DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL

SECOND TERM E-LERNING NOTES

NAME: ……………………………………………………………….
CLASS: ………………………
SUBJECT: PHOTOGRAPHY
CLASS: SS1
SCHEME OF WORK SECOND TERM
WEEK TOPIC
1. Origin of Camera and Photography.
2. Evolution and Historical development of camera and photography;
i.Pioneers of photography.
3. European and American Pioneers (1); Nicephore Niepce, Louis Daguerre,
4. European and American Pioneers (2); Williams Fox Talbot, Edwin Land, George
Eastman e.t.c.
5. Nigeria Pioneers(1) Jonathan Adagogo Green, Dotun Okubanjo, J.D. Okhai Ojeikere,
Sunmi Smart Cole, Philip Trimmnel,
6. Nigeria Pioneers (2) Peter Obe, Goerge Oshodi, Andrew Esiebo, Kelechi Amadi-obi,
Akintunde Akinleye, George Dacosta. e.tc.

7. Mid- Term
8. Terminologies in Photography ;
Exposure, Develop, Print, Enlarge, Focus, Aperture (F – Number), Shutter,
Speed, Perspective, Image, Intensity, Light, Composition. etc.
9. Photography Practical.
10. Revision
11. Examination.
 WEEK 1
Date…
ORIGIN OF CAMERA AND PHOTOGRAPHY.
From New Latin camera obscura (“dark chamber”), because the first cameras used a pinhole and
a dark room; from Latin camera (“chamber or bedchamber”), “anything with an arched cover, a
covered carriage or boat, a vaulted chamber, a vault”).

Origin and History Of Cameras

A camera is an optical instrument for recording or capturing images, which may be stored
locally, transmitted to another location, or both.

. Photography and cameras have become an indispensable part of our daily lives. Be it
social networking, recording memories or the new trend of having selfies. All this would not
have been possible without the origin of cameras in the first place. I mean how would you even
be ( girl ??? ). Stories Of World will help you trace the origin of cameras and let you know some
dazzling facts about it to.

Origin of cameras started back in the 1500’s which was invented by Alhazen ( Ibn Al-
Haytham ). This technology used light to project inverted images through pathways which
served the purpose of the first camera ever made. They were also called “pin hole cameras” or
camera obscura.

The word “photography” was first used in the year 1839, the year the invention of the
photographic process was made public. During the prior decades, a number of light-sensitive
materials were tested to capture the

Cameras, and what they capture, forever changed our perception of the world, and of ourselves.
Few inventions have had the impact of this ingenious, elegant, and deceptively simple device.
 Cameras are easy and creative tools that help people to express ideas and feelings.
 They help to document a person's feelings and life,
 Cameras allow that person to share them with others.
 Cameras allow us to see historic events as they happened.
 Camera helps to give accurate report of an event.
Before photography, there were only drawings, paintings, and sculpture; some of them were
accurate, some were altered to appeal to the model's vanity, or for dramatic effect. Eyewitness
reports can be influenced by emotion, but photographic evidence has been considered accurate
since 1880. Throughout the history of photography, technological advances in optics, camera
production, developing, and imaging have had an effect on the way people view images. Up until
1960, most printed photographs were black and white. Cameras that could print color film began
to be popular in the 1960s, particularly with the introduction of the Polaroid camera invented by
Edwin Land, which could print out a color film print directly from the camera, within a few
minutes of taking the picture. Up until the advent of the digital camera, amateur photographers
could either buy print film for their camera, or slide film. If they purchased slide film, the
resulting slides could be viewed using a slide projector. Digital photography began to be
available in the early 2000s. The simultaneous increased use of the Internet and email, relatively
cheap computers and digital cameras has led to a tremendous increase in the number of
photographic images in digital formats.
It is likely that film will never again be purchased and used on the scale it was for most of the
20th century. However, it probably will not disappear altogether. At its advent in the early 19th
century, many believed photography would supplant the painting of portraits and landscapes. In
the same way that acrylic and oil paint are still dominant media in use by artists and hobbyists, it
is likely that photographic film and equipment will remain an option for enthusiasts.
NOTE;
Although no one knows for sure when a camera-type device was first discovered,
the camera obscura became popular among Renaissance artists who used it to
trace the image projected by light shining through a tiny hole.

