Unit-3 PPT

Online Presentation
on
“Unit-III”
Presented by
Dr. Vadthya Jagan,
B.Tech. (CVREC), M. Tech. (IIT R), Ph. D (IIT R),
Associate Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Vignana Bharathi Institute of Technology.
25-Nov-21 1
Stay Home!...............Stay Safe!!............Stay Connected!!!
19EE3111: POWER ELECTRONICS
Contents…..
✓ Introduction to DC-DC Converters and Concept of Duty ratio
✓ Buck converter
❖ Power circuit, analysis and waveforms at steady state, duty ratio
control of output voltage.
✓ Control Strategies
❖ Time ratio control and
❖ Current limit control strategies.
✓ Boost converter
❖ Power circuit, analysis and waveforms at steady state, relation
between duty ratio control of output voltage.
✓ Buck-Boost converter
❖ Power circuit, analysis and waveforms at steady state, relation
between duty ratio and average output voltage
✓ Classifications of choppers
✓ Numerical Problems
25-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 2
Prepared by: Dr. Vadthya Jagan – M. Tech & Ph. D (I.I.T Roorkee)
Chopper
➢ DC Chopper is a static Power Electronic Converter (PEC) or device which
converts fixed DC to a variable DC.
PEC
VDC
VDC Fixed DC Variable DC

ton toff Vavg
(Constant voltage) (Variation in magnitude of voltage)
0 t 0 t
T
➢ Applications of DC Chopper.
✓Battery Operated Vehicles.
T
✓Subway cars. = on
T
✓Trolley buses. The duty cycle or duty ratio, δ is defined as the ratio
✓Speed control of DC drives. of on-time period, ton to the total chopping period, T.
✓Solar Photovoltaic systems and
✓As a exciter for synchronous machine. Source: Power Electronics – Dr. M. D. Singh
Chopper
Fig. 1. Application of dc/dc converters for wide range of voltages

Source: IEEE Transactions on Device and Materials reliability 2021
Generally, following techniques are available for obtaining variable DC

from a fixed AC/DC:
➢ 1. Line Commutated Converters.
That is conversion of fixed AC to variable DC using phase-controlled
rectifiers (UNIT-II)
➢ 2. AC Link Chopper (Inverter-Rectifier combination).
PEC PEC
Fixed DC Variable DC
Inverter Rectifier
VDC V0
VDC ton toff V0,avg
0 t 0 wt 0 t
T
Source: Power Electronics – Dr. M. D. Singh
Generally, following techniques are available for obtaining variable DC

from a fixed AC/DC:
➢ 3. DC Chopper.
PEC
Fixed DC Variable DC
VDC
VDC ton toff

0 t 0 t
T
Step-Down Chopper (or) Buck Chopper
1 Switch
+ i0
2 L
+
V0
O
VDC A
D
V0
ton toff Vavg

0 T t
Switch
position 1 2 1

VDC
VDC
VDC CH iL VPN
0 t
L + i0
iCH ton toff
iD 0 t
L T
+ D C V0
O V0
VDC A VDC V0,avg
D
0
t
I0
I0,avg
0
t
Fig. 3. 1. Circuit diagram of step-down chopper. ID
0
t
ICH
Source: Power Electronics – Dr. M. D. Singh 0 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-1 Mode-2 t

Fig. 3.2: Expected waveforms of buck chopper. (From top to bottom; Input voltage,
output voltage, output/inductor current, diode current, and chopper/input current)

Method-1: VDC
Mode -1: (0 ≤ t ≤ ton) VDC

VDC CH-on iL V0 0 t
+
L + i0
iCH
ton toff
iD
L 0
+ O T t
VDC D - off C V0
A
D V0
VDC V0,avg
0
t
I0
Mode -2: (ton ≤ t ≤ T) I0,avg
VDC CH-off V0
iL 0
t
i0
ID
iCH L + +
iD
L 0
+ O t
D-on C V0
VDC A ICH
D
0 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-1 Mode-2 t

