WEEK six

Topic: Quadratic equation by (a) Factorization (b) Completing the square method
Quadratic Equations
A quadratic equation contains an equal sign and an unknown raised to the power 2. For
example:
2x2 – 5x – 3 = 0
n2 + 50 = 27n
0 = (4a - 9)(2a + 1)
49 = k2

Are all quadratic equations.

Discussion: can you see why
0 = (4a – 9)(2a + 1) is a quadratic equation?
One of the main objectives of the chapter is to find ways of solving quadratic equations,
i.e. finding the value(s) of the unknown that make the equation true.

Solving Quadratic Equations

One way of solving quadratic equation is to apply the following argument to a quadratic
expression that has been factorized.
If the product of two numbers is 0, then one of the numbers (or possibly both of them) must
be 0. For example,
3 × 0 = 0, 0 × 5 = 0 and 0 × 0 = 0
In general, if a × b = 0
Then either a = 0
Or b = 0
Or both a and b are 0

Example 1
Solve the equation (x – 2)(x + 7) = 0.
If (x – 2)(x + 7) = 0
Then either x – 2 = 0 or x + 7 = 0
x = 2 or -7

Example 2
Solve the equation d(d – 4)(d + 62) = 0.
(3a + 2)(2a – 7) = 0, then any one of the four factors of the LHS may be 0,
i.e d = 0 or d – 4 = 0 or d + 6 = 0 twice.
⟹ d = 0, 4 or -6 twice.

EVALUATION
Solve the following equations.
1. 3d2(d – 7) = 0
2. (6 – n)(4 + n) = 0
3. A(2 – a)2(1 + a) = 0

Solving quadratic equations using factorization method

The LHS of the quadratic equation m2 – 5m – 14 = 0 factorises to give (m + 2)(m – 7) = 0.

Example 1
Solve the equation 4y2 + 5y – 21 = 0
4y2 + 5y – 21 = 0
⟹ (y + 3)(4y – 7) = 0
⟹either y + 3 = 0 or 4y – 7 = 0
y = - 3 or 4y = 7
y = - 3 or y = 7/4
3
y = -3 or 14
check: by substitution:
if y = -3
4y2 + 5y – 21 = 36 – 15 – 21 = 0
3
If y = 14,
4y2 + 5y – 21 = 4 x 7/4 x 7/4 + 5 x 7/4 – 21
49 35
= 4 + 4 – 21 = 0

Example 2
Solve the equation m2 = 16
Rearrange the equation.
If m2 = 16
Then m2 – 16 = 0
Factorise (difference of two squares)
(m - 4)(m + 4) = 0
Either m – 4 = 0 or m+4=0
m = +4 or m = -4
m = ±4

EVALUATION
Solve the following quadratic equations:
1. h2 – 15h + 54 = 0
2. 12y2 + y – 35 = 0
3. 4a2 – 15a = 4
4. v2 + 2v – 35 = 0

GENERAL EVALUATION
Solve the following equations:
1. y2(3 + y) = 0
2. x2(x + 5)(x - 5) = 0
3. (v - 7)(v - 5)(v - 3) = 0
4. 9f2 + 12f + 4 = 0

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
Solve the following equations. Check the results by substitution.
1. (4b - 12)(b - 5) = 0 A. ½, 4 B. 3, 5 C. 4, 6 D.5, 3
11 3 3 4
2. (11 – 4x) = 0
2
A. 3 , 3 B.24, 3 C. 24 twice D. 23 twice
2 2
3. (d – 5)(3d – 2) = 0 A. 5,3 B. 4, 5 C. 5, 9 D. 3, 5
Solve the following quadratic equations
4. u2 – 8u – 9 = 0A. – 9, 1 B. -1, 9 C. 1, 8 D. 9 , -1
5. c2 = 25 A. 5 B. -5 C.+5 D.±5

THEORY
Solve the equation
1. 2x2 = 3x + 5
2. a2 – 3a = 0
3. p2 + 7p + 12 = 0

TOPIC:General form of quadratic equation leading to Formular method

CONTENT
• Derivative of the Roots of the General Formof Quadratic Equation.
• Using the FormularMethods to solve Quadratic Equations
• Sum and Product of quadratic roots.