EVALUATION: Explain three importance of camera

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT: explain the origin of camera in this following areas;
 What is camera?
 Camera is from a Latin word, what does it mean?
 Who introduce the Polaroid camera?
 WEEK 2
Date:…………………………..
12. EVOLUTION AND HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CAMERA AND
PHOTOGRAPHY;
 .Pioneers of photography.

Camera Obscura Origin

1839

The Daguerreotype Camera was first introduced by the French academy of Sciences. In
today’s date one of this camera invented then is also the most expensive cameras in the world.
( no wonder, old is gold on paper too ! )

Daguerreotype Camera – 1839

1840

This was the beginning of commercialization of camera as a product and not as mere social
utility. The first american patent was issued in the year 1840 by Alexander S. Wolcott for
his own version of camera.

Alexander S. Wolcott

1859

Panoramic camera was invented by Thomas sutton. It was a benchmark in the history of
origin of cameras. As he had developed the first single lens reflex plate camera. Oh yes,
without this where would our modern day smartphone cameras be.

Panoramic Camera – Thomas Sutton

1888

By this time George Eastman had already patented Kodak’s own roll film camera. Eastman was
truly the pioneer in photographic film usage. His achievement was that he made his cameras
simple to use and also they were very cheap. What it meant to the common man that now you
could afford a camera and use it often.

1900’s

The first mass marketed camera was called “Brownie” and it was also presented by Eastman.
And it went to sell for long till the 1960’s. Also in this century The Raisecamera ( travel
camera ) was introduced, It was the first lightweight camera, another achievement. It was in
contrast to those bulky heavy cameras.

1913

The world’s first candid camera was invented in the 1913. It was developed by Oscar
Barnack of German Leica camera. This actually became the standard for all film cameras. ( as
the design illustrated in the image below )

German Leica Camera

1940-1981

In 1948, Edwin Land invented the print on one minute camera. The first underwater camera also
made its way in 1960. In the year 1978 Konica introduced the first focus and flash camera
called “Jasupin”. Also digital giant Sony made its way in 1981 by introducing the World’s
first digital camera.
 Sony 1981 Mavica

And Eventually In The 2000’s

Then as things got better and technology was introduced to the picture, cameras came to be loved
and used in the form that we have come to know them.

The initially popular digital cameras, cost friendly and fits the visual world in your pocket
too !!

Sony Cyber Shot

Fitted with high quality lense and digital storage, our generation has come to love and
adore the DSLR range.

Nikon DSLR

The smartphone cameras, our daily companion and saviour for capturing memories on
trips and anywhere you go !
 Iphone 6 Camera

