Luyck, into prison, and much sympathy and
solicitude was expressed for them. Maeyken said to them: “If the
Lord has so ordered it, I would rather go to Luyck (namely, for the
testimony of Christ), than home. And thus they proceeded through
the city, and went to Luyck, in all a distance of about eight leagues.
When they got there, they were imprisoned ten weeks in the
official’s tower. During this time, they showed each other great love,
tending as it appears, much to edification and encouragement; for
the young sister would gladly have borne in her own body, if it had
been possible to do so, all the hardships which her dear, old sister
suffered. They endured much vexation, being threatened,
frightened, and also entreated, in order to turn them from the faith.
Once the bishop’s chaplain came to the young sister, with bland
words, and brought a can of wine with him, in the hope that he
should overcome her. With words of greatest suavity he presented to
her the matter; yea, he got down upon his knees, and with folded
hands begged her to recant and to believe the Romish church. But
Maeyken proved herself faithful, and repelled the devil’s deceit, so
that the tempter went away. On another occasion, a man from her
village, who was acquainted with her, came to Luyck. He had heard
that it was reported that she should have to die, and his soul was
set on fire, and the matter excited his carnal sympathy, thinking:
“And must that young girl die?” Hence he thought with himself, that
he would talk with her, in order to see whether he might not move
her. He therefore went to her in prison, and called Maeyken out
alone, and said: “My dear Maeyken, O that you would obey, and
yield a point, to be released from these bonds. When you get out,
you can live as before.” Thereupon she replied: “My dear friend
(calling him by name), would you advise me this, that I should
forsake God and become a child of the devil?” The man said: “Then
you will have to die.” Thereupon Maeyken said: “I should rather have
this come to pass with us, than enjoy the light of day.” When the
man heard this, he became silent, so that he turned around with
weeping eyes, and said nothing more to her. They were both
tortured and suspended on Thursday night; but they remained silent
and fainted away. Then they poured water over Maeyken, upon
which she cried aloud; but more than that they did not obtain from
either. During the night they lay together quietly. On Friday night
they sang with great joy. Having been thus imprisoned for a long
time, they were finally brought into the official’s court, and
condemned according to their spiritual law. When they heard their
sentence, they thanked the Lord with a joyful heart, yea, with a
laughing mouth. They then delivered these two persons over to the
secular judge, who received them, and placed them again in his
prison, in which they suffered great distress for a few days, on
account of the uncomfortable condition of the prison. However the
Lord ordered it, so that they took consolation and courage in the
Lord, and Aeltgen’s husband sent her money and blankets for her
needs, for which she thought she had no further use, and hence
refused it altogether. She asked her dear sister Maeyken, whether
she would have it. Maeyken said: “I have as little need of it as you,
my dear sister;” for they trusted soon to live in all fullness and joy
with the Lord. “Yes,” said Aeltgen, “if the door stood open, I should
not wish to go away.” And since in all their sufferings they were so
joyful in God, they thanked God in heaven in their hearts, and sang
praises to him in prison.
Afterwards they wanted to sentence them by the secular law, which
it was said, was done by four judicial persons, or judges, namely,
that these two persons should be drowned (for the word of God), by
being cast alive, bound, from the Meuse bridge. On that same
Saturday there came to them to Luyck two men from their locality,
to ask both of them, whether they had some word to send yet.
Coming thus unbeknown, they found them in a chamber, where sat
the lords to sentence them, and they were standing in their midst,
and when Aeltgen saw her acquaintance she said to him: “Nephew,
have you come to visit us once more? we trust to offer up our
sacrifice within one hour; we thank you heartily for it, and I request
you to please tell my husband, to bring up my children in the fear of
God.” Maeyken also said: “Do bid my father and mother many
adieus.” This they spoke while standing among the lords, expecting
their sentence. The men tarrying a little, one of the lords bowed
himself before Maeyken, begging her to recant and to believe in the
Romish church; and her life should be spared. Thereupon Aeltgen
said: “We want to die, as Christ’s apostles did.” Now when their last
hour was approaching, both were brought forth from prison. Hence,
both of them being rejoiced, they began to sing and to thank and
praise God; but alas! the poor lambs could not long enjoy this; for
what is granted to thieves and murderers, namely, to speak, of this
they were deprived, and they were conducted back to prison, where
their mouths were gagged, and they were thus, as dumb lambs, led
to the slaughter and death. When they arrived on the Meuse Bridge,
many and various reports of this matter were circulating among the
common people. When they arrived at the place appointed, the
executioner began to bind them, but they had to keep silent, until
the executioner loosed the cloth that was before their mouths, and
tied it over their eyes. Then Aeltgen first said: “O Lord, this is a
beautiful city indeed; would that it repented with Nineveh;” and
commending herself to God, the executioner forthwith cast her from
the bridge down into the water, and she was instantly drowned.
