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Computer Network, Created by DS Trivedi

Common Network Conrnectivity Devices

Network Devices (Hub, Repeater, Bridge, Switch, Router, Gateways and Bouter):

1. Repeater - Arepeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to regenerate the
signal over the same network before the signal becomes tooweak or corrupted so as to
extend the length to which the signal can be transmitted over the same network. An
important point tobe noted about repeaters is that they do not amplify the signal. When
the signal becomes weak, they copy the signal bit by bit and regenerate it at the original
sirength. It is a 2 port device.

2. Hub - A hub is basically a multiport repeater. Ahub connects multiple wires coming
from different branches, for example, the connector in star topology which connects
different stations. Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected
Gevices. Inother words, the collision domain of all hosts connected through Hub
remains one. Also, they do not have the intelligence to find out the best path for data
packets which leads to inefficiencies and wastage.

* Types of Hub :

Áctive Hub:- These are the hubs that have their own power supply and can
clean, boost, and relay the signal along