We cannot let go of the importance of cameras in making our memories and social networking
a total worthwhile!!
LOUIS DAGUERRE. That picture, captured on a silver coated sheet of copper, using his
'positive image' Daguerreotype process, is entitled The Artist's Studio and is dated 1837.
Daguerreotypes were the forerunners to our modern film.
A copper plate was coated with silver and exposed to iodine vapor before it was exposed to light.
To create the image on the plate, the earlier Daguerreotypes had to be exposed to light for up to
15 minutes. The Daguerreotype was very popular until it was replaced in the late 1850s by
emulsion plates. By the time the details of this process were made public in 1839, other artists
and scientists had discovered additional photographic imaging techniques.
WILLIAM HENRY FOX TALBOT'S : Calotype process used light-sensitive paper and
produced a negative image that could be used to create positive prints.
These methods required long exposure time, therefore animate objects could not be recorded - no
one could hold still long enough. The earliest photographic recordings were architectural and
landscape scenes. By 1840, when techniques had improved and exposure times were shortened,
Portrait photography became fashionable. In the late 1850s, emulsion plates, or wet plates, were
less expensive than Daguerreotypes and took only two or three seconds of exposure time. This
made them much more suited to portrait photography, which was the most common photography
at the time. These wet plates used an emulsion process called the Collodion process, rather than a
simple coating on the image plate. Two of these emulsion plates were ambrotype and tintype.
Ambrotypes used a glass plate instead of the copper plate of the Daguerreotypes. Tintypes used a
tin plate. While these plates were much more sensitive to light, they had to be developed quickly.
It was during this time that bellows were added to cameras to help with focusing.
In the 1870s, photography took another huge leap forward. Richard Maddox improved on a
previous invention to make dry gelatine plates that were nearly equal with wet plates for speed
and quality. These dry plates could be stored rather than made as needed. This allowed
photographers much more freedom in taking photographs. Cameras were also able to be smaller
so that they could be hand-held. As exposure times decreased, the first camera with a mechanical
shutter was developed.
Photography was only for professionals or the very rich until GEORGE EASTMAN started a
company called Kodak in the 1880s. In 1884, he developed dry gel on paper, or film, to replace
the photographic plate so that a photographer no longer needed to carry boxes of plates and toxic
chemicals around. This allowed him to develop a self-contained box camera that held 100
exposures of film. This camera had a small single lens with no focusing adjustment. The
consumer would take pictures and then send the camera back to the factory to for the film to be
developed, much like our disposable cameras today. In July 1888 Eastman's Kodak camera
went on the market with the slogan "You press the button, we do the rest". This was the first
camera inexpensive enough for the average person to afford.
The film was still large in comparison to today's 35mm film. It took until the late 1940s for
35mm film to become cheap enough for most people to afford. Now anyone could take a
photograph and leave the complex parts of the process to others. Photography became available
for the mass-market in 1901 with the introduction of the Kodak Brownie.
Despite the advances in low-cost photography made possible by Eastman, plate cameras still
offered higher-quality prints and remained popular well into the 20th century. To compete with
roll film cameras, which offered a larger number of exposures per loading, many inexpensive
plate cameras from this era were equipped with magazines to hold several plates at once. Special
backs for plate cameras allowing them to use film packs or roll film were also available, as were
backs that enabled roll film cameras to use plates. Except for a few special types such as Schmidt
cameras, most professional astrographs continued to use plates until the end of the century when
electronic photography replaced them.
Oskar Barnack, who was in charge of research and development at Leitz, decided to investigate
using 35 mm cine film for still cameras while attempting to build a compact camera capable of
making high-quality enlargements. He built his prototype 35 mm camera (Ur-Leica) around
1913, though further development was delayed for several years by World War I. Leitz test
marketed the design between 1923 and 1924, receiving enough positive feedback that the camera
was put into production as the Leica I (for Leitz camera) in 1925. The Leica's immediate
popularity spawned a number of competitors, most notably the Contax (introduced in 1932), and
cemented the position of 35 mm as the format of choice for high-end compact cameras. Kodak
got into the market with the Retina I in 1934, which introduced the 135 cartridge used in all
modern 35 mm cameras. Although the Retina was comparatively inexpensive, 35 mm cameras
were still out of reach for most people and roll film remained the format of choice for mass-
market cameras. This changed in 1936 with the introduction of the inexpensive Argus A and to
an even greater extent in 1939 with the arrival of the immensely popular Argus C3. Although the
cheapest cameras still used roll film, 35 mm film had come to dominate the market by the time
the C3 was discontinued in 1966. The fledgling Japanese camera industry began to take off in
1936 with the Canon 35 mm rangefinder, an improved version of the 1933 Kwanon prototype.
Japanese cameras would begin to become popular in the West after Korean War veterans and
soldiers stationed in Japan brought them back to the United States and elsewhere.
Around 1930, Henri-Cartier Bresson and other photographers began to use small 35mm cameras
to capture images of life as it occurred, rather than staged portrait shots. When World War II
started in 1939, many photographers adopted this style. The posed portraits of World War I
soldiers gave way to graphic images of war and its aftermath. These images, such as Joel
Rosenthal's photograph, “Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima” brought the reality of war across the
ocean and helped galvanize the American people like never before. This style of capturing
decisive moments shaped the face of photography forever, and was the advent of the
photojournalist. In the years since, photojournalists have been responsible for documenting and
sharing history's most important stories with the public. Because of the powerful effects that are
created when striking images are combined with strong words, photojournalism has not only
played the role of documenting history, but has also been responsible for shaping it.
 In the early 1940s, commercially viable color films (except Kodachrome, introduced in 1935)
were brought to the market. These films used the modern technology of dye-coupled colors in
which a chemical process connects the three dye layers together to create an apparent color
image.
At first color prints were not stable because organic dyes were used to make the color image. The
image would literally disappear from the film or paper base as the dyes deteriorate. Kodachrome
was the first color film to produce prints that could last half a century. Techniques are now
creating permanent color prints lasting 200 years or more. Printing methods using computer-
generated digital images and highly stable pigments, offer permanency for color photographs.

