Chapter 8: Subnetting

IP Networks

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 8.1 Subnetting an IPV4
Network

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 Subnetting
From a large network, break into smaller subnetworks

Reason
❑ Smaller broadcast domain
❑ Easier management
❑ Admin may divide network into
▪ different departments
▪ Different devices
▪ Different services
▪ Different locations

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 Broadcast Domains
Each router interface connects a broadcast domain and
broadcasts are only propagated within its specific
broadcast domain.

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Problems with Large Broadcast Domains
▪ Slow network operations due to the significant amount of
broadcast traffic.
▪ Slow device operations because a device must accept and
process each broadcast packet.

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Problems with Large Broadcast Domains
(cont.)
▪ Solution -reduce the size of the network to create smaller
broadcast domains in a process called subnetting.
▪ These smaller network spaces are called subnets.

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 How subnetting can be done :Location
Network administrators can group devices and services into
subnets that are determined by: Location

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 How subnetting can be done : Department
Network administrators can group devices and services into
subnets that are determined by: Organizational unit.

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 How subnetting can be done : device type
Network administrators can group devices and services into
subnets that are determined by: Device type.

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 2 constraints for subnetting

Choose one of these

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1st constraint
▪ Number of subnet needed
▪ Steps
▪ 1. 2^n = number of subnets needed.
Find n (round it up)
n will be the bits that needs to add to the network portion

▪ 2. New mask (custom mask) = original mask + n

▪ 3. Manipulate the n bits (include all possible combination)
▪ 4. Find range for each subnet

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 Subnetting Example : classful address

1. Find the subnet range

2. How many usable hosts for each subnet

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 Classless Subnetting Example
Given 10.1.1.0/25, subnet this to 2 subnets

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 2nd constraint
▪ Number of usable hosts needed
▪ Steps
▪ 1. 2^h – 2 = number of usable hosts needed.
Find h (round it up)
h will be the number of host bits

▪ 2. New mask (custom mask) = 32 – h

▪ 3. n bits = custom mask – original mask
▪ Manipulate the n bits (include all possible combination)
▪ 4. Find range for each subnet

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 Example

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 answer

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Example
You are given the network
address of 192.168.100.0/24 to
subnet and provide the IP
addressing for this network

• Based on the topology, how many subnets are needed?

• How many bits must be borrowed to support the number of subnets in the
topology table?
• How many subnets does this create?

• Calculate the binary value for the first five subnets

• Fill in the Subnet Table, listing the decimal value of all available subnets, the
first and last usable host address, and the broadcast address. Repeat until all
addresses are listed.
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 Subnetting based on network
requirement

1. Count total of hosts

a. Take into account network expansion

2. Choose the suitable network address and mask to start

a. Classful address
b. Classless address

3. Choose the type of constraints for subnetting

a. Number of subnets needed
b. Number of usable hosts needed

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 Network Requirement Example

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 8.2-8.4 Variable
Length Subnet Mask
(VLSM calculation)

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 Traditional Subnetting Wastes Addresses

192.168.20.0/24
Constraint : number of subnets needed >> 7 subnets
▪ Number of subnet needed
▪ Steps
2^n = 7
▪ 1. 2^n = number of subnets needed.
Find n (round it up)
n will be the bits that needs to add to the network portion
n=3

▪ 2. New mask (custom mask) = original mask + n

▪ 3. Manipulate the n bits (include all possible combination)
▪ 4. Find range for each subnet
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 Traditional Subnetting Wastes Addresses

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 Traditional Subnetting Wastes Addresses (Cont.)

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 Benefits of VLSM

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 Basic VLSM Class C address

1. Arrange subnet from largest to smallest

2. Create table

Subnet # hosts Find h, find Subnet range

needed mask

100
120 hosts 20 hosts 50 hosts 10 hosts

Use address 192.168.2.0/24

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 Prepare a base 2 table

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 Observe that

Each subnet has

➢ Own mask
➢ Own maximum number of hosts
➢ IP addresses not wasted

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 Basic VLSM Class B address

1. Arrange subnet from largest to smallest

2. Create table

Subn # hosts Find h, # block Subnet Range

et needed find C
mask

500 000 hosts 135 000 hosts 90 000 hosts 90 000 hosts

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 Prepare a table with # blocks

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 VLSM Class A,B,C address

1. Arrange subnet from largest to smallest

2. Create table

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 Subnet # hosts # block # 2^h h mask Subnet ranges
needed B Block
C

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 VLSM Class A,B,C address

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 Network Address Planning

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Planning to Address the Network

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 Assigning Addresses to Devices

• First address ?
• Last address ?
• A certain range of addresses ?

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