Method-1: VDC
➢ Derivation of Average Output Voltage: VDC
1 T
1 Ton 0
V 0 ( avg )
=  V dt DC V =  V dt
t
T 0
0 ( avg )
T 0
DC
ton toff
0
V T
t 
t
= V
T
=
Ton
V DC
V 0 ( avg )
on
DC
0 ( avg )
T 0
T V0
VDC V0,avg
V 0 ( avg )
= V DC
(3.1) 0
t
I0
= fT V
I0,avg
V 0 ( avg ) on DC
(3.2) 0
t
ID
T
Where, = on
and f – is the chopping frequency,
T 0
t
ICH
The duty cycle or duty ratio, δ is defined as the ratio of
on-time period, ton to the total chopping period, T. 0 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-1 Mode-2 t

Method-1: VDC
VDC
➢ Derivation of RMS Output Voltage: 0 t
1 1 Ton ton toff

=
T
=  V dt
2
V  V dt
2
V 0 ( rms ) DC 0 t
0 ( rms )
T 0
DC
T 0 T
V0
1
t 
VDC
1 =V
Ton Ton V0,avg
V =V  dt V
0 ( rms ) DC 0
0 ( rms ) DC
T 0 T I0
0
t
I0,avg
T
=V
0
V 0 ( rms ) DC
on
ID
t
T
V 0 ( rms )
=V DC
 (3.3) 0
t
ICH
T
Where, = on
(3.4) 0
T Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-1 Mode-2 t

Method-2: VDC

VDC CH-on iL V0
0 t
By applying KVL in the loop +
L + i0
iCH
iD ton toff
−V + V + V = 0
DC L 0 +
L
O 0
VDC D - off C V0 T t
A
V = V −V
L DC 0
(3.5) D V0
VDC V0,avg
Mode -2: (ton ≤ t ≤ T) I0

0
t
V0
By applying KVL in the loop VDC CH-off iL I0,avg
V +V = 0
0
+ + i0 t
L 0 iCH L
ID
V = −V
iD
L
(3.6) 0
L
+ D-on C O
In steady-state VDC V0 0
A t
condition, the average D ICH
voltage across the inductor
is zero. 0 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-1 Mode-2 t

Method-2:
In steady-state condition, the average voltage across the inductor is zero, therefore V  = 0
L
T (V − V )+T ( − V )=0
on DC 0 off 0
T (V − V )+(T − T )( − V )=0 T = T +T
on off
T = T −T
off on
on DC 0 on 0
Divide the above equation both sides by T, then

T (V − V ) (T − T )( − V )
on
+
DC 0
=0 on 0
T T
 (V − V )+(1 −  )( − V )=0
DC 0 0
 V −  V − V +  V =0
DC 0 0 0
 V − V =0 DC 0
V = V
0 avg DC
(3.7)
The duty cycle or duty ratio, δ is defined as the ratio of on-time period, ton to the total
T
chopping period, T. = on
T
Numerical Problem on Step-down Chopper

Problem 3.1: For the buck chopper, input voltage, VDC = 30V, load resistance, R =
50Ω, and duty cycle is 50%. Find out the (i) the average output voltage and
current, (ii) RMS value of output voltage, and (iii) output current at the instant of
commutation. [Ans: (i)15V, 0.3A, (ii) 21.21V (iii) 0.6A]
Solution: Given that, VDC = 30V, δ = 0.5, and R = 50Ω
(i) average output voltage V0 ( avg )

=  V = 0.5*30 = 15V
DC
V 15
And, average output current is given by I 0 ( avg )
= 0 ( avg )
= = 0.30 A
R 50
(ii) rms output voltage V 0 ( rms )
=  V = 0.5 *30 = 21.21V
DC
V 30
(iii) Output current at the instant of commutation I =
0
= DC
= 0.6 A
R 50
Numerical Problem on Step-down Chopper