Instantly Digitally Disposable

While conventional cameras were becoming more refined and sophisticated, an entirely new type
of camera appeared on the market in 1948. Polaroid photography was invented by Edwin Herbert
Land. Land was the American inventor and physicist whose one-step process for developing and
printing photos created instant photography.
His camera was the Polaroid Model 95, the world's first viable instant-picture camera. Known as
a Land Camera after its inventor, the Model 95 used a patented chemical process to produce
finished positive prints from the exposed negatives in under a minute. The Land Camera caught
on despite its relatively high price and the Polaroid lineup had expanded to dozens of models by
the 1960s. The first Polaroid camera aimed at the popular market, the Model 20 Swinger of
1965, was a huge success and remains one of the top-selling cameras of all time.
By the 1960s low-cost electronic components were commonplace and cameras equipped with
light meters and automatic exposure systems became increasingly widespread.
The next technological advance came in 1960, when the German subminiature became the first
camera to place the light meter behind the lens for more accurate metering.
The concept of digitizing images on scanners, and of digitizing video signals, in simple terms,
works by digitizing signals from an array of discrete sensor elements. At Philips Labs in New
York, Edward Stupp, Pieter Cath and Zsolt Szilagyi filed for a patent on "All Solid State
Radiation Imagers" on September 6, 1968 and constructed a flat-screen target for receiving and
storing an optical image on a matrix. Their US patent was granted on November 10, 1970.
The first recorded attempt at building a digital camera was in 1975 by Steven Sasson, an
engineer at Eastman Kodak. It used the then-new solid-state CCD image sensor chips developed
by Fairchild Semiconductor in 1973. The camera weighed 8 pounds, recorded black and white
images to a cassette tape, had a resolution of 0.01 megapixels (10,000 pixels), and took 23
seconds to capture its first image in December 1975. The prototype camera was a technical
exercise, not intended for production. Digital cameras differ from their analog predecessors
primarily in that they do not use film, but capture and save photographs on digital memory cards
or internal storage instead. Their low operating costs have relegated chemical cameras to niche
markets. Digital cameras now include wireless communication capabilities (for example Wi-Fi
or Bluetooth) to transfer, print or share photos, and are commonly found on mobile phones.
The improvements in film photography led to smaller and better cameras; the improvements
made throughout the history of digital photography have led to more pixels, smaller cameras,
lower costs and greater memory capacity.
Technology never stands still though. Few would have predicted the stunning growth of digital
photography, even ten years ago. And now digital cameras outsell film. Some manufacturers
have pulled out of the film market completely.
Fuji introduced the disposable camera in 1986. We call them disposables but the people who
make these cameras want us to know that they're committed to recycling the parts, a message
they've attempted to convey by calling their products "single-use cameras." While some
disposables contain an actual cartridge as used for loading normal, reusable cameras, others just
have the film wound internally on an open spool. The whole camera is handed in for processing.
Some of the cameras are recycled, i.e. refilled with film and resold.
In the past, cameras were analogue while today, most are digital. Analogue produces less clear
photos if transferred to different copies, while the clearness of digital remains pristine even when
photo have been transferred and copied many times. Analogue cameras require films while
digital requires a memory card. Digital photos allow the user to edit using programs on the
computer; not so with analogue. Cameras today are much smaller than in the past and are much
more convenient to carry and use. Since early in the 21st century the majority of mobile phones
in use are camera phones. The camera phone, like many complex systems, is the result of
converging and enabling technologies. There are dozens of relevant patents dating back as far as
1956.
The Camera Phone was invented on June 11, 1997, by Philippe Kahn when his daughter Sophie
was born. Kahn integrated a miniature camera into a Motorola cell phone and, as his wife Sonia
Lee Kahn was in labor, broadcast pictures of the newborn baby around the world. The camera
phone became the founding vision for Light Surf Technologies.
In Japan the first camera phones were developed for working professionals who wanted to keep
an image of their children with them wherever they went and as they worked. The user interface
was designed to be simple so that novices and children could also use the feature. The designers
felt it was important to have the child's photograph displayed on the cellphone as accurately as
possible.
Pioneers Of Photography;
 European and American Pioneers
 Nigeria Pioneers

EVALUATION; who was truly the pioneer in photographic film usage?