The executioner then also released Maeyken’s mouth, so that she
was heard to speak, saying to the executioner: “Grant me, that in
my greatest extremity I may pray to God and call upon him.” The
executioner said: “Pray to our lords the magistrates, and believe with
us in the Romish church; and you shall save your life. Maeyken said:
“I have never done amiss to the magistrates; hence I also need not
to worship them;” but the executioner gave her a short answer, and
giving her no time, cast her down from the bridge immediately; she
did not sink instantly as Aeltgen, but with blooming cheeks she
drifted upon the water for a long time, until, it is said, she had
reached the lower side of the city.
Thus these two Christians ended their lives to the honor of God, on
the 24th of July, 1595.
 HERE FOLLOWS A LETTER WHICH MAEYKEN WOUTERS WROTE FROM PRISON
TO HER PARENTS, AND TO OTHERS OF HER FELLOW BELIEVERS.

The abundant mercy of God our heavenly Father, through Jesus

Christ his only Son our Lord, this I wish you, my dear father and
mother, brothers and sisters, whom I love much from the heart, but
our heavenly Father above all, for he has called me, that I should
help him bear his sufferings, for which I have asked him many times,
if I might be worthy of it. Hence I followed him with great joy.
My dear father and mother, think not (though I am bodily separated
from you and the flock of Christ) that my Bridegroom will forsake
me; think what he has said: Though a mother should forsake her
child, yet will I never forsake mine elect, whom my heavenly Father
has given me. Is. 49:15. Hence if it is his pleasure, I shall soon be
delivered. But if you now deliver me with temporal wealth, you
deprive our Bridegroom of his honor, and believe not that he will
deliver me.
Hence, my dear father and mother, grieve me no more about paying
the costs; for you have burdened me greatly, day and night, because
I sent word to you so many times, that you should not ransom me,
and you did not write me an answer.
Hence, my dear father and mother, speak with our friends, so that I
may receive a comforting letter from you or from the others, which
would be to me a great joy; for otherwise I desire no comfort from
men, only from our heavenly Father alone, who is able to provide for
us.
O dear friends, if I continue steadfast in that which my heavenly
Father lays upon me, what great treasure I hope to gather thereby,
which will fall to me hereafter, which is a great joy to me. O my dear
father and mother, is this not a greater joy to you, than if I had not
done according to your will, and had gone off with a young man, as
you have doubtless heard of other girls? Hence rejoice and make
melody to the Lord in your hearts, because the Lord has made me,
unworthy one, worthy thereto and you have brought me up to God’s
praise. Remember that there is still more written, where the Lord
says: Blessed are ye, when men persecute and revile you for my
name’s sake; rejoice and be exceeding glad then, for great shall be
your reward in heaven. Matt. 5:11,12.
Know, dear father and mother, that I have been before so many
lords and authorities, also priests and Jesuits, who sought nothing
but to murder my soul. But the Lord our God gave me wisdom and
understanding, and a mouth to speak which, I believe, was pleasing
to our dear Lord. Very many times they predicted my eternal
damnation, and said to me: “If you do not forsake your sect, and
live according to the holy Roman Church, as the whole world does,
you will, as truly as God is in eternal life, never attain to
repentance.” Then I said to them: “I doubt not, but trust, that if we
finish it by the help of the Lord, we shall through grace obtain the
eternal joy.” Then they said to me: “God has nothing to do with you;
you are a child of the devil; the devil has you by the throat, who will
confirm you even unto the fire. God created you beautiful, and made
you after his own image; and is it not a pity now, that you will have
to die an ignominious death, and hereafter inherit eternal fire?” I
said to them: “I will rather die, than apostatize from my faith, if it is
God’s pleasure. Thus I am ready, much rather to-day than to-
morrow; I will not fear men, who must die; but I will much rather
fear my heavenly Father, who has given me my life; though I now,
for his sake, lose it, he can give it to me again.”
