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CONTENTS
Preface xvi
vi
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CONTENTS vii
Chapter 4 Reinforcement 65
Defining Reinforcement 67 Schedules of Reinforcement 81
Positive and Negative Reinforcement 70 Fixed Ratio 82
Social versus Automatic Reinforcement 73 Variable Ratio 83
Escape and Avoidance Behaviors 73 Fixed Interval 84
Conditioned and Unconditioned Variable Interval 85
Reinforcers 75 Reinforcing Different Dimensions of Behavior 86
Factors That Influence the Effectiveness of Concurrent Schedules of Reinforcement 87
Reinforcement 76
Chapter Summary 88
Immediacy 76
Key Terms 88
Contingency 77
Practice Test 89
Motivating Operations 77
Appendix A 90
Individual Differences 80
Appendix B 90
Magnitude 81
Chapter 5 Extinction 91
Defining Extinction 92 Factors That Influence Extinction 101
Extinction Burst 95 Chapter Summary 103
Spontaneous Recovery 97 Key Terms 103
Procedural Variations of Extinction 98 Practice Test 103
A Common Misconception about Extinction 100 Appendix A 104
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viii CONTENTS
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x CONTENTS
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CONTENTS xi
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xii CONTENTS
Research on Antecedent Control Strategies 338 Analysis of the Three-Term Contingency for the
Manipulating Discriminative Undesirable Behavior 348
Stimuli 338 Functional Interventions for Problem
Manipulating Response Effort 341 Behaviors 348
Manipulating Motivating Operations 343 Chapter Summary 349
Using Antecedent Control Strategies 346 Key Terms 349
Analysis of the Three-Term Contingency for the Practice Test 349
Desirable Behavior 347 Applications 350
Misapplications 351
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CONTENTS xiii
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xiv CONTENTS
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CONTENTS xv
Glossary 527
References 539
Name Index 557
Subject Index 563
Quizzes Q1
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PREFACE
I am gratified that the first five editions of Behavior Modification: Principles and
Procedures received positive reviews from students and professors. The sixth
edition has kept the positive features of the first five editions, has been revised to
address the suggestions of reviewers, and has been updated to reflect the latest
research in behavior modification.
The goal of this sixth edition (as with the earlier editions) is to describe basic
principles of behavior so that the student learns how environmental events influ-
ence human behavior and to describe behavior modification procedures so that
the student learns the strategies by which human behavior may be changed. The
text is divided into 25 relatively short chapters, each of which covers a manageable
amount of information (for example, one principle or procedure). This text can be
used in a standard one-semester course in behavior modification, applied behavior
analysis, behavior management, or behavior change.
The material in the text is discussed at an introductory level so that it may be under-
stood by students with no prior knowledge of the subject. This text is intended for under-
graduate students or beginning graduate students. It would also be valuable for
individuals working in human services, education, or rehabilitation who must use behav-
ior modification procedures to manage the behavior of the individuals in their care.
I have made a concerted effort in this text to be gender neutral. When dis-
cussing case examples, I include males and females about equally as often.
Principles and Procedures The various procedures for changing behavior are
based on the fundamental principles of behavior established in experimental
research over the last 80 years. In the belief that the student will better understand
the procedures after first learning the fundamental principles, the principles
xvi
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PREFACE xvii
underlying operant and respondent behavior are reviewed in Chapters 4–8; the
application of the principles in the behavior modification procedures is described
in Chapters 9–25.
Examples from Everyday Life Each chapter uses a variety of real-life examples—
some relevant to college students, some chosen from the author’s clinical experience—
to bring the principles and procedures to life.
Examples from Research In addition, both classic studies and the most up-
to-date research on behavior modification principles and procedures are integrated
into the text.
Practice Tests Practice tests at the end of each chapter have short-answer essay
questions, complete with page numbers where the answers can be found.
Application Exercises At the end of each chapter where procedures are taught
(Chapters 2, 3, and 9–25), several application exercises are provided. In each exer-
cise, a real-life case is described and then the student is asked to apply the proce-
dure described in the chapter. These exercises give students an opportunity to
think about how the procedures are applied in real life.
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xviii PREFACE
Figures Most of the chapters include figures from the research literature to illustrate
important principles or procedures. Students must use information from earlier chap-
ters on behavior recording, graphing, and measuring change to analyze the graphs.
Glossary At the end of the text is a glossary of the important behavior modifica-
tion terms used in the text. Each term is followed by a succinct and precise
definition.