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT;

Explain Evolution and Historical development of camera and photography according to;

Their Names, Year and their works

WEEK 3
Date:…………………………..
European and American Pioneers (1)

 Nicephore Niepce
 Louis Daguerre
NICEPHORE NIEPCE:
Nicéphore Niépce (born Joseph Niépce; 7 March 1765 – 5 July 1833) was a French inventor,
now usually credited as the inventor of photography and a pioneer in that field. Niépce
developed heliography, a technique he used to create the world's oldest surviving product of a
photographic process: a print made from a photoengraved printing plate in 1825.In 1826 or 1827,
he used a primitive camera to produce the oldest surviving photograph of a real-world scene.
Among Niépce's other inventions was the Pyréolophore, the world's first internal combustion
engine, which he conceived, created, and developed with his older brother Claude.
The First Photograph, or more specifically, the earliest known surviving photograph made in a camera,
was taken by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce in 1826 or 1827. The image depicts the view from an upstairs
window at Niépce's estate, Le Gras, in the Burgundy region of France.
LOUIS DAGUERRE:

18 November 1787 – 10 July 1851), better known as Louis Daguerre,

was a French artist and photographer, recognized for his invention of the
daguerreotype process of photography. He became known as one of the
fathers of photography.
In the mid-1820s, prior to his association with Daguerre, Niépce used a coating of bitumen of
Judea to make the first permanent camera photographs. The bitumen was hardened where it was
exposed to light and the unhardened portion was then removed with a solvent. A camera
exposure lasting for hours or days was required. Niépce and Daguerre later refined this process,
but unacceptably long exposures were still needed.

After the death of Niépce in 1833, Daguerre concentrated his attention on the light-sensitive
properties of silver salts, which had previously been demonstrated by Johann Heinrich Schultz
and others. For the process which was eventually named the daguerreotype, he exposed a thin
silver-plated copper sheet to the vapour given off by iodine crystals, producing a coating of light-
sensitive silver iodide on the surface.

EVALUATION; who took the first surviving photograph?

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT;

 Not more than ten lines each explain the inventions of Louis Daguerre and Joseph Nicéphore
Niépce
 Explain the Daguerreotype process

WEEK 4
 Date:…………………………..
Williams Fox Talbot, Edwin Land, George Eastman

Williams Fox Talbot:

William Henry Fox Talbot (11 February 1800 – 17 September 1877) was a British scientist,
inventor and photography pioneer who invented the salted paper and calotype processes,
precursors to photographic processes of the later 19th and 20th centuries. His work in the 1840s
on photomechanical reproduction led to the creation of the photoglyphic engraving process, the
precursor to photogravure. He was the holder of a controversial patent which affected the early
development of commercial photography in Britain. He was also a noted photographer who
contributed to the development of photography as an artistic medium. He published The Pencil
of Nature (1844–46), which was illustrated with original salted paper prints from his
calotype negatives, and made some important early photographs of Oxford, Paris, Reading, and
York.

EDWIN HERBERT LAND:

Polaroid photography was invented by Edwin Herbert Land. Land was the American inventor
and physicist whose one-step process for developing and printing photos created instant
photography.
His camera was the Polaroid Model 95, the world's first viable instant-picture camera.
GEORGE EASTMAN:
George Eastman( July 12, 1854- march 14, 1932) was an American entrepreneur who founded
the kodak company and popularized the use of roll film.
He started the company called Kodak in the 1880s. In 1884, he developed dry gel on paper, or
film, to replace the photographic plate so that a photographer no longer needed to carry boxes of
plates and toxic chemicals around. This allowed him to develop a self-contained box camera that
held 100 exposures of film. This camera had a small single lens with no focusing. adjustment.
The consumer would take pictures and then send the camera back to the factory to for the film to
be developed, much like our disposable cameras today.
In July 1888 Eastman's Kodak camera went on the market with the slogan "You press the
button, we do
CONTRIBUTION OF GEORGE EASTMAN-; He develop a self-contained box camera
that held 100 exposures of film, he developed dry gel on paper, or film, to replace the
photographic plate so that a photographer no longer needed to carry boxes of plates and toxic
chemicals around.

EVALUATION; who was George Eastman?

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT;
In a tabular form list five Europe & America inventors and their contribution to the development of
photography.

WEEK 5
Date:…………………………..

Nigeria’s Pioneers
 Jonathan Adagogo Green
 Dotun Okubanjo,
 J.D. Okhai Ojeikere,
 Sunmi Smart Cole

Jonathan Adagogo Green (1873-1905).

As the first professional photographer of Nigerian birth, Jonathan Adagogo Green (1873-1905),
can be seen as an important voice for Nigeria’s early modernist art movement. Moreover, his
photographic work reveals that he was straddling two worlds, one, his own as an IbaniIjo young
man born into an elite trading family, and , the other, as the chief photographer for the British as
they lay the foundation for the newly formed colony of Nigeria.