Problem 3.2: The step-down dc chopper has a resistive load, R = 20Ω and input
voltage, VDC = 220V. When the chopper remains on, its voltage drop, VCH = 1.5 V and
chopping frequency, f = 10 kHz. If the duty cycle is 80%, Estimate the: (i) average output
voltage (ii) rms output voltage, and (iii) Chopper efficiency. [Nov/Dec 2018]
Solution: Given that, VDC = 220V, δ = 0.8, R = 20Ω, f = 10kHz, VCH = 1.5V
(i) average output voltage V0( avg ) =  (Vdc − VCH ) = 0.8(220 − 1.5) = 174.8V
(ii) rms output voltage V0( rms ) =  (Vdc − VCH ) = 0.8(220 − 1.5) = 195.43V
Output Power , P0 = I 0( rms ) *V0( rms )
(iii) Chopper efficiency
V0( rms ) V0(2 rms )
Now, I 0( rms ) = Therefore, P0 =
R R
 (VDC − VCH )2 0.8(220 − 1.5) 2
If chopper drop is considered, then P0 = = = 1909.69W
R 20
VDC (VDC − VCH ) 0.8* 220*(220 − 1.5)
Input Power , Pin = = = 1922.8W
R 20 P 1909.69
Efficiency , % = 0 *100 = *100 = 99.318%
Pin 1922.8
25-Nov-21 16
➢ Derivation of boost chopper circuit from buck chopper:
VDC CH iL VPN
L + i0
iCH
iD
L
+
VDC C V0
O Fig. 3.3. Circuit diagram of step-down (or) buck chopper.
D A
D
VDC iL V0
iD
L + i0
D
iCH
L
+ CH C V0
O
VDC A
D
Fig. 3.4. Circuit diagram of step-up (or) boost chopper.
Step-Up ChopperV(or) Boost Chopper

DC
VDC
0 t
VDC iL V0
iD
ton toff
L + i0
D 0 t
T
iCH
L V0 VL
+ CH C V0
O VDC V0,avg
VDC A
D 0
t
IL
I0,avg
0
t
Fig. 3.4. Circuit diagram of step-up chopper. ILD
0
t
ICH
Source: Power Electronics – Dr. M. D. Singh 0 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-1 Mode-2 t

Fig. 3.5: Expected waveforms of boost chopper. (From top to bottom; Input
voltage, output voltage, inductor current, diode current, and chopper current)
Step-Up Chopper (or) Boost Chopper

VDC
Method-1: VDC
Mode -1: (0 ≤ t ≤ ton)
VDC iL
0 t
iD
By applying KVL in the loop + L D-off + i0

ton toff
iCH
−V + V = 0
DC L +
L
O
0
T t
CH-on C V0
VDC A
=V V0 VL
VL ( on −time ) DC
(3.8) D
VDC V0,avg
0
t
Mode -2: (ton ≤ t ≤ T)V V0
IL
DC iL I0,avg
iD 0
By applying KVL in the loop t
+ i0I
L
D-on
+ ILD
−V + V − V =0
DC 0 L
iCH
L
+ CH-off C O 0
VDC V0 t
A I
VL ( off −time )
= V −V
0 DC
(3.9) D
CH


VDC
0 t
If the ripple in the source current is neglected, then the
energy stored in the inductor during on-time period of the
ton toff
chopper is expressed as, 0
T t
W on −time
= V .I .T
DC on
(3.10) V0 VL
Similarly, the energy dissipated in the inductor during off- VDC V0,avg
0
time period of the chopper is expressed as, t
IL
W off −time
= (V − V 0 DC ).I .T off
(3.11) I0,avg
0
t
For a lossless converter, the energy stored in the inductor ILD
should be equal to the energy released/dissipated.

V .I .T = (V − V ).I .T
0
t
DC on 0 DC off ICH
V .T = (V − V
DC on 0 DC ).T off 0 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-1 Mode-2 t

VDC
V .T = (V − V ).T
0 t
DC on 0 DC off
ton toff
V .(T + T ) = V T
DC on off 0 off 0 t
T
V0 VL
(T + T )
V =V .
0 DC
on off
VDC V0,avg
T off
0
t
IL
T
V =V . I0,avg
T −T
0 ( avg ) DC
0
on t
ILD
1
V = V (3.12)
1− 
0 ( avg ) DC
0
t
ICH
T
= on
T 0 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-1 Mode-2 t


VDC
➢ Derivation of RMS Output Voltage: VDC
0 t
ton toff
0 t
T
V0 VL
VDC V0,avg
0
t
IL
I0,avg
0
t
ILD
0
t
ICH