Then they left me. The omnipotent, strong and mighty God, our
heavenly Father, who always helps us to triumph, and does not
forsake them that have put their hope in him, and never turn their
faith from him, the Lord our God, who sits in the highest throne of
glory, come to our aid; he alone is worthy to receive praise and
thanks, honor and glory, and blessing forever and ever. Amen.
Hereby I most heartily greet my dear father and mother, brother and
sister, with the peace of the Lord. Dear friends, when you offer up
your prayers before the Lord, do not forget me, since I shall not
forget you; may the Lord be our helper. Amen.
Once more, in particular I greet father and mother, brother and
sister, and further all believers and lovers of the truth; let all pray
heartily for me. I hope to be diligent, as far as the Lord has given
me grace. God be with us all. Amen.
I had this letter written, when I was in prison for the testimony of
the truth, in the town of Luyck, A. D. 1595. I, a feeble member of
the Christian church, bearing now in my body the marks of my Lord.
Adieu, now, all of you.
Maeyken Wouters.

ANNEKEN VAN DEN HOVE, 1597.

At Brussels, under the reign of the archduke Albert, there was

apprehended for her faith and following Christ, a young maiden
named Anneken van den Hove (being the servant-maid of Nicolaes
Rampaert’s sister), having been betrayed, as it was said, by the
pastor of the Savel church at Brussels.
This Anneken was imprisoned two years and seven months, in which
time she suffered much temptation, from priests, monks, Jesuits and
others, who thereby sought to make her apostatize from the faith
she had accepted; but however great pains they took with her, in the
way of examining, tormenting, fair promises, threats, long
imprisonment, and otherwise, she nevertheless constantly remained
steadfast in the faith in her Lord and Bridegroom, so that finally, on
the ninth of July 1597, certain Jesuits came and asked her whether
she would suffer herself to be converted, for in that case she should
be released and set at liberty. Thereupon she replied: “No.” They
then offered to give her six months more time for consideration; but
she desired neither day nor time, but said: They might do what
seemed good to them, for she longed to get to the place where she
might offer up unto the Lord a sacrifice acceptable unto him. This
answer having been conveyed to the judges, information was
brought her about two hours afterwards, that if she wanted to die,
prepare herself, unless she wished to turn.
Hence the justice of the Court, and also a few Jesuits, went out with
her about eight o’clock, half a mile without the city of Brussels,
where a pit or grave was made, while in the meantime she fearlessly
undressed herself, and was thus put alive into the pit, and the lower
limbs having first been covered with earth, the Jesuits who were
present asked her: Whether she would not yet turn and recant? She
said: “No;” but that she was glad that the time of her departure was
so near fulfilled. When the Jesuits then laid before her, that she had
to expect not only this burying alive of the body into the earth, but
also the eternal pain of the fire in her soul, in hell. She answered:
That she had peace in her conscience, being well assured that she
died saved, and had to expect the eternal, imperishable life, full of
joy and gladness in heaven, with God and all his saints.
In the meantime they continued to throw earth and (as has been
stated to us) thick sods of heath ground upon her body, up to her
throat; but notwithstanding all their asking, threatening, or
promising to release her and take her out of the pit, if she would
recant, it was all in vain, and she would not hearken to it.
Hence they at last threw much additional earth and sods upon her
face and whole body, and stamped with their feet upon it, in order
that she should die the sooner.
This was the end of this pious heroine of Jesus Christ, who gave her
body to the earth, that her soul might obtain heaven; thus she
fought a good fight, finished her course, kept the faith, and valiantly
confirmed the truth unto death.
Since she then so loved her dear leader, Christ Jesus, that she
followed him not only to the marriage at Cana, but also, so to speak,
even to the gallows-hill, there cannot be withheld from her the
honor and name of a faithful martyress, who suffered all this for his
name’s sake.