Derivative of the Roots of the General Form of Quadratic Equation

The general form of a quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + C = 0. The roots of the general
equation are found by completing the square.

ax2 + bx + C = 0
Divide through by the coefficient of x2.

ax2 +bx + C = 0
aaa

x2 + bx + C = 0
aa
x2 + b x = 0 - C
aa

x2 + bx = - C
aa

The square of half of the coefficient of x is

½xb2 = b2
a 2a

Add b2 to both sides of the equation.

2a
x2 + bx + b 2= - C+b2
2a2aa 2a
𝑏 2
[𝑥 + 2𝑎] = - C+ b2
a 4a2
x + b2 = - 4ac + b2
2a 4a2
i.e x +b 2 = b2 – 4ac
2a 4a2
Take square roots of both sides of the equation :
𝑏 2 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
√[𝑥 + ] = ±√
2𝑎 4𝑎2
 i.e x + b= ± √ b2 – 4ac
2a 2a

𝑏 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐
x = − 2𝑎 ± √ 4𝑎2

Hence
x = -b ±√ b2 – 4ac
2a

EVALUATION
Suppose thegeneral quadratic equation is Dy2 + Ey + F = 0
Using the method of completing the square, derive the roots of this equation

Using the FormularMethods to Solve Quadratic Equations

Examples
Use the formula method to solve the following equations. Give the roots correct to 2 decimal
places:
i. 3x2 - 5x – 3 = 0
ii. 6x2 + 13x + 6 = 0
iii. 3x2 – 12x + 10 = 0
Solution
1. 3x2 – 5x – 3 = 0
Comparing 3x2 – 5x – 3 = 0
With ax2 + bx+ C = 0
a = 3, b = -5, C = -3

Since
X = -b ±√b2 – 4ac
2a
x = -(-5) ±√ (-5)2 – 4 x 3 x -3
2x3
x = + 5 ± √ 25 + 36
6
x = + 5 ±√61
6
x = + 5 + 7.810 = + 12.810
6 6
or
x = +5 – 7.810 = -2.810
6 6
x = 12.810 or x = - 2.810
6 6
x = 12. 810 or x =- 2.810
2 6
i.e.x = 2.135 or x = -0.468
x = 2.14 or x = -0.47
to 2 decimal places
(2) 6x2 + 13x + 6=0
comparing 6x2 + 13x + 6=0
with ax2 +bx + c = 0
a= 6, b =13, c = 6
Since
x =-b ± √ b2 – 4ac
2a
x = - 13 ±√ (13)2 – 4 x 6 x 6
2x6
x = -13 ±√169 - 144
12
x =- 13 ±√25
12
x = =-13 ± 5
12
x = -13 + 5 or x = -13 – 5
12 12
x = -8 or x = - 18
12 12
x= -2 or x = -3
3 2
x=- 0.666 or x = - 1.50
i.e x= 0.67 or x = -150 to 2 decimal places .

(3) 3x2 – 12x + 10 = 0

comparing 3x2 – 12x + 10 = 0 with ax2 +bx + c = 0, then
a = 3, b= -12, c = 10.
Since
X = -b ± √b2 – 4ac
2a
then
x = - (-12) ±√(-12)2 -4 x 3 x 10
2x3
x = + 12 ±√ 144 – 120
6
x = + 12 ±√24
6
x = 12 ± 4.899
6
x = + 12 + 4.899 = 16.899
6 6
or x = + 12 – 4.899 = 7.101
6 6
i.e x = 16.899 or x = 7.101
6 6
x = 2.8165 or x = 1.1835
i.e . x = 2.82 or x = 1.18 to 2 decimal places.

