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    of 1

    tone.

    This muscle tone has historically been explained as a postural low-level tonic
    of motor neurons. As explained Walsh, this
    was begun by Waller and was
    based on a reported inapplicable
    Brondegeest in 1860. Waller, and
    later the Sherrington explained
    muscle tone with the muscle stretch reflex. Such
    an explanation definition, an
    action potential to be generated in (X-motor neurons.
    Activation of (X-motor neurons would acti
    vate motor which would be perceptible
    EMG. All efforts to document resting muscJe tone via EMG have failed.3234 This is not to that some form of contracture is in the muscle. Physiologists tend to define
    contracture as an of the muscular contractile apparatus in the absence of EMG activity initiated by anterior horn cells.
    With this there are
    formed but they have not resulted from an action from the
    myoneural junction.
    The second level of muscle tone
    is what Simons and Mense refer to as electro
    spasm. This particular of contraction
    is an involuntary contraction that is sociated with measurement EMG that muscle31 Voluntary muscular contraction is the third and last level of muscle tone and
    requires no
    Before we move on to a more nation of recent findings regarding viscoelastic
    tone, it useful to discuss in a little more
    ideas related to clinical muscle spasm. As we
    have already a pain-spasm-pain cycle is
    an insupportable hypothesis in the sense of an
    spasm. As anyone who has worked
    on another human or even mammal will attest,
    in compressibility of discernible by palpathe
    and
    findings related to trigheadache (T-TH)
    muscular tissue are
    tion. In this
    In T-TH it is easy
    taut bands of muscle. These while often associated with trigger points, do not demonstrate observable EMG activity. The
    points, have been
    and 83
    shown to demonstrate localized electrical activity in the confined area of the point]6 It appears that these taut bands of muscle are the result of the same contracture
    mechanisms described by physiologists.
    Other forms of muscle contraction of lar interest to clinicians fall into two The first form we know as involuntary where there is unnecessary muscular contraction that
    limits movcment. The second form could best be described as inefficient use. Most clinicians are aware that because of
    and other causes, patients wiII move in manners that are inefficient. These ineffican have serious con
    sequences. for a marathon
    runner who gets a bl isler over the head of the fifth metatarsal at
    mile 3 of the race. Such a
    minor ury has been known to have conse
    quences of a femoral head stress fracture by the end of the marathon. The same such inefficient use can occur with
    trigger Lack of relaxation
    between contractions of the upper trapezius has
    been demonstrated Elert et and Ivanichev points
    demonstrated that muscles with
    failed to relax movements as during
    An
    muscle tone, which are associated with electri
    cal in the is certainly
    for the clinician. Also, an insight into the influ
    ences of various on (X-motor neuron
    and y-motor neuron activity is useful for underhowever, this volume relates more specifically the manipulation of ciaI tissues. Consequently, the next section on
    IS very and will help the reader to understand some of the very rapid results seen with myofascial
    Viscoelastic Muscle Tone
    The viscoelastic muscle tone, or tone,
    is made up of an elastic component and a viscoelastic
    component. The purely elastic compo
    nent, by requires a force to
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