Lec06 Measurement Environmental

UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE
FACULTY OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT SCIENCES AND

ECONOMICS
TOURISM LEISURE AND HOSPITALITY DEPARTMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
THM406
Lecture 06
MEASUREMENT OF
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
by
Dr. Edmond Marunda
[email protected]
+263 772 924 156
1 EdMar Thursday, 20 October 2022
MEASUREMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Environmental impact assessments (EIA) are required to
1. determine a development’s impact upon a specific
ecology or even a single rare species.
2. determine the financial implications of
environmental correction in order to reflect the
net economic returns of tourism activity
3. retrieve some of the above costs from the industry
4. compare alternative developments in order to
allocate resources in a manner that maximises
benefits and minimises negative impacts.
5. raise the profile of environmental issues
EIA CHECKLIST
EIA provides information required:

1) Description of actual project and site description breaking
the project down into its key components, i.e. construction,
operations, decommissioning
2) For each component all of the sources of environmental

disturbance are be listed
3) All the inputs and outputs are listed, e.g., air pollution, noise,
hydrology
4) Alternatives to the project are considered and examined

EIA CHECKLIST cont..
5) Description of the environment

 All aspects of the environment that may be affected by the
development are to be listed including populations, fauna,
flora, air, soil, water, humans, landscape, cultural heritage
6) Description of the significant effects on the environment The

word significant is crucial here as the definition can vary
'Significant' must be defined
 No impact
 Mild impact
 Major impact
 Significant impact
LEOPOLD MATRIX
The Leopold matrix (1971) is a qualitative environmental

impact assessment tool.
It is used to identify the potential impact of a project
on the environment.
The system consists of a matrix with columns
representing the various activities of the project, and
rows representing the various environmental factors
to be considered.
The intersections are filled in to indicate the
magnitude (from -10 to +10) and the importance
(from 1 to 10) of the impact of each activity on each
environmental factor.
EIA TEMPLATE
LEOPOLD MATRIX
DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECT NO MINOR MAJOR SIGNIFICANT
IMPACT IMPACT IMPACT IMPACT
EIA TEMPLATE
LEOPOLD MATRIX
DEVELOPMENT EFFECT NO MINOR MAJOR SIGNIFICANT
IMPACT IMPACT IMPACT IMPACT
1. Changes in Floral and Fauna

a. Disruption of breeding habits X
b. Migration of animals X
c. Gathering of wood and plants X
d. Creation of Parks and Sanctuaries X
e. Hunting and killing of animals X
2. Pollution
a. Discharge of sewage X
b. Vehicle emissions X
c. Noise pollution X
3. Erosion
a. Damage to river banks X
EIA MITIGATION
 Mitigation
 This is where EIA is most useful
 Once the matrix is complete, it is obvious where impacts are
greatest
 Using this information ways to avoid negative impacts can be
developed
 Non-technical summary (EIS)
 The EIA must be in the public domain and can be used in
decision making processes so it is important that the
information is available to the public
 This section is a summary that does not include jargon or
complicated diagrams as it is for use by the general public
 It should be understood by the informed lay-person
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
RESULTS
 The EIA will examine:
 Environmental auditing procedures;
Limitations to natural resources;
Environmental problems and conflicts that may

affect project viability; and
Possible detrimental effects to people, flora, fauna,

soil, water, air, peace and quiet, landscapes, cultural
sites, etc.
EIA IN ZIMBABWE
Environmental Law (EMA Act, 2002)
 The Environmental Management Act Chapter 20:27,

Section 97 prescribes all activities which require an
environmental impact assessment before they are
implemented.
 Such activities include mining and quarrying, forestry,

agriculture, transport, energy, water, urban
infrastructure, tourism and waste management.
 If a project is prescribed in terms of the Act, the

developer of that project is required to submit an EIA to
EMA prior to development
ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING
 It is important to draw the distinction between

environmental auditing and environmental impact
assessment (EIA).
EIA assesses the potential environmental effects of

a proposed facility.
The essential purpose of an environmental audit is

the systematic scrutiny of environmental
performance throughout a company’s existing
operations.
ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING
DEFINED
 The International Chambers of Commerce (1989)

defines environmental auditing as:
a management tool comprising a systematic,
documented periodic and objective evaluation of how
well environmental organization, management and
equipment are performing, with the aim of helping
safeguard the environment by:
i. facilitating management control of
environmental practices and
ii. assessing compliance with company policies
which would include meeting regulatory
requirements.
ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING ATTRIBUTES
 An ongoing process of monitoring and evaluation. It

measures the business’s actual performance against
its declared objectives.
 Generally voluntary takes the form of
IS0 9000….14000…. 26000…. etc..
 determines how well the environmental management
systems and equipment are performing
 verify compliance with the relevant national, local or
other laws and regulations
 minimize human exposure to risks from
environmental, health and safety problems.
 Are part of an ongoing process rather than one-off EIA
studies
WHY ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING?
Environmental health and safety auditing was developed in the

early 1970s, for companies dealing with oils and chemicals.
 Environmental auditing has spread rapidly because of:
 Industrial accidents - Major incidents such as the Bhopal,
Chernobyl
 Regulatory developments - Since the early 1970s
regulations on environmental topics have increased
substantially.
 Public awareness - The public has become increasingly
aware of, and vocal about, environmental and safety
issues.
 Litigation - The growth of legislation has led to a
corresponding explosion of litigation
BENEFITS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING
1. Safeguard the environment

2. Verify compliance with local and national laws
3. Indicate current or potential future problems that need to
be addressed
4. Assess training programmes and provide data to assist in
training
5. Enable companies to build on good environmental
performance
6. Identify potential cost savings, such as from waste
minimization
7. Assist the exchange and comparison of information
8. Demonstrate company commitment to environmental
issues.
END OF LECTURE
Thank you
Have a Good day !
God bless you

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UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE

FACULTY OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT SCIENCES AND

TOURISM LEISURE AND HOSPITALITY DEPARTMENT

EIA provides information required:

2) For each component all of the sources of environmental

4) Alternatives to the project are considered and examined

5) Description of the environment

6) Description of the significant effects on the environment The

The Leopold matrix (1971) is a qualitative environmental

1. Changes in Floral and Fauna

c. Gathering of wood and plants X

d. Creation of Parks and Sanctuaries X

e. Hunting and killing of animals X

 The EIA will examine:

 Environmental auditing procedures;

Limitations to natural resources;

Environmental problems and conflicts that may

Possible detrimental effects to people, flora, fauna,

 The Environmental Management Act Chapter 20:27,

 Such activities include mining and quarrying, forestry,

 If a project is prescribed in terms of the Act, the

 It is important to draw the distinction between

EIA assesses the potential environmental effects of

The essential purpose of an environmental audit is

 The International Chambers of Commerce (1989)

 An ongoing process of monitoring and evaluation. It

Environmental health and safety auditing was developed in the

1. Safeguard the environment

Have a Good day !

God bless you

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