VDC
Method-2:
Mode -1: (0 ≤ t ≤ ton) 0 t

VDC iL
By applying KVL in the loop iD
ton toff
+ L + i0
−V + V = 0
D-off 0
DC L iCH T t
L
V =V VL
+ CH-on C O V0
L DC
(3.13) VDC V0
A
D VDC V0,avg
0
t
Mode -2: (ton ≤ t ≤ T) VDC iL V0
IL
I0,avg
iD
0
By applying KVL in the loop L + i0 t
D-on ILD
iCH
−V + V + V = 0
DC L 0
+
L
O
CH-off C V0 0
VDC A t
V = V −V
L DC 0
(3.14) D ICH


Method-2:
In steady-state condition, the average voltage across the inductor is zero,
therefore V  = 0 L
From equation, (3.13) & (3.14) T (V )+T (V − V )=0

on DC off DC 0
T = T +T
on off
T = T −T
off on
T V +T V − T V =0
on DC off DC off 0
T V +(T − T )V − (T − T )V =0
on DC on DC on 0
T V +TV − T V − TV + T V =0
on DC DC on DC 0 on 0
TV − TV + T V =0
DC 0 on 0
T
= on
TV − (T − T )V =0 T
DC on 0
T 1
V= V V= V (3.15)
(T − T ) (1 −  )
0 DC 0 DC
on
Numerical Problem on Step-Up Chopper

Problem 3.3: A step-up chopper is used to deliver load voltage of 500V from a
220V dc source. If the blocking period of the thyristor is 80μs, compute the
required pulse width. [Ans: 101.6μs]
Solution: Given that, V0 = 500V, VDC = 220V, and Toff = 80μs

1 1
Average output voltage of boost chopper is give by V0 ( avg ) = V V = V
(1 −  ) Ton
0 ( avg ) DC
DC
(1 − )
T T
V = V
(T − Ton)
0 ( avg ) DC
Ton + Toff
V = V T = Ton + Toff
(Ton + Toff − Ton)
0 ( avg ) DC
Ton + 80 
Ton + Toff 500 = 220 Ton = 101.6 sec
V 0 ( avg )
= V DC 80 
Toff
Numerical Problems
Problem 3.4: A step-up chopper has a source of 250V (dc) in series with
inductance of 0.1H. If the semiconductor switch is operated with different values
of duty ratio, plot output voltage vs duty ratio. [Nov/Dec 2018]
Solution: In case of step-up chopper, the average output voltage is
plot of output voltage vs duty
expressed as δ Vo 3000 ratio
1 0.10 277.78 2500
V0 =
Output Voltage
VDC
1−  0.20 312.50
2000
0.30 357.14
0.40 416.67 1500
0.50 500.00 1000
0.60 625.00
500
0.70 833.33
0.80 1250.00 0
0.90 2500.00 0 0.5 1
Duty Cycle
Chopper Control Strategies

It is clear from equation (3.1) and (3.6), that the average output voltage can
be controlled by periodic opening and closing the switch/CH
There are two types pf control strategies of a chopper,

1. Time ratio control, and
2. Current limit control
1. Time ratio control (TRC)

In this time ratio control, the value of Ton/T is varied. This is effected in two
ways. (a). Constant Frequency System
(b). Variable Frequency System
Time Ratio Control (TRC)

(a). Constant Frequency System
The on time period Ton, is varied by keeping total chopping period, T as
constant. This is also called as the pulse-width modulation control
V0
toff
α = 25%
ton
0
t
T
V0
α = 50%
ton toff
0
T t
V0
α = 75%
ton toff
0
t
T
Time Ratio Control (TRC)

(b). Variable Frequency System
The total chopping period T, is varied by either keeping Ton constant or by
keeping Toff constant. Variable frequency system is also called as the frequency
modulation control
(ii). OFF-time, Toff is kept constant
V0 (i). ON-time, Ton is kept constant V0
α = 50% α = 50%
ton toff toff ton
0 0
t t
T T
V0 V0
α = 33.3% α = 66.66%
ton toff toff ton
0 0
T t T t
V0 V0
α = 25% α = 75%
ton toff toff ton
0 0
t t
T T
Contd..
Variable frequency systems has the following major disadvantages compared

to constant frequency systems.
1. The chopping frequency has to be varied over a wide range. Therefore, filter
design is quit difficult.
2. The large off-time period may make load current discontinuous.
3. For the control of duty cycle, frequency variation would be wide. As such,
there is a possibility of interference with signaling and telephone lines.
Thus, the constant frequency system is preferred for chopper drives
Current Limit Control (CLC)

