Set: A set is defined as a collection of objects, which share certain characteristics.

Difference between Crisp Set and Fuzzy Set:

Crisp set defines the value is Fuzzy set defines the value between 0 and 1
1 either 0 or 1. including both 0 and 1.

It is also called a classical It specifies the degree to which something

2
set. is true.

3
It shows full membership It shows partial membership.

Eg1. She is 18 years old. Eg1. She is about 18 years old.

4 Eg2. Rahul is 1.6m tall Eg2. Rahul is about 1.6m tall.

Classical set
1. Classical set is a collection of distinct objects. For example, a set of
students passing grades.

2. Each individual entity in a set is called a member or an element of the

set.

3. The classical set is defined in such a way that the universe of discourse
is spitted into two groups members and non-members. Hence, In case
classical sets, no partial membership exists.

4. Let A is a given set. The membership function can be use to define a

set A is given by:
Example

• A set of all positive integers.

• A set of all the planets in the solar system.
• A set of all the states in India.
• A set of all the lowercase letters of the alphabet.

Mathematical Representation of a Set

Sets can be represented in two ways −

Roster or Tabular Form

In this form, a set is represented by listing all the elements comprising it. The elements
are enclosed within braces and separated by commas.
Following are the examples of set in Roster or Tabular Form −

• Set of vowels in English alphabet, A = {a,e,i,o,u}

• Set of odd numbers less than 10, B = {1,3,5,7,9}

Set Builder Notation

In this form, the set is defined by specifying a property that elements of the set have in
common. The set is described as A = {x:p(x)}
Example 1 − The set {a,e,i,o,u} is written as
A = {x:x is a vowel in English alphabet}
Example 2 − The set {1,3,5,7,9} is written as
B = {x:1 ≤ x < 10 and (x%2) ≠ 0}
If an element x is a member of any set S, it is denoted by x∈S and if an element y is not
a member of set S, it is denoted by y∉S.
Example − If S = {1,1.2,1.7,2},1 ∈ S but 1.5 ∉ S

5. Operations on classical sets: For two sets A and B and Universe X:

 • Union:

This operation is also called logical OR.

• Intersection:

This operation is also called logical AND.

• Complement:

• Difference:

6. Properties of classical sets: For two sets A and B and Universe X:

• Commutativity:

• Associativity:

• Distributivity:

• Idempotency:
 • Identity:

• Transitivity:

Fuzzy set:

1. Fuzzy set is a set having degrees of membership between 1 and 0.

Fuzzy sets are represented with tilde character(~). For example,
Number of cars following traffic signals at a particular time out of all cars
present will have membership value between [0,1].

2. Partial membership exists when member of one fuzzy set can also be a
part of other fuzzy sets in the same universe.

3. The degree of membership or truth is not same as probability, fuzzy

truth represents membership in vaguely defined sets.

4. A fuzzy set A~ in the universe of discourse, U, can be defined as a set

of ordered pairs and it is given by

1. fuzzy set A~ in the universe of discourse, U, can be defined as a set

of ordered pairs and it is given by

2. Fuzzy sets also satisfy every property of classical sets.

 3. Common Operations on fuzzy sets: Given two Fuzzy sets A~ and
B~
• Union : Fuzzy set C~ is union of Fuzzy sets A~ and B~ :

The First Fuzzy Set is : {'a': 0.2, 'b': 0.3, 'c': 0.6, 'd': 0.6}
The Second Fuzzy Set is : {'a': 0.9, 'b': 0.9, 'c': 0.4, 'd': 0.5}
Fuzzy Set Union is : {'a': 0.9, 'b': 0.9, 'c': 0.6, 'd': 0.6}

• Intersection: Fuzzy set D~ is intersection of Fuzzy sets A~

and B~ :

The First Fuzzy Set is : {'a': 0.2, 'b': 0.3, 'c': 0.6, 'd': 0.6}
The Second Fuzzy Set is : {'a': 0.9, 'b': 0.9, 'c': 0.4, 'd': 0.5}
Fuzzy Set Intersection is : {'a': 0.2, 'b': 0.3, 'c': 0.4, 'd': 0.5}

• Complement: Fuzzy set E~ is complement of Fuzzy set A~ :

 The Fuzzy Set is : {'a': 0.2, 'b': 0.3, 'c': 0.6, 'd': 0.6}
Fuzzy Set Complement is : {'a': 0.8, 'b': 0.7, 'c': 0.4, 'd': 0.4}

• Difference :
Consider 2 Fuzzy Sets denoted by A and B, then let’s consider Y be the
Intersection of them, then for every member of A and B, Y will be:

degree_of_membership(Y)= min(degree_of_membership(A), 1-
degree_of_membership(B))