This talk looks at Green’s photographs from these two perspectives. It does so, first, by laying
out the various ways in which the British utilized Green’s photographs to promote and justify
their colonizing mission, and, then, by showing how his photographs documented and promoted
local Ijo history and culture for the benefit of his people, using an early modernist vision to do
so.

J.D. 'OKHAI OJEIKERE’S

Ojeikere was born in 1930 in Ovbiomu-Emai, a rural village in south-western Nigeria. He
worked and lived in Ketu, Nigeria. At the age of 20 he pursued photography, which was out of
the ordinary Ojeikere for people in Nigeria, especially those in his village. Cameras were not in
high demand and were of low priority as they were considered a luxury. However in 1950
bought a modest Brownie the camera without flash, and had a friend teach him the fundamentals
of photography.
Ojeikere started out as a darkroom assistant in 1954 at the Ministry of Information in Ibadan.
After Nigeria gained its independence in 1960, Ojeikere pursued his first job as a photographer.
In 1961 he became a studio photographer, under Steve Rhodes, for Television House Ibadan.
From 1963 to 1975 Ojeikere worked in publicity at West Africa Publicity in Lagos. In 1967 he
joined the Nigeria Arts Council . In 1968 he began one of his largest projects as he documented
Nigerian hairstyles.
SUNMI SMART-COLE
Sunmi Smart-Cole was media entrepreneur and author, Sunmi Smart-Cole, The president’s
congratulatory message was contained in a statement issued in Abuja on Saturday by his Special
Adviser on Media and Publicity, Mr Femi Adesina.

Buhari, in the statement, commended the versatile and multi-talented artiste for the beauty,
glamour and depth he brought into the chronicling of Nigerian history through hard work and
perseverance, starting out early as a photo-journalist.

According to the president, Smart-Cole’s place in Nigeria’s history is assured as early in his
career“ he was a story teller but later as he progressed he became part of the story with his
signature creative and innovative style.”

“ Looking into his background as a barber, jazz drummer, environmentalist and a multiple award
winning photographer, Smart-Cole succeeded in almost all his endeavors because of his passion,
integrity and commitment to making life better for others through his art,’’ he said.
The president urged younger photographers and mentees to also emulate Smart-Cole’s life style
of magnanimity and contentment in addition to learning his art.

As one of the pacesetters of professional photography in the country, the president prayed that
God would grant the media entrepreneur “longer life, good health and more inspiration to serve
his country. ’His contribution to the development of photojournalism, through his own performance.

EVALUATION;
List 5 Nigeria photographer who contributed to the development of photography.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT;

Summarize that account of Sunmi Smart-Cole.

WEEK 6
Date:…………………………..

PETER OYEYEMI OBE

Like the popular axiom, “Death is inevitable”, a former photojournalist with Daily
Times of Nigeria , Peter Oyeyemi Obe, has died after battling an ailment which many
believed was related to old age.
Obe, who died at 81, laid down his cameras on Sunday after battling sore throat a
couple of weeks before his death.
His outstanding performance could not but be felt with the mass messages of
commiseration; friends and colleagues that also gathered to commiserate with his
immediate family residence at 31 Masha Street, Surulere, Lagos proved his
uniqueness.
Among those who commiserated with the iconic journalist are President of Nigeria,
Goodluck Jonathan; Ondo State Governor, Dr Olusegun Mimiko; Governor Abiola
Ajimobi of Oyo State; journalists and well-meaning Nigerians.
GEORGE OSODI

Based in Lagos, George Osodi is a freelance photographer and member of Panos Pictures. He
was a photojournalist for the Comet Newspaper in 1999, before working with the
Associated Press in Lagos between 2001 and 2008.

George has covered many assignments for both local and international organizations, and his
photographs have been published in the New York Times, Time Magazine, The Guardian, The
Telegraph, USA Today, The International Herald Tribune, CNN, BBC Focus on Africa and
many more. George has won a number of major international awards, including the Fuji Africa
Photojournalist of the Year award in 2004 (Features). His work was exhibited at documenta 12 in
Germany in 2007, and his photo book Delta Nigeria: The Rape of Paradise was published by
Trolley Books in 2008

ANDREW ESIEBO

Andrew Esiebo was born in 1978 in Lagos, Nigeria and has been covering personal projects and
assignments on primarily Nigeria and West Africa but has gained international recognition.