Hence she will also afterwards, when going forth as a wise virgin,
yea, as a dear friend of the Lord, to meet her heavenly Bridegroom,
be joyfully welcomed and received in the heavenly halls of immortal
glory, together with all steadfast servants of God.
O God, be merciful also unto us that are still living, that continuing
faithful unto the end, we may with her, and all the saints receive thy
blessed inheritance.

FURTHER OBSERVATION TOUCHING THE CAUSE OF DEATH OF ANNEKEN VAN

DEN HOVE.

It was for a long time believed (which originated in the assertions of

some adherents of the Reformed Church), that the aforementioned
Anneken van den Hove died for the sake of the Calvanistic or so-
called Reformed faith; but this was long ago justly contradicted, by
written as well as by oral testimonies; among others, through a
certain letter, which was written in the month of July (when she was
offered up) by some one from Antwerp, to one of his friends; in
which it is stated, in papistic style, that she was buried alive outside
of the city of Brussels, because she belonged to the Anabaptists.
One year subsequently, namely, 1598, there was published, a printed
work called the Apologia Catholica, by Franciscus Kosterus, in which,
on page 160, these words are found: “Moreover, there was no
injustice done at Brussels, to Anneken van den Hove, inasmuch as
they proceeded against her in accordance with the old laws of the
Emperor’s; nor need the Calvinists complain of the lords; for she was
found a Mennonist and Anabaptist, who, Calvin himself confesses,
ought to be punished.” See the aforementioned book, printed at
Antwerp, by Joachim Trognesius, edition 1598, at the place referred
to.
Subsequently, in the year 1601, another tract was printed and
published at Antwerp, by Hieronymus Verdussen, entitled: Brief and
true account of the sufferings of some pious and glorious martyrs,
etc.; wherein she, near the close, is pronounced an Anabaptist.
Moreover, a certain school teacher and sexton of the papistic church
at Aelst, who then resided in Brussels, near the Stone Gate, where
she was imprisoned, and who often brought her food, made the
verbal statement, according to creditable testimony, that she had
such a faith and religion as the Mennonites, etc.
It was also then, and shortly after that time a common saying at
Brussels, of those that had any knowledge concerning her views,
that she agreed therein with the Anabaptists, etc.

OF THE DESTRUCTION OF SOME TYRANTS OF THIS LAST PERSECUTION.

We will abridge this century with which formerly also our old
Offerboeck was concluded; showing the destruction of some tyrants,
who were no small cause of this last and severest persecution of all.
Even as the old man whom King Antiochus had sent out to
Jerusalem, notwithstanding he set up many abominations, and
tyrannized against the law of God, could nevertheless not suppress
the people of God and his law, but had to behold their increase
[even] under the persecution, and besides see that the country was
full of wars and commotions and resisted the king; even so it also
came to pass with the aged Ferdinand Alvares de Toledo (also called
Duke of Alva), whom King Philip II had sent from Spain into these
Netherlands; however much he endeavored to make every one
accept the abomination of idolatry, above God and his word, and
however dreadfully he raged, utterly to exterminate the true lovers
of the divine truth, and ardent followers of the holy gospel, yet he
could not, to the satisfaction of his furious and blood-thirsty
disposition, accomplish his presumptuous undertaking.
For under his severe and bloody persecution, the church of the
godfearing, the pure bride of Christ, still constantly bloomed as a
beautiful rose among pricking thorns, and was fruitful, to the praise
of the Most High.
