Solutions for All Programming Tasks

Name – Shivani. Roll No.240651

Problem 1: Check if a given character is a vowel or consonant

C++ Code:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void checkVowelOrConsonant(char c) {

if ((c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z')) {

if (c == 'a' || c == 'e' || c == 'i' || c == 'o' || c == 'u' ||

c == 'A' || c == 'E' || c == 'I' || c == 'O' || c == 'U') {

cout << c << " is a vowel." << endl;

} else { cout << c << " is a

consonant." << endl;

} else { cout << c << " is not an

alphabet." << endl;

}
int main() { char c; cout <<

"Enter a character: "; cin >>

c;

checkVowelOrConsonant(c);

return 0;

Problem 2: Check Whether a Number is Positive, Negative, or Zero

C++ Code:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() { double number;

cout << "Enter a number: ";

cin >> number;

if (number > 0) cout << "The number is

positive." << endl; else if (number < 0)

cout << "The number is negative." << endl;

else cout << "The number is zero." <<

endl;

return 0;

}
Problem 3: Check if an Input Character is an Alphabet, Digit, or Special Character C++ Code:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() { char ch; cout

<< "Enter a character: "; cin

>> ch;

if ((ch >= 'a' && ch <= 'z') || (ch >= 'A' && ch <= 'Z'))

cout << ch << " is an alphabet." << endl; else if (ch

>= '0' && ch <= '9') cout << ch << " is a digit." <<

endl; else cout << ch << " is a special

character." << endl;

return 0;

Problem 4: Create a Calculator Using the Switch Statement

C++ Code:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

char op; double num1, num2;

cout << "Enter an operator (+, -, *, /): ";

cin >> op; cout << "Enter two

numbers: "; cin >> num1 >> num2;

switch (op) {

case '+':

cout << "Result: " << num1 + num2 << endl;

break;

case '-':

cout << "Result: " << num1 - num2 << endl;

break;

case '*':

cout << "Result: " << num1 * num2 << endl;

break;

case '/':

if (num2 != 0) cout << "Result: " <<

num1 / num2 << endl;

else cout << "Division by zero

error!" << endl; break; default:

cout << "Invalid operator!" << endl; break;

return 0;

Problem 5: Print a Half-Pyramid Using Numbers

C++ Code:
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() { int rows; cout <<

"Enter the number of rows: "; cin >>

rows;

for (int i = 1; i <= rows; ++i) {

for (int j = 1; j <= i; ++j) {

cout << j << " ";

cout << endl;

return 0;

}
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

// 6. Half-Pyramid Using *

void halfPyramid() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {

cout << "* ";

cout << endl;

// 7(a). Alphabet Pyramid

void alphabetPyramid() {

char ch = 'A';

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {

cout << ch << " ";

ch++;

cout << endl;

// 7(b). Reverse Half-Pyramid

void reverseHalfPyramid() {

for (int i = 5; i >= 1; i--) {

 for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {

cout << "* ";

cout << endl;

// 7(c). Centered Pyramid

void centeredPyramid() {

int rows = 5;

for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) {

for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {

cout << " ";

for (int j = 0; j < 2 * (rows - i) - 1; j++) {

cout << "* ";

cout << endl;

// 7(d). Number Pyramid

void numberPyramid() {

int num = 1;

for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) {

for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {

cout << num << " ";

 num++;

cout << endl;

// 7(e). Repeated Number Pyramid

void repeatedNumberPyramid() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {

cout << i << " ";

cout << endl;

} }

int main() {

cout << "6. Half-Pyramid Using *" << endl;

halfPyramid();

cout << endl;

cout << "7(a). Alphabet Pyramid" << endl; alphabetPyramid();

cout << endl;

cout << "7(b). Reverse Half-Pyramid" << endl;

reverseHalfPyramid();

cout << endl;

 cout << "7(c). Centered Pyramid" << endl;

centeredPyramid();

cout << endl;

cout << "7(d). Number Pyramid" << endl;

numberPyramid();

cout << endl;

cout << "7(e). Repeated Number Pyramid" << endl;

repeatedNumberPyramid();

return 0;