In this scheme, the chopper is switched – ON and OFF, so that the
current in the load is maintained between two limits (i.e., Imin and Imax). When
current exceeds upper limit, the chopper is switched – OFF. During this period,
the load current freewheels ad decreases exponential. When the current reaches to
minimum value, the chopper is switched - ON.
VDC CH V0
iL
Imax2
i0 T
iCH L +
 = on Imax
iD T
L Imin
+ O
VDC D C V0
A V0( avg ) = Vdc
t
D
V0
ton toff
0 t
PI i0 T
iref
Numerical Problem on Control strategies

Problem 3.3: A chopper circuit is operating on TRC principle at a frequency of 2KHz
on 220V dc supply. If the load voltage is 170V, compute the conduction and blocking
periods of thyristor chopper in each cycle. [Nov/Dec 2018].
Solution: From the above question, it is clear that the chopper is operating as buck
chopper, and for buck chopper the average output voltage expression is given as
170 Ton
Therefore, = = 0.7727 We also know that, = = 0.7727
220 T
Numerical Problems (cont…)
Problem 3. A1: In a 110V dc chopper drive using the CLC scheme, the maximum possible value of the
accelerating current is 300A, a lower limit of the current pulsation is 140A. The ON and OFF periods are 15ms and
12 ms respectively. Calculate the limit of current pulsation, chopping frequency, duty cycle and the output voltage.
[Ans: 160A, 37Hz, 0.56, and 61.60V].
Problem 3. A2: A step-up chopper with a pulse width of 150μ is operating on 220V d.c supply. Compute the
load voltage if the blocking period of the device is 40μsec. [Ans: V0 = 1045V]
➢ Derivation of buck-boost chopper or step-down/step-up chopper circuit
VDC CH iL VPN
L + i0
iCH
iD VDC VPN
L CH
D
+ C V0
O iD
VDC D A
iCH
D
+
L
+ iL O
L C V0
VDC A
Fig. 3.3. Circuit diagram of step-down (or) buck chopper. D
VDC iL V0
iD
+
L + i0
D
iCH
Fig. 3.6. Circuit diagram of buck-boost chopper.
L
+ CH C V0
O
VDC A
D
Fig. 3.4. Circuit diagram of step-up (or) boost chopper.

Buck-Boost Chopper
The main applications of a step-down/step-up or buck-boost converter
is in regulated dc power supplies, where a negative polarity output may
be desired with respect to the common terminal of the input voltage, and the
output voltage may can be either higher or lower than the input voltage.
A buck-boost converter can be obtained by the cascade connection of
the two basic converters; the step-down converter and step-up converter.
In steady-state, the output to input voltage conversion ratio is the product
of the conversion ratios of the two converters in cascade.
VDC CH VPN
D
iD
iCH
+
L
iL
+ L O 1
V =
C V0
VDC A V (3.16)
(1 −  )
0 DC
D
+
Fig. 3.6. Circuit diagram of buck-boost chopper.
Buck-Boost Chopper (cont…)

VDC
Method-1:
VDC VPN
During time Ton, by CH - ON
D-off
0 t
Pulse
assuming that the inductor
current rises linearly from I1 to iCH
ton toff
+
I2 we can write, L 0
iL t
I −I I + L C V0
O T
VL = VDC = L 2 1 = L VDC A
Ton Ton D V0
I V0,avg
Ton = L (3.17) + 0
VDC I2
IL
t
Mode -2: (ton ≤ t ≤ T) VDC CH-OFF

D-ON
VPN I1
I0,avg
iD 0
Now, during time Toff, the t
iCH ID
inductor current falls linearly
L
from I2 to I1 we can write, + L
iL O 0
I −I I VDC C V0 t
VL = V0 = − L 2 1 = − L +
A
D
ICH
Toff Toff
I
Toff = − L (3.18) + 0 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-1 Mode-2 t
V0 Fig. 3.7: Expected waveforms of buck-boost chopper.