Beginning his career as a freelance photographer, his work has covered the rapid development of
urban Nigeria and various social issues such as sexuality, gender politics, football, popular
culture, and immigration. His work has evolved beyond freelance photography and has begun
exploring video and multimedia work.

Esiebo was born in Lagos, Nigeria. Given a camera in 2000 as a gift by his friend Jose Maria,
Esiebo began teaching himself photography and began photographing the rapid development of
Urban Nigeria. Thereafter, Esiebo began internet correspondences with a US based
photographer, Paul Udstrand, who gave him his first sets of photography books in which he
began to develop his knowledge of photography further. Andrew also tried Black/White
photography with his uncle, Esiebo Joseph who is a commercial photographer in Nigeria's
Largest city; Ibadan, in which he assisted in processing black/white images in his darkroom.

He is a Lawyer turned photographer cum painter although he insists that before he was trained as
a Legal Practitioner, he had artist blood flowing in his veins. His name is Kelechi Amadi-Obi
and he is an award-winning photographer and Publisher of Style Mania Magazine.

His artistic prowess has brought him before Kings and Governments and his name has become
synonymous with amazing photographs spanning from personal, fashion, location, brand adverts
and events.
Prominent Nigerian photographer Kelechi Amadi-Obi was born in Owerri, Nigeria in 1969. He
obtained his first degree in law from the University of Nigeria Nsukka. After graduating, he
pursued a career as a full-time artist with realism as a dominant feature in his photographs and
paintings. Since then, Amadi-Obi has earned international recognition for both his photography
and paintings, participating in major local and international exhibitions including; Snap
Judgment – New Position in Contemporary African Photography, International Centre of
Photography, New York, USA (2006); Depth of Field South London Gallery, UK (2005); Lagos,
Ifa Gallery, Stuttgart, Germany, (2004) Transferts Africalia, Brussels (2003). In 2004, he won
the St.Moritz Style Award for Photography and in 2011, co-founded the fashion and lifestyle
magazine Mania

AKINTUNDE AKINLEYE

Akintunde Akinleye is an award winning photojournalist whose images focus on editorial

activism and experimental documentary topics. He received the World Press Photo prize in 2007
and the National Geographic all roads award in 2008. He is a recipient of residency fellowships
at the University of Texas in Dallas and at the Thami Mnyele foundation in Amsterdam. His
works have been published in TIME magazine, Vogue and the New York Times and exhibited in
Lagos, Madrid, Brussels, California, Bamako, Munich, and the U.K. A consummate academic,
Akintunde will be pursuing a research work in Film studies for a PhD after obtaining degrees in
Education, journalism and Mass Communication. He once served as a jury-member for Friends
of the Earth photo completion and a guest speaker at TEDx Ikoyi event. He lives in Lagos and
has, for over a decade, worked for Reuters from Nigeria, covering human interest and spot news
stories in West Africa sub-region.

GEORGE DACOSTA

George S. A. Da Costa (1853–1929) was a Nigerian photographer who was active in the late
19th and early 20th centuries. He documented government projects including railway
construction in the colony. Known for pictures of colonial government.

EVALUATION
Who was known for colonial government photographer?
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT;

List five Nigeria Pioneers in photography and explain their contribution to the development of
photography.(In a tabular form)
 WEEK 8
Date:…………………………..

TERMINOLOGIES IN PHOTOGRAPHY

Exposure

Exposure is how light or dark an image is. An image is created when the camera sensor (or film
strip) is exposed to light—that’s where the term originates.

A dark photo is considered underexposed, or it wasn’t exposed to enough light; a light photo is
overexposed or exposed to too much light. Exposure is controlled through aperture, shutter speed
and ISO (more on those last two in a bit). Exposure is also subjective—there is no “right”
exposure.

DEVELOPER

In the processing of photographic films, plates or papers, the photographic developer (or just
developer) is one or more chemicals that convert the latent image to a visible image. Developing
agents achieve this conversion by reducing the silver halides, which are pale-colored, into silver
metal, which is black (when a fine particle). The conversion occurs within the gelatine matrix.
The special feature of photography is that the developer only acts on those particles of silver
halides that have been exposed to light. Generally, the longer a developer is allowed to work, the
darker the image.

PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTING

Photographic printing is the process of producing a final image on paper for viewing, using
chemically sensitized paper. The paper is exposed to a photographic negative, a positive
transparency (or slide), or a digital image file projected using an enlarger or digital exposure unit
such as a Light Jet printer. Alternatively, the negative or transparency may be placed atop the
paper and directly exposed, creating a contact print. Photographs are more commonly printed on
plain paper, for example by a color printer, but this is not considered "photographic printing".