C++ Program Solutions

1. Program to Find HCF/GCD

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int findHCF(int a, int b) {

while (b != 0) {

int temp = b;

b = a % b;

a = temp;

}
 return a;

int main() {

int num1, num2;

cout << "Enter two numbers: ";

cin >> num1 >> num2;

cout << "HCF/GCD of " << num1 << " and " << num2 << " is " << findHCF(num1, num2) <<

endl;

return 0;

2. Program to Find LCM

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int findHCF(int a, int b) {

while (b != 0) {

int temp = b;

b = a % b;

a = temp;

return a;

int findLCM(int a, int b) {

 return (a * b) / findHCF(a, b);

int main() {

int num1, num2;

cout << "Enter two numbers: ";

cin >> num1 >> num2;

cout << "LCM of " << num1 << " and " << num2 << " is " << findLCM(num1, num2) <<

endl;

return 0;

3. Program to Check if a Number is Palindrome

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

bool isPalindrome(int num) {

int original = num, reversed = 0;

while (num > 0) {

reversed = reversed * 10 + (num % 10);

num /= 10;

return original == reversed;

int main() {
 int num;

cout << "Enter a number: ";

cin >> num;

if (isPalindrome(num))

cout << num << " is a palindrome." << endl;

else

cout << num << " is not a palindrome." << endl;

return 0;

4. Program to Check if a Number is Armstrong

#include <iostream>

#include <cmath>

using namespace std;

bool isArmstrong(int num) {

int original = num, sum = 0, digits = 0;

while (num > 0) {

digits++;

num /= 10;

num = original;

while (num > 0) {

sum += pow(num % 10, digits);

num /= 10;

}
 return sum == original;

int main() {

int num;

cout << "Enter a number: ";

cin >> num;

if (isArmstrong(num))

cout << num << " is an Armstrong number." << endl;

else

cout << num << " is not an Armstrong number." << endl;

return 0;

5. Program to Calculate Sum of Natural Numbers

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {

int n;

cout << "Enter a positive integer: ";

cin >> n;

int sum = (n * (n + 1)) / 2;

cout << "Sum of first " << n << " natural numbers is " << sum << endl;

return 0;

}
6. Program for Sum of Series 1-2+3-4...n

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int sumSeries(int n) {

int sum = 0;

for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {

sum += (i % 2 == 0) ? -i : i;

return sum;

int main() {

int n;

cout << "Enter a positive integer: ";

cin >> n;

cout << "Sum of the series is " << sumSeries(n) << endl;

return 0;

}
*Question 1: Program to Compute the Sum of the First N Terms of the Series*

```

#include <iostream> using

namespace std;

double calculate_series_sum(int n) {

double sum = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

double sign = (i % 2 == 0) ? 1 : -1;

sum += sign / (i + 1);

return sum;

int main() {

int n;

cout << "Enter the number of terms: "; cin >> n; cout <<

"Sum of the series: " << calculate_series_sum(n) << endl; return

0;

```

*Question 2: Program to Remove Duplicates from an Array*

```
#include <iostream> using

namespace std;

void remove_duplicates(int arr[], int &n) {

int temp[100];

int j = 0; for (int i = 0; i <

n; i++) { bool found =

false; for (int k = 0; k < j;

k++) { if (arr[i] ==

temp[k]) { found =

true; break;

if (!found) {

temp[j++] = arr[i];

} for (int i = 0; i < j;

i++) { arr[i] =

temp[i];

} n

= j; }

int main() {

int arr[100];

int n;
 cout << "Enter the size of the array: "; cin

>> n; cout << "Enter the elements of the

array: ";

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

cin >> arr[i];

remove_duplicates(arr, n); cout

<< "Array without duplicates: ";

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {

cout << arr[i] << " ";

cout << endl;

return 0;

```

*Question 3: Program to Print a Table Indicating the Number of Occurrences of Each