Method-1:
I V
T =L
on
(3.17) From equation (3.17) I = T (3.19) DC
V DC L
on
I V
T = −L
off
(3.18) From equation (3.18) I = −T (3.20) off
0
V 0
L
Where, the peak-to-peak ripple current of inductor is given by I = I − I 2 1
V V
Equating equations (3.19) and (3.20) I = T = −T T V = −T V on
DC
off
0
on DC off 0
L L
T
− V =V −
T
V =V 
= −
on on
avg.output voltage, V V (3.21)
T −T
DC 0
1− 
DC 0
T off on
0 DC
1
Switching period, T can be calculated as T = = T + T on off
f
I I  V −V 
Substituting the values of Ton and Toff, we get T =L −L T = L I  
0 DC
V V0  V V 
1  VV 
DC 0 DC
I =    peak-to-peak current ripple of inductor, I =  V

0 DC
Lf  V − V  (3.22) DC
0 DC
Lf

Method-1:
During the period Ton, when the device is ON, the filter capacitor supplies the load
current. Therefore, the average discharging current of the capacitor is IC = I0
1 Ton
Also, the peak-to-peak ripple voltage of the capacitor is given by V = C  I dt C

(3.23)
C 0
1 Ton
IT
V =  I dt
C 0
(3.24) V =C
0 on
(3.25)
C 0 C

From equation (3.21), − V =V
1− 
DC 0
− V = (1 −  )V
DC 0
− V = V −  V
DC 0 0 V − V = V
0 DC 0
 (V − V ) = V T V
(V − V ) = V
on
T = 0
(3.26)
f (V − V )
0 DC 0 0 DC 0 on
T 0 DC
From equation (3.25) and (3.26),

V =
I V I
  =
0 0
C
C f (V − V ) the peak-to-peak output voltage ripple, V C
0
(3.27)
0 DC fC

VDC
Method-2:
VDC VPN 0 t
CH - ON
D-off
By applying KVL in the loop
iCH ton toff
+ 0
−VDC + VL = 0 iL
L T t
+ L C V0
O
VDC A V0
VL = VDC (3.28) D
V0,avg
+ 0
t
IL
Mode -2: (ton ≤ t ≤ T) VDC CH-OFF
D-ON
VPN I0,avg
iD 0
t
iCH ILD
By applying KVL in the loop
L
−VL + V0 = 0 +
VDC
L
iL
C V0
O 0
t
A ICH
D
VL = V0
+
(3.29)
0 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-1 Mode-2
+ t
Fig. 3.7: Expected waveforms of buck-boost chopper.

Method-2:
In steady-state condition, the average voltage across the inductor is zero (by
volt-sec balance principle), therefore V  = 0 L
T (V )+T (V )=0
on DC off 0 T = T +Ton off
T = T −T
off on
T (V )+(T − T )(V )=0

on DC on 0
(T − T )V = − T (V )
on 0 on DC
−T
V= V on
Divide the numerator and denominator by T
(T − T )
0 DC
on
−
V= V (3.18) T
(1 −  )
0 DC
= on
T
Case (i): when,  = 0.5, then, V = −V 0 DC
Case (ii): when,   0.5, then, V  −V 0 DC
Case (iii): when,   0.5, then, V  −V 0 DC
Numerical Problem on Buck-Boost Chopper
Problem 3.5: Consider the buck-boost converter. The input voltage to this converter is
VDC = 14V. The duty cycle δ = 0.6 and the switching frequency is 25kHz. The
inductance L = 180μH and filter capacitance C = 220μF. The average load current is I0
= 1.5A. Compute: (a) the average output voltage, V0, (b) the peak-to-peak output
voltage ripple, ΔVC; and(c) the peak-peak current of the inductor, ΔI.
Solution: Given that, VDC = 14V, δ = 0.6, L = 180μH, C = 220μF and I0 = 1.5A
−0.6
(a) the average output voltage, V = − V V= 14 = −21V
(1 −  ) (1 − 0.6)
0 DC 0
I 0.6*1.5
(b) the peak-to-peak output voltage ripple, VC = VC = = 0.16V
0
fC 25*103 * 220*10−6 C
V 0.6*14
(c) peak-to-peak current ripple of inductor, I = DC
I = = 1.87 A
Lf 25*103 *180*10−6
Numerical Problem on Buck-Boost Chopper
Problem 3.6: A buck-boost converter is operated from a 24V battery and supplies an
average load current of 2Amps. Its switching frequency is 50Hz. Neglecting diode and
switch drop, determine (a) Range of duty variation required to maintain the output
voltage at 15V, given that the battery voltage ranges from 26V in the fully charged state
to 21v in the discharged state. (b) The peak to peak choke ripple current for the
nominal supply voltage, given that the choke value is 500μH. (c) average supply
current drawn from the battery under nominal condition
Solution:
Text Books & References