EVALUATION
Use the formula method to solve the following quadratic equations .
1. t2 – 8t + 2 = 0
2. t2 + 3t + 1 = 0
 i. Sum and Product of quadratic roots.
We can find the sum and product of the roots directly from the coefficient in the equation
It is usual to call the roots of the equation α and β If the equation
ax2 +bx + c = 0 ……………. I
has the roots α and β then it is equivalent to the equation
(x – α )( x – β ) = 0
2
𝑥 − (∝ +𝛽)𝑥 + ∝ 𝛽 = 0 ………… 2
Divide equation (1)by the coefficient of x2
ax2+ bx + c = 0 ………… 3
aaa
Comparing equations (2) and (3)
x2 + b x + c = 0
aa
x2 - ( α +β)x + αβ = 0
then
α+ β= -b
a
and αβ = c
a
For any quadratic equation, ax2 +bx + c = 0 with roots α and β
α + β = -b
a
αβ = C
a
Examples

1. If the roots of 3x2 – 4x – 1 = 0 are αand β, find α + β and αβ

2. If α and βare the roots of the equation

3x2 – 4x – 1 = 0 , find the value of
(a) α + β
β α
(b) α - β

Solutions
1a. Since α + β = -b
a
Comparing the given equation 3x2 – 4x – 1= 0 with the general form
ax2 + bx + c = 0
a = 3, b = -4, c = 1.
Then
α + β = -b =-(-4)
a 3
= + 4 = +1 1/3
3
αβ =c = -1 = -1
a 3 3
2. (a)α + β = α2 +β2
β α αβ
 = (α + β )2 - 2αβ
αβ
Here, comparing the given equation, with the general equation,
a = 3, b = -4, c = - 1
from the solution of example 1 (since the given equation are the same ),
α + β = -b = - (-4) = +4
a 3 3
αβ = c = - 1
a 3
then
α + β = ( α+ β ) 2 – 2 αβ
β α αβ
= (4/3 ) – 2 (- 1/3)
.2

-1/3
= 16 + 2
9 3
-1
3
= 16 + 6 ÷ -1
9 3
22 x -3
9 1
= -22
3
or α + β = - 22 = - 7 1/3
β α 3

(b) Since
(α-β) 2 =α2 + β 2-2α β
but
α2 + β2 = (α + β)2 -2 α β
:.(α- β)2 = (α+ β)2 - 2αβ -2αβ
(α – β)2 = (α + β)2 - 4α β
:.(α – β) = √(α + β )2 - 4αβ
(α – β) =√(4/3)2 – 4 (- 1/3)
= √16/9 +4/3
16+12
= √ 9
28 √28
=√9 = 3
:. α - β = √28
3
EVALUATION
If α and β are the roots of the equation 2x2 – 11x + 5 = 0, find the value of
a. α - β
1 1
b. +
∝+1 𝛽+1

GENERAL EVALUATION
Solve the following quadratic equations:
1. 63z = 49 + 18z2
2. 8s2 + 14s = 15
Solve the following using formula method:
3. 12y2 + y – 35 = 0
4. h2 – 15h + 54 = 0

READING ASSIGNMENT
New General Mathematics SS Bk2 pages 41-42 ,Ex 3e Nos 19 and 20 page 42.
WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
If α and β are the roots of the equation 2x2 – 7x – 3 = 0 find the value of:
1. α + β (a) 2/3 (b) 7/2 (c) 2/5 (d) 5/3
2. α β (a) -3/2 (b) 2/3 (c) 3/2 (d) – 2/3
3. α β2 + α2 β (a) 21/4 (b) 4/21 (c) – 4/21 (d) -21/4
Solve the following equation using the formula method.
4. 6p2 – 2p – 7 = 0
5. 3 = 8q – 2q2.

THEORY
1. Solve the equation 2x2 + 6x + 1 = 0 using the formula method
2. If α and β are the roots of the equation 3x2 -9x + 2 = 0, find the values of
i. α β2 + α2β
ii. α2 - αβ + β2