Alphabet*

```

#include <iostream>

#include <cstring> using

namespace std;

void count_alphabets(char text[]) {

int alphabet_counts[26] = {0}; for

(int i = 0; i < strlen(text); i++) {

char c = tolower(text[i]);
 if (c >= 'a' && c <= 'z') {

alphabet_counts[c - 'a']++;

cout << "Alphabet Counts:" << endl;

for (int i = 0; i < 26; i++) { cout << (char)(i + 'a') << ": " <<

alphabet_counts[i] << endl;

int main() { char

text[100]; cout << "Enter

the text: ";

cin.getline(text, 100);

count_alphabets(text);

return 0;

```

*Question 4: Menu-Driven Program to Perform String Manipulation*

```

#include <iostream>

#include <cstring> using

namespace std;

void show_address_of_each_character(char string[]) {

 for (int i = 0; i < strlen(string); i++) {

cout << "Address of '" << string[i] << "': " << (void*)&string[i] << endl;

char* concatenate_two_strings(char str1[], char str2[]) {

char* result = new char[strlen(str1) + strlen(str2) + 1];

strcpy(result, str1); strcat(result, str2); return

result;

// ... (rest of the functions remain the same

*Question 5: Program to Merge Two Ordered Arrays*

```

#include <iostream> using

namespace std;

void merge_ordered_arrays(int arr1[], int m, int arr2[], int n) {

int* result = new int[m + n]; int i = 0, j = 0, k = 0;

while (i < m && j < n) {

 if (arr1[i] <= arr2[j]) {

result[k++] = arr1[i++];

} else { result[k++]

= arr2[j++];

while (i < m) {

result[k++] = arr1[i++];

while (j < n) {

result[k++] = arr2[j++];

cout << "Merged array: ";

for (int i = 0; i < m + n; i++) {

cout << result[i] << " ";

cout << endl;

delete[] result;

int main() { int arr1[] = {1, 3, 5, 7};

int arr2[] = {2, 4, 6, 8}; int m =

sizeof(arr1) / sizeof(arr1[0]); int n =

sizeof(arr2) / sizeof(arr2[0]);

merge_ordered_arrays(arr1, m, arr2, n);

return 0;

```

*Question 6: Program to Search a Given Element Using Binary Search*

*(a) With Recursion*

```

#include <iostream> using

namespace std;

int binary_search_recursive(int arr[], int low, int high, int key) {

if (low > high) { return -1;

int mid = (low + high) / 2;

if (arr[mid] == key) {

return mid;

} else if (arr[mid] > key) { return

binary_search_recursive(arr, low, mid - 1, key);

 } else {

return binary_search_recursive(arr, mid + 1, high, key);

int main() { int arr[] = {2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 23, 38,

56, 72, 91}; int n = sizeof(arr) /

sizeof(arr[0]); int key; cout << "Enter the

key to search: "; cin >> key;

int result = binary_search_recursive(arr, 0, n - 1, key);

if (result == -1) { cout << "Key not found in

the array." << endl;

} else { cout << "Key found at index " << result <<

"." << endl;

return 0;

```

*(b) Without Recursion*

```

#include <iostream> using

namespace std; int

binary_search_iterative(in

t arr[], int n, int key) {

int low = 0; int high = n

- 1;

while (low <= high) {

int mid = (low + high) / 2;

if (arr[mid] == key) {

return mid; } else if

(arr[mid] > key) { high

= mid - 1; } else {

low = mid + 1;

return -1;

int main() { int arr[] = {2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 23, 38,

56, 72, 91}; int n = sizeof(arr) /

sizeof(arr[0]); int key; cout << "Enter the

key to search: "; cin >> key;

int result = binary_search_iterative(arr, n, key);

 if (result == -1) { cout << "Key not found in

the array." << endl;

} else { cout << "Key found at index " << result <<

"." << endl;

return 0;

```

*Question 7: Program to Calculate GCD of Two Numbers*

*(a) With Recursion*