Edition and
Reference Title Author Publisher
Year
Tata
nd
M. D. Singh, 2 Edition, McGraw-
T1 Power Electronics
K. B. Kanchandani 2008 Hill
Education
th
4 Edition,
T2 Power Electronics P. S. Bimbhra Khanna
2006
Power Electronics: Ned Mohan, T. M.
3rd Edition,
R1 Converters Applications Undeland, W.P. Wiley
2015
and Design Robbins,
Power Electronics-
4th Edition,
R2 Circuits, Devices and M. H. Rashid Pearson
2017
Applications
Springer
nd
Fundamentals of Power R. W. Erickson, 2 Edition, Science &
R3
Electronics D. Maksimovic 2001 Business
Media
Think beyond the boundaries……

Unit-3 PPT

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit-3 PPT

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit-3 PPT

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Online Presentation

25-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 2

VDC Fixed DC Variable DC

25-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 3

Fig. 1. Application of dc/dc converters for wide range of voltages

Generally, following techniques are available for obtaining variable DC

25-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 5

Generally, following techniques are available for obtaining variable DC

VDC ton toff

Step-Down Chopper (or) Buck Chopper

ton toff Vavg

25-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 7

Step-Down Chopper (or) Buck Chopper

Source: Power Electronics – Dr. M. D. Singh 0 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-1 Mode-2 t

25-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 8

Step-Down Chopper (or) Buck Chopper

Mode -1: (0 ≤ t ≤ ton) VDC

25-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 9

Step-Down Chopper (or) Buck Chopper

➢ Derivation of Average Output Voltage: VDC

25-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 10

Step-Down Chopper (or) Buck Chopper

1 1 Ton ton toff

25-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 11

Step-Down Chopper (or) Buck Chopper

Mode -1: (0 ≤ t ≤ ton) VDC

Mode -2: (ton ≤ t ≤ T) I0

25-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 12

Step-Down Chopper (or) Buck Chopper

Divide the above equation both sides by T, then

Numerical Problem on Step-down Chopper

Solution: Given that, VDC = 30V, δ = 0.5, and R = 50Ω

(i) average output voltage V0 ( avg )

Numerical Problem on Step-down Chopper

➢ Derivation of boost chopper circuit from buck chopper:

25-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 17

Step-Up ChopperV(or) Boost Chopper

Source: Power Electronics – Dr. M. D. Singh 0 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-1 Mode-2 t

Step-Up Chopper (or) Boost Chopper

By applying KVL in the loop + L D-off + i0

0 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-1 Mode-2 t

Step-Up Chopper (or) Boost Chopper

➢ Derivation of Average Output Voltage: VDC

should be equal to the energy released/dissipated.

Step-Up Chopper (or) Boost Chopper

➢ Derivation of Average Output Voltage: VDC

T 0 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-1 Mode-2 t

Step-Up Chopper (or) Boost Chopper

➢ Derivation of RMS Output Voltage: VDC

0 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-1 Mode-2 t

Step-Up Chopper (or) Boost Chopper

Mode -1: (0 ≤ t ≤ ton) 0 t

0 Mode-1 Mode-2 Mode-1 Mode-2 t

Step-Up Chopper (or) Boost Chopper

From equation, (3.13) & (3.14) T (V )+T (V − V )=0

25-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 24

Numerical Problem on Step-Up Chopper

Solution: Given that, V0 = 500V, VDC = 220V, and Toff = 80μs

25-Nov-21 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 25

Chopper Control Strategies