Improved Test Bank The test bank includes multiple-choice questions, fill-
in-the-blank questions, true-false questions, and short-answer essay questions.
For Further Reading Each of the chapters includes a For Further Reading box.
In this feature, interesting articles that are relevant to the content of the chapter
are identified and briefly described. Citations for these articles have also been
provided. These articles are from JABA (or JEAB), so they can be easily accessed
online by students. Instructors can assign these articles for extra credit or as reading
assignments for when more advanced students use the textbook.
List of Key Terms After each Chapter Summary section, there is a list of the
new terms that were used in the chapter. The list of key terms shows the page
number on which each term was introduced. Although these terms are all found
in the Glossary at the end of the text, having the new terms, and their page num-
bers, listed at the end of each chapter will allow the student to have an easy refer-
ence to the terms when reading the chapter or when studying for a test or quiz.
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PREFACE xix
Getting Buy In Discussed the importance of working with care givers to get buy
in for the procedures they are asked to carry out. Emphasized the importance of
treatment acceptability for promoting buy in and the importance of buy in for
enhancing treatment fidelity.
Time Out Added more information on the effective use of time out. Added a
textbox discussing procedures for increasing compliance with time out.
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xx PREFACE
■
Added a brief discussion of the competing responses framework (Chapter 16)
■
Added a brief discussion of team decision making (Chapter 16)
■ Provided discussion of the use of physical restraint as an emergency proce-
dure (Chapter 18)
■ Discussed the use of social media for social support (Chapter 20)
■ Added information on novel uses of habit reversal (Chapter 21)
■ Added a more succinct definition of a token economy (Chapter 22)
■ Added a text box describing three essential components of relaxation proce-
dures (Chapter 24)
■ Added text box introducing behavioral activation treatment for depression
(Chapter 24)
■ Added numerous new references throughout the text
■ Introduced and defined a number of new terms in the text and added them
to the glossary
®
Online PowerPoint Slides These vibrant Microsoft PowerPoint® lecture
slides for each chapter assist you with your lecture by providing concept coverage
using content directly from the textbook.
Acknowledgments
I want to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments on this
manuscript and the first five editions: Judith Rauenzahb, Kutztown University of
Pennsylvania; Paul Ginnetty, St. Joseph’s College, Patchogue; Veda Charlton,
University of Central Arkansas; Robert W. Allan, Lafayette College; Viviette
Allen, Fayetteville State University; Cynthia Anderson, West Virginia University;
Jennifer Austin, Florida State University; Charles Blose, MacMurry College;
Kristine Brady, California School of Professional Psychology; James Carr, Western
Michigan University; Carl Cheney, Utah State University; Darlene Crone-Todd,
Delta State University; Paula Davis, Southern Illinois University; Richard N. Feil,
Mansfield University; Deirdre Beebe Fitzgerald, Eastern Connecticut State Uni-
versity; Stephan Flanagan, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill;
Roger Harnish, Rochester Institute of Technology; Gerald Harris, The University
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
PREFACE xxi
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xxii PREFACE
look at the term (or question) on one side of the card and then read the
definition (or answer) on the other. As you study, you will find that you
need to turn the cards over less and less often. Once you can supply the
answer or definition on the back of the card without looking, you’ll know
that you understand the material. Electronic flash cards are available at
the publisher’s website that accompanies the book.
■ Always study in a location that is reasonably free from distractions or
interruptions.
■ Always begin studying for a test at least a few days in advance. Give your-
self more days to study as more chapters are included on the test.
The following websites provide a range of valuable information about different aspects of behavior modification or applied behavior
analysis.
Raymond G. Miltenberger
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1
Introduction to Behavior
Modification
■ How is human behavior defined?
■ What are the defining features of behavior modification?
■ What are the historical roots of behavior modification?
■ In what ways has behavior modification improved people’s lives?
I n this textbook you will learn about behavior modification, the principles and
procedures used to understand and change human behavior. Behavior modifi-
cation procedures come in many forms. Consider the following examples.
Ted and Jane were having some difficulties in their marriage because of fre-
quent arguments. Their marriage counselor arranged a behavioral contract with
them in which they agreed to do several nice things for each other every day. As
a result of this contract, their positive interactions increased and their negative
interactions (arguments) decreased.
1
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Language: French
BELLE SYLVIE
PARIS
LIBRAIRIE PLON
PLON-NOURRIT ET Cie, IMPRIMEURS-ÉDITEURS
8, RUE GARANCIÈRE — 6e
C. S.
BELLE SYLVIE