But he himself, who sought to rule over all Netherland lords, and to
oppress others, met with resistance from some of those whom he
sought to exterminate, who, however, were not of the defenseless
sheep of Christ, so that, after he had for about seven years indulged
his desire for bloodshed, slaying and murdering for the faith (when
the country was full of war on his account), he had to depart in
disgrace, and with him one John Vergas, who was a member of his
council of blood; which many regarded as a punishment of God for
his wickedness. But a still severer fate awaited Jacob Hessel, one of
the chief members of his deadly court, and Jan de Vis, Bailiff of
Ingelmunster; who, some time afterwards, were taken out of prison,
without previous announcement, or sentence having been
pronounced conducted without the city of Ghent, and hanged to a
tree. And even as they had sentenced many others to death
unexpectedly, so they also had to yield up their lives unexpectedly,
and thus there was meted to them with the same measure with
which they had measured to others. From this we can easily
perceive God’s just punishment upon those who persecute and kill
Christ and his members. Likewise in the case of the high Bailiff of
Halewijn, named George de la Rave, who also participated in the
tyranny over the children of God, by persecuting, dispersing and
apprehending them, and otherwise. In the year 1571 he assisted in
apprehending, among others, one Adriaen Jans Hoedmaecker (who
was burnt at Rijssel on account of his faith), and in the year
following, on the same spot where Adriaen had been apprehended,
he met together with some intoxicated persons, with whom he and
his servants fell into an altercation and fight in which he was
wounded to such an extent, that he had to lie in bed with the wound
for a long time and finally died a painful death in great distress of
mind. Hence he had several confessors come to him, who could
nevertheless not rid him of the gnawing worm of a torturing
conscience; but he had to end his life as a tyrant in misery.
But especially can it be seen, how hard it is to kick against the
goads, in the case of one Pieter Titelman, the Dean of Ronse, who
was probably the chiefest inquisitor in Flanders. He was about this
time in Kortrijck, smitten with a severe disease by God, lice growing
out of his wicked body so abundantly, that he could not be kept
clean therefrom, notwithstanding he was supplied with clean linen,
and otherwise cleansed two or three times a day. No remedy could
be procured and he died a most distressing and miserable death.
Concerning this Dean of Ronse it is also written, that having gone
forth on a certain occasion with a small number of men, to
apprehend these witnesses of God, and thus to deliver them into the
hands of the torturers and slayers, he came; at evening, into an inn,
where he met a bailiff, who had gone out with a great number of
beadles, to apprehend vagrants and wicked men. The bailiff asked
Ronse with surprise, how he dared trust his body with so few
servants, to apprehend other people; for if I were to do so, said he,
I would soon lose my life. Thereupon Ronse replied, that he had no
fear in this respect, since he had gone out to catch only good men,
from whom he had no danger to apprehend. Upon this the Bailiff,
particularly reflecting upon Ronse’s words, answered: “If you arrest
the good people, and I the bad, who then shall remain free?” Hereby
this Dean of Ronse certainly bore testimony of himself, that he had
laid his hands on the just, who had not resisted him. So it can also
be perceived from this bailiff’s remark, that he himself well knew
that the magistracy’s power ought to be used only for the
punishment of the evil, and the protection of the good; and that
therefore this Ronse and his adherents shamefully abused their
authority on these people.
It also happened at Dixmuyden, in Flanders, in the year 1553, when
the pious Wouter Capelle, who is mentioned in this book, was burnt
for the truth, that there was a simple, harmless fellow, who was
arrested by the lords of Dixmuyden. He begged in the streets, and
was thus fed by good-hearted people. And since the aforementioned
Wouter Capelle, (by trade a say-weaver) was very liberal in
supplying the poor with food, communicating to them from the labor
of his hands, it occurred, two or three days before Wouter was
apprehended, that this simple fellow, late in the evening, came to
Wouter’s house. Wouter asked him whether he wanted something to
eat. He said: “Yes.” Hence Wouter brought him a piece twice until he
did not wish any more. Now when it came to pass, that Wouter
Capelle was sentenced to be burnt, this simple fellow cried: “You
thieves and murderers, you shed innocent blood; this man has done
no evil but has very kindly fed me.” And this he cried constantly, and
as Wouter was brought forth to be burned, he also stepped near and
wanted to run into the fire with the condemned man, so that they
had to carry him away by force. And when he was dead, the burnt
body having been brought outside of the city to the gallows-field,
this simple fellow daily resorted thither, heeding neither snow nor
rain, and stroked with his hands the burnt body, and said: “O poor
fellow, you have surely done no evil, and yet they have shed your
blood; and you have fed me so kindly.” Finally, when the body had
been almost devoured by the birds, this man on a certain occasion
took off the whole skeleton, laid it upon his shoulders, and ran in to
the gate with it. Hence many people followed him, to see whither he
should take it, but he went with it to the lord burgomaster of the
city, and when the latter had opened his door, he threw the whole
skeleton down into the hall, and said (also other lords being
gathered there): “You thieves and murderers, if you have eaten the
flesh of this man, eat the bones too.” And as the lords of Dixmuyden
had erected an iron stake in the place where the aforesaid Wouter
Capelle had been executed, for a token and lasting memorial, that
such a heretic (as they regarded him) had been burned there; it
came to pass that the burgomaster of said city, into whose house
the skeleton had been thrown, became sick unto death, and his
sickness so affected him, that in his delirium he cried out: That he
had seen the angel of God fly over the stake with the soul of the
burnt Wouter Capelle. And this he constantly cried, till the lords
caused the iron stake to be removed; then he ceased his cry; but
died most miserably shortly afterwards. In consequence of this, it
seems, those of Dixmuyden were so frightened that afterwards they
shed no more innocent blood.
