8085 Microprocessor Overview

Working of 8085
Microprocessor :- points :- 1) Registers, Accumulator, Flags,
Program Counter, Stack pointer,
memory. 2) Demultiplexing. 3) Instruction fetching operation. 4) Decoding and Execution of
Instruction. each point in detail

The 8085 microprocessor is an 8-bit microprocessor that was widely used in computing systems.
Here's a detailed explanation of each aspect:

1) Registers, Accumulator, Flags, Program Counter, Stack Pointer, Memory

Registers: The 8085 microprocessor has several registers, which are small storage locations
within the CPU used to store temporary data. The main registers include:
General Purpose Registers: These include B, C, D, E, H, and L registers, which can be used
individually (as 8-bit registers) or in pairs (BC, DE, HL) to perform 16-bit operations.
Accumulator (A): This is a special 8-bit register used for arithmetic, logic, and data transfer
operations. It stores one of the operands during operations and also holds the result.
Flag Register: This 8-bit register consists of five flip-flops that indicate the status of the
arithmetic and logical operations. The flags are:
Sign Flag (S): Indicates if the result is negative.
Zero Flag (Z): Set if the result is zero.
Auxiliary Carry Flag (AC): Used in binary-coded decimal (BCD) arithmetic.
Parity Flag (P): Set if the number of 1-bits in the result is even.
Carry Flag (CY): Set if there is a carry out of the most significant bit in arithmetic
operations.
Program Counter (PC): This 16-bit register holds the address of the next instruction to be
executed. It is automatically incremented after fetching an instruction from memory.
Stack Pointer (SP): This 16-bit register points to the top of the stack, a special area in memory
used for temporary storage during program execution, particularly during subroutine calls and
interrupt handling.
Memory: The microprocessor can address 64KB of memory, divided into data memory (for data
storage) and program memory (for storing instructions). The memory is accessed using memory
addresses, and the data bus is used to read/write data.

2) Demultiplexing

The 8085 microprocessor uses a 16-bit address bus and an 8-bit data bus, but since the number of
pins on the chip is limited, the lower 8 bits of the address bus (A0–A7) are multiplexed with the data
bus (D0–D7). This means that the same pins are used to carry both address and data, but not
simultaneously.

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 Address Latch Enable (ALE): The ALE signal is used to demultiplex the lower 8 bits of the
address bus from the data bus. During the first part of a machine cycle, the ALE signal goes high,
allowing the lower 8 bits of the address to be latched and separated from the data. After that,
the ALE goes low, and the bus is used for data transfer.

3) Instruction Fetching Operation

The instruction fetching process involves retrieving an instruction from memory for execution. This
occurs in the following steps:

Step 1: Addressing: The Program Counter (PC) holds the address of the next instruction. This
address is sent to the memory address bus.
Step 2: ALE Signal: The ALE signal is activated to demultiplex the address and data buses,
allowing the lower address bits to be latched.
Step 3: Memory Read: The memory decodes the address and places the instruction on the data
bus.
Step 4: Instruction Loading: The microprocessor reads the instruction from the data bus and
stores it in the Instruction Register (IR). The Program Counter is then incremented to point to the
next instruction.

4) Decoding and Execution of Instruction

After an instruction is fetched, the microprocessor decodes and executes it:

Step 1: Decoding: The fetched instruction is decoded by the control unit. The control unit
interprets the opcode (operation code) and determines the operation to be performed.
Step 2: Operand Fetch: If the instruction requires additional operands (like data or an address),
these are fetched from memory or registers.
Step 3: Execution: The microprocessor executes the instruction by performing the specified
operation. This could involve arithmetic or logic operations, data transfer between registers and
memory, or control operations like branching.
Step 4: Result Storage: The result of the operation is stored in the accumulator or another
register. The flags are updated based on the result, reflecting conditions like zero, carry, or sign.

Each of these steps is synchronized by the microprocessor’s clock and occurs in a sequence that
ensures correct execution of the program instructions.
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