Following exposure, the paper is processed to reveal and make permanent the latent image.

Focus
When your eyes focus on an object that’s close to you, the objects far away will appear blurry.
The common photography term “focus” has the same meaning. Something that is in focus is
sharp, while an object that is out-of-focus isn’t sharp. Different focus areas determine if the
camera is focusing on multiple points or one user-selected point.

Aperture

This is the first common photography term you should learn. Simply put, aperture is the size of
the opening in the lens. Think of the lens as a window—large windows let in more light, while
small windows let in less light. A wide open aperture will let more light into the image for a
brighter photo, while a smaller aperture lets in less light. Aperture is measured in f-stops; a small
f-stop like f/1.8 is a wide opening, a large f-stop like f/22 is a very narrow one.

Aperture is one of three camera settings that determine an image’s exposure, or how light or
dark it is. Aperture also affects how much of the image is in focus—wide apertures result in that
creamy, unfocused background while narrow apertures keep more of the image sharp.

Shutter Speed

In photography, shutter speed is also called exposure time; is the length of time when the film or digital
sensor inside the camera is exposed to light, also when a camera's shutter is open when taking a
photograph. The amount of light that reaches the film or image sensor is proportional to the exposure
time

The shutter is the part of the camera that opens and closes to let light in and take a picture. The
shutter speed is how long that shutter stays open, written in seconds or fractions of a second, like
1/200 s. or 1”, with the “symbol often used to designate an entire second. The longer the shutter
stays open, the more light that is let in. But, anything that moves while the shutter is open will
become a blur, and if the entire camera moves while the shutter is open the whole image will be
blurry—that’s why tripods are necessary for longer shutter speeds.
Shutter Release

That’s the button you press to take the picture.

Noise

Noise is simply little flecks in an image, also sometimes called grain. Images taken at high ISOs
have a lot of noise, so it’s best to use the lowest ISO you can for the amount of light in the scene.

Hot Shoe

Hot shoe is the slot at the top of a camera for adding accessories, like the aptly named hot shoe
flash. This has nothing to do with footwear, or temperature.

ISO

The ISO determines how sensitive the camera is to light. For example, an ISO of 100 means the
camera isn’t very sensitive—great for shooting in the daylight. An ISO 3200 means the camera is
very sensitive to light, so you can use that higher ISO for getting shots in low light. The tradeoff
is that images at high ISOs appear to be grainy and have less detail. ISO is balanced with
aperture and shutter speed to get a proper exposure.

Perspective

Perspective refers to the relationship of imaged objects in a photograph

IMAGE
An Image is a picture that has been created or copied and stored in electronic form. An image
can be described in terms of vector graphics
OR
1. a physical likeness or representation of a person, animal, or thing, photographed, painted,
sculptured, or otherwise made visible.
OR
2. an optical counterpart or appearance of an object, as is produced by reflection from a mirror,
refraction by a lens, or the passage of luminous rays through a small aperture and their reception
on a surface.
Intensity, the brightness of the light: Light intensity is a description of the level of a
light’s brightness.
A light source emits photons and the more photons that are emitted by a light source, or reflected
by an object, the brighter it is. A brighter photograph is created from a sensor or piece of film
that has been hit by more photons. A darker image was exposed to a lower quantity.

Light is electromagnetic radiation within a certain portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Photographic composition is the art of composing an image through framing, Composition
should help identify, emphasize, complement, isolate, or highlight the subject—not detract from
it.
Exposure Triangle; Is a common way of associating the three variables that determine the
exposure of a photograph. One must balance these to achieve a desired result, an adjustment of
one require the adjustment of at least one of the others, These variables or component are
Aperture, ISO, and Shutter Speed.

EVALUATION
1. Another word for Terminology is called?
2. What is an image?
3. Aperture is measure in ________?
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT;

List 1o terminologies in photography and explain.

WEEK 9
Date:…………………………..
Photography Practical
Student should be taught the various settings in camera under;
 ISO
 APPERTURE
 SHUTTER SPEED

EVALUATION
 Set your camera to take a shoot inside hot sun
 Set your camera to take a shoot inside dark
 Set your camera to take a shoot under normal day light

WEEK 10
Date:…………………………..

Revision

WEEK 11
Date:…………………………..
Exam