Concerning this avenging hand of God, which he very signally
exercised upon blood-thirsty tyrants and persecutors of his people,
you may also read in an epistle of Menno Simon’s, S. G. folio 133, 348
which the latter wrote in his time to Martin Mikron, and which partly
related to the aforementioned Menno himself. It reads as follows:
“It is now about eighteen or nineteen years since that a very
eminent and distinguished man, who was highly esteemed by the
world, but whose name and country I will not mention, wickedly
advised, how they should extirpate me and the pious. He had
scarcely finished his words and wicked thought, when the avenging
hand of the Most High touched him. He dropped at the table, and
thus in a moment ended his impenitent, blood-thirsty, wicked,
ungodly life in a most dreadful manner, O terrible judgment?” This
happened about the year 1539.
“About the same time it happened to another man, who thought that
he would so set his trap for me, that I could not escape, that he, in
like manner, at the same meal he was eating, while speaking the
words, was suddenly pierced by an arrow from the Lord’s quiver,
being smitten with a severe disease, and thus had to give an
account before the almighty, avenging God, and was buried within
eight days from the time he had spoken these words.
“Still another, who was to become an officer to the Emperor in a
certain place, fancied that he should exterminate this people, if there
was any virtue in the imperial authority. He came to the place where
he was to be located and serve in his capacity; and four or five days
thereafter, the bell was tolled and the requiem sung over him.
Behold, thus God the Lord annihilates the designs of the ungodly
who assail his holy mountain, and brings to naught all those that
hate his truth and are inimical thereto.
“In the year 1554, it also occurred that three of our brethren were at
Wisbuy in Gotland, for the purpose of earning a livelihood there. A
preacher of that city, whose name was Laurentius, who was led by
the spirit of his Father [the devil], cried after them on the street, and
reviled them as much as he could, saying that they should not
practice their religion there, though it should cost him all that was
inside of his coat, namely, body and soul. A few days afterwards he
came to converse with one of these brethren, another preacher also
being present, who was somewhat more reasonable in disposition.
He reviled, and carried on dreadfully; but the great Lord smote him
in the presence of them both, so that he was suddenly deprived of
his speech, and within twenty-one hours (alas!) was numbered with
the dead. O terrible punishment and judgment of God!
“A case almost similar occurred the same year at Wismar, where
they had accepted a crier, named Doctor Smeedesteed, who said
that he would rather have a hat full of our blood, than a hat full of
our gold. He persuaded the magistrates (who gladly have and want
to hear such pillow makers) to proclaim just before cold winter, to
the poor children, to clear the place before St. Martin’s day; or they
should be put where they should not like to be. Smeedesteed was
very joyous that he had accomplished the fulfillment of his heart’s
desire; but to his sore judgment; for that very day the almighty,
great Lord laid the hand of his wrath upon him, and within six or
seven days took him away by an awful and severe sickness. Yet the
hardened, blind and stupid world did not perceive it.
“A. D. 1555, it occurred again in that city, that there was a preacher,
named Vincentius (who still lives there), who never grew tired of his
ungodly reviling and severe reproaching. On the day they call the
Lord’s Ascension day, he read from the Scriptures (Mark 16:16): ‘He
that believeth and is baptized shall be saved,’ and said he should
reproach and revile us, as long as his mouth was open. Instantly the
strong power of God closed it, and bound his tongue, and he fell
down in the pulpit, and was carried out by some of those present, as
one punished of God, and taken into his house a dumb man. Behold,
thus he can punish those who would touch and injure the apple of
his eye.