The First Fuzzy Set is : {"a": 0.2, "b": 0.3, "c": 0.6, "d": 0.6}
The Second Fuzzy Set is : {"a": 0.9, "b": 0.9, "c": 0.4, "d": 0.5}
Fuzzy Set Difference is : {"a": 0.1, "b": 0.1, "c": 0.6, "d": 0.5}

4. Some other useful operations on Fuzzy set:

• Algebraic sum:

• Algebraic product:

• Bounded sum:

• Bounded difference:

Membership Function:
The fuzziness is best characterized by its membership function. In other words, we can
say that membership function represents the degree of truth in fuzzy logic.
Following are a few important points relating to the membership function −
• Membership functions were first introduced in 1965 by Lofti A. Zadeh in his first
research paper “fuzzy sets”.
• Membership functions characterize fuzziness (i.e., all the information in fuzzy set),
whether the elements in fuzzy sets are discrete or continuous.
• Membership functions can be defined as a technique to solve practical problems
by experience rather than knowledge.
• Membership functions are represented by graphical forms.
• Rules for defining fuzziness are fuzzy too.

Mathematical Notation
We have already studied that a fuzzy set à in the universe of information U can be
defined as a set of ordered pairs and it can be represented mathematically as −
A˜={(y, μA˜(y))|y∈U}

Fuzzy Logic | Introduction

The term fuzzy refers to things which are not clear or are vague. In the real world many
times we encounter a situation when we can’t determine whether the state is true or false,
their fuzzy logic provides a very valuable flexibility for reasoning. In this way, we can
consider the inaccuracies and uncertainties of any situation.
In boolean system truth value, 1.0 represents absolute truth value and 0.0 represents
absolute false value. But in the fuzzy system, there is no logic for absolute truth and
absolute false value. But in fuzzy logic, there is intermediate value too present which is
partially true and partially false.
ARCHITECTURE
Its Architecture contains four parts :

• RULE BASE: It contains the set of rules and the IF-THEN conditions provided
by the experts to govern the decision making system, on the basis of linguistic
information. Recent developments in fuzzy theory offer several effective
methods for the design and tuning of fuzzy controllers. Most of these
developments reduce the number of fuzzy rules.

• FUZZIFICATION: It is used to convert inputs i.e. crisp numbers into fuzzy sets.
Crisp inputs are basically the exact inputs measured by sensors and passed into
the control system for processing, such as temperature, pressure, rpm’s, etc.

• INFERENCE ENGINE: It determines the matching degree of the current fuzzy

input with respect to each rule and decides which rules are to be fired according
to the input field. Next, the fired rules are combined to form the control actions.

• DEFUZZIFICATION: It is used to convert the fuzzy sets obtained by

inference engine into a crisp value. There are several defuzzification
methods available and the best suited one is used with a specific expert
system to reduce the error.
Membership function

Definition: A graph that defines how each point in the input space is mapped to
membership value between 0 and 1. Input space is often referred as the universe of
discourse or universal set (u), which contain all the possible elements of concern in
each particular application.
There are largely three types of fuzzifiers:
• Singleton fuzzifier
• Gaussian fuzzifier
• Trapezoidal or triangular fuzzifier

What is Fuzzy Control?

• It is a technique to embody human-like thinkings into a control system.
• It may not be designed to give accurate reasoning but it is designed to give
acceptable reasoning.
• It can emulate human deductive thinking, that is, the process people use to
infer conclusions from what they know.
• Any uncertainties can be easily dealt with the help of fuzzy logic.

Advantages of Fuzzy Logic System

• This system can work with any type of inputs whether it is imprecise,
distorted or noisy input information.
• The construction of Fuzzy Logic Systems is easy and understandable.
• Fuzzy logic comes with mathematical concepts of set theory and the
reasoning of that is quite simple.
• It provides a very efficient solution to complex problems in all fields of life
as it resembles human reasoning and decision making.
 • The algorithms can be described with little data, so little memory is
required.
Disadvantages of Fuzzy Logic Systems
• Many researchers proposed different ways to solve a given problem
through fuzzy logic which lead to ambiguity.There is no systematic
approach to solve a given problem through fuzzy logic.
• Proof of its characteristics is difficult or impossible in most cases because
every time we do not get mathematical description of our approach.
• As fuzzy logic works on precise as well as imprecise data so most of the
time accuracy is compromised.

Application
• It is used in the aerospace field for altitude control of spacecraft and
satellite.
• It has used in the automotive system for speed control, traffic control.
• It is used for decision making support systems and personal evaluation in
the large company business.
• It has application in chemical industry for controlling the pH, drying,
chemical distillation process.
• Fuzzy logic are used in Natural language processing and various intensive
applications in Artificial Intelligence.
• Fuzzy logic are extensively used in modern control systems such as expert
systems.
• Fuzzy Logic is used with Neural Networks as it mimics how a person
would make decisions, only much faster. It is done by Aggregation of data
and changing into more meaningful data by forming parti