```

#include <iostream> using

namespace std;

int gcd_recursive(int a, int b) {

if (b == 0) { return a;

return gcd_recursive(b, a % b);

int main() {
 int num1, num2; cout << "Enter

the first number: "; cin >> num1;

cout << "Enter the second number: ";

cin >> num2;

int gcd = gcd_recursive(num1, num2);

cout << "GCD of " <<

_Question 8: Matrix Class and Operations_

```

#include <iostream>

#include <stdexcept>

class Matrix {

private: int

rows; int

cols; int**

data;

public:

Matrix(int rows, int cols) {

this->rows = rows; this-

>cols = cols; data = new

int*[rows]; for (int i =

0; i < rows; i++) {

data[i] = new int[cols];

~Matrix() { for (int i = 0; i

< rows; i++) { delete[]

data[i];

delete[] data;

void setElement(int row, int col, int value) { if (row < 0

|| row >= rows || col < 0 || col >= cols) { throw

std::out_of_range("Matrix indices out of range");

data[row][col] = value;

int getElement(int row, int col) { if (row < 0 || row >=

rows || col < 0 || col >= cols) { throw

std::out_of_range("Matrix indices out of range");

return data[row][col];

}
 Matrix* add(Matrix* other) { if (rows !=

other->rows || cols != other->cols) { throw

std::invalid_argument("Matrices are not

compatible for addition");

Matrix* result = new Matrix(rows, cols); for (int i = 0; i < rows;

i++) { for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) { result->setElement(i, j,

getElement(i, j) + other->getElement(i, j));

return result;

Matrix* multiply(Matrix* other) { if (cols != other->rows) { throw

std::invalid_argument("Matrices are not compatible for multiplication");

Matrix* result = new Matrix(rows, other->cols); for

(int i = 0; i < rows; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < other->cols;

j++) { int sum = 0; for (int k = 0; k < cols;

k++) { sum += getElement(i, k) * other-

>getElement(k, j);

result->setElement(i, j, sum);

return result;

}
 Matrix* transpose() {

Matrix* result = new Matrix(cols, rows);

for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) { for (int j = 0; j

< cols; j++) { result->setElement(j, i,

getElement(i, j));

return result;

};

int main() {

try {

Matrix* mat1 = new Matrix(2, 2); mat1-

>setElement(0, 0, 1); mat1->setElement(0, 1, 2);

mat1->setElement(1, 0, 3); mat1->setElement(1,

1, 4);

Matrix* mat2 = new Matrix(2, 2); mat2-

>setElement(0, 0, 5); mat2->setElement(0, 1, 6);

mat2->setElement(1, 0, 7); mat2->setElement(1,

1, 8);

Matrix* sum = mat1->add(mat2);

Matrix* product = mat1->multiply(mat2);

Matrix* transpose = mat1->transpose();

 cout << "Sum:" << endl; for (int i = 0;

i < sum->rows; i++) { for (int j = 0; j <

sum->cols; j++) { cout << sum-

>getElement(i, j) << " ";

cout << endl;

cout << "Product:" << endl; for (int i = 0;

i < product->rows; i++) { for (int j = 0; j <

product->cols; j++) { cout << product-

>getElement(i, j) << " ";

cout << endl;

cout << "Transpose:" << endl; for (int i = 0;

i < transpose->rows; i++) { for (int j = 0; j <

transpose->cols; j++) { cout << transpose-

>getElement(i, j) << " ";

cout << endl;

delete mat1;

delete mat2; delete

sum; delete
product; delete

transpose;

} catch

_Question 9: Person, Student, and Employee Classes_

```

#include <iostream>

#include <string>

class Person { protected:

std::string name;

public:

Person(const std::string& name) : name(name) {}

virtual void display() const { std::cout <<

"Name: " << name << std::endl;

virtual ~Person() {}

};

class Student : public Person { private:

std::string course; int

marks;

int year;
public:

Student(const std::string& name, const std::string& course, int marks, int year)

: Person(name), course(course), marks(marks), year(year) {}

void display() const override {

Person::display(); std::cout << "Course: " <<

course << std::endl; std::cout << "Marks: " <<

marks << std::endl; std::cout << "Year: " <<

year << std::endl;

};

class Employee : public Person { private:

std::string department;

double salary;

public:

Employee(const std::string& name, const std::string& department, double salary)

: Person(name), department(department), salary(salary) {}

void display() const override { Person::display();

std::cout << "Department: " << department << std::endl;

std::cout << "Salary: " << salary << std::endl;