“If I were to relate all the incidents which in my time befell the
enemies of the saints, it would require a separate volume.” Thus far
from Menno Simons.
It is appropriate to add here, what happened to the said godfearing
Menno Simons himself. A traitor sold him for a certain amount of
money, binding himself to deliver him into the hands of the tyrants,
or he would lose his own head in stead; in which, however, to his
own injury he did not succeed, though he put forth his utmost
diligence to accomplish it. He repaired to their meeting, and
diligently spied out a place where they assembled; but Menno in a
miraculous manner escaped his hands.
It occurred also, that the traitor and the officer, who had gone out to
seek and apprehend Menno, unexpectedly met him in a small boat
on a canal. The traitor kept silence, till Menno had passed on a
piece, and then jumped on shore, to escape with less peril. Then the
traitor said: “See there, the bird has escaped us.” The officer called
him a villain, and upbraided him for not speaking in time. The traitor
replied: “I could not speak, for my tongue was held.” This was taken
so amiss by the lords, that they severely punished the traitor, for a
rigorous and instructive example to all bloodthirsty traitors.
Thus there can, by these and similar examples mentioned in divers
places in this book, as also in both Testaments, in murderous Cain,
Pharaoh, Jezebel, Antiochus, Herod, and many similar ones, be
manifestly seen and perceived the avenging hand of the almighty
God, and how grievously they offend against the God of heaven and
earth, who here afflict, persecute and kill his people; and what
intolerable punishment they have to expect at the coming of Christ
from heaven; of which this temporal punishment is but a beginning
and foretaste, seeing the Son of God, in the day when he will arise
to avenge Zion, will regard all that has been inflicted upon his own,
as though the apple of his own eye had been touched. Then shall all
persecutors be sorry with too late repentance, and groan for anguish
of spirit, who here condemned and killed the just, who did not resist
them. Wis. 5:3; James 5:6.
Hence the wise woman Judith says in her song of praise: “Woe to
the nations that rise up against my kindred! for the Lord Almighty
shall judge them, and visit them in the day of judgment; for he shall
put fire and worms in their flesh, that they shall burn, and feel it for
ever.” Judith 16:17.
O how good were it for all tyrannical men, if they would consider
and lay to heart these and similar passages of holy Scripture, and
would fight no more against the high God, for it will be required of
them at that day, before the judgment seat of Christ. Since faith is a
pure gift, which comes from God alone, and hence can neither be
given nor taken away by any man, however highly esteemed he may
be. All princes and rulers ought also to commit the matter of faith to
the Creator of all things, who alone is the discerner of the hearts
and reins of all men, and who knows and beholds the hidden
thoughts and intents of the heart, clear and uncovered before his
eyes; before whose high majesty both the judge and the condemned
must finally appear together. He will judge the world in
righteousness, and offer faith to every one. Acts 17:31. He shall then
judge according to truth, as to who believed and walked righteously
or falsely. Hereunto we would from the inmost of our soul, counsel
and entreat all lords and princes, as for their own welfare. O that
God Almighty would be pleased to grant all princes and lords who
have received the sword of justice, the grace, that they would use
their sword and authority no further than only upon the bodies and
goods of men in civil matters, for the punishment of evil-doers, and
the protection of the good; to which end the same has been given
them of God; and would let God Almighty be the Lord and Judge
over the faith, souls, and consciences of men, which unquestionably
belongs to him (blessed be he) alone. And that they would moreover
consider, how very short and uncertain man’s life is, and how soon
these earthly kingdoms can pass from one nation to another. And if
the incoming lords hold different views than the former ones, city
and country are instantly in great danger of revolt, uproar and
destruction, if they want to force all their subjects to the religion
which they have accepted; or the common people must resort to
dissimulation and hypocrisy, to escape the punishment threatened;
for such lords seldom lack preachers who for the sake of great
prebends are willing to preach according to the pleasure of the lords.
And O that men would once consider, how many thousands of
persons have for many centuries been deprived of life and property,
on account of religious differences, because the magistrates
(through the instigation of their preachers) would force them to their
religion; which nevertheless wrought no improvement, but the
conflict remained uninterrupted. But how utterly blind and