};
int main() {

Person* persons[] = {new Student("John Doe", "CS", 90, 2022),

new Employee("Jane Doe", "HR", 50000.0)};

for (Person* person : persons) {

person->display(); std::cout

<< std::endl;

for (Person* person : persons) {

delete person;

return 0;

```

_Question 10: Triangle Class_

```

#include <iostream>

#include <stdexcept>

class Triangle { private:

double side1;

double side2;

double side3;
public:

Triangle(double side1, double side2, double side3) { if (side1 <=

0 || side2 <= 0 || side3 <= 0) { throw std::invalid_argument("All

sides must be greater than 0");

if (side1 + side2 <= side3 || side2 + side3 <= side1 || side3 + side1 <= side2) {

throw std::invalid_argument("Sum of any two sides must be greater than the third
side");

this->side1 = side1; this-

>side2 = side2; this->side3 =

side3;

double calculateAreaRightAngled() const {

// Calculate area using formula: (base * height) / 2

// Assume side1 and side2 are the base and height

return (side1 * side2) / 2;

double calculateAreaHeron() const {

// Calculate semi-perimeter double s

= (side1 + side2 + side3) / 2; //

Calculate area using Heron's formula

return sqrt(s * (s - side1) * (s - side2) * (s

- side3));

};

int main() {

try {

Triangle triangle(3.0, 4.0, 5.0);

std::cout << "Area (Right Angled): " << triangle.calculateAreaRightAngled() << std::endl;

std::cout << "Area (Heron's Formula): " << triangle.calculateAreaHeron() << std::endl;

} catch (const std::exception& e) { std::cerr

<< "Error: " << e.what() << std::endl; return

1;

return 0;

_Question 11: Student Class and File Operations_

```

#include <iostream>

#include <fstream>

#include <string>
class Student { private:

int rollNo;

std::string name;

std::string className;

int year; double

totalMarks;

public:

Student(int rollNo, const std::string& name, const std::string& className, int year, double
totalMarks)

: rollNo(rollNo), name(name), className(className), year(year),

totalMarks(totalMarks) {}

void display() const { std::cout << "Roll No.: " <<

rollNo << std::endl; std::cout << "Name: " << name <<

std::endl; std::cout << "Class: " << className <<

std::endl; std::cout << "Year: " << year << std::endl;

std::cout << "Total Marks: " << totalMarks << std::endl;

friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Student& student) {

os << student.rollNo << " " << student.name << " " << student.className << " " <<
student.year << " " << student.totalMarks;

return os;

friend std::istream& operator>>(std::istream& is, Student& student) {

 is >> student.rollNo >> student.name >> student.className >> student.year >>
student.totalMarks;

return is;

};

int main() {

// Create 5 Student objects

Student students[] = {

Student(1, "John Doe", "X", 2022, 90.0),

Student(2, "Jane Doe", "XI", 2023, 85.0),

Student(3, "Bob Smith", "XII", 2024, 95.0),

Student(4, "Alice Johnson", "X", 2022, 88.0),

Student(5, "Mike Brown", "XI", 2023, 92.0)

};

// Write Student objects to file

std::ofstream fileOut("students.txt"); if

(fileOut.is_open()) { for (const Student&

student : students) { fileOut <<

student << std::endl;

fileOut.close();

} else { std::cerr << "Unable to open file for writing." <<

std::endl; return 1;

}
 // Read Student objects from file and display

std::ifstream fileIn("students.txt"); if

(fileIn.is_open()) { Student student;

while (fileIn >> student) {

student.display(); std::cout << std::endl;

fileIn.close();

} else { std::cerr << "Unable to open file for reading." <<

std::endl; return 1;

return 0;

```

_Question 12: Copy File Contents Without Whitespaces_

```

#include <iostream>

#include <fstream>

#include <string>

int main() { std::ifstream

fileIn("input.txt");

std::ofstream

fileOut("output.txt");
 if (fileIn.is_open() && fileOut.is_open()) {

std::string line; while

(std::getline(fileIn, line)) { std::string

newline; for (char c : line) {

if (!std::isspace(c)) { newline +=

c;

fileOut << newline << std::endl;

fileIn.close(); fileOut.close(); } else {

std::cerr << "Unable to open file(s)." << std::endl;

return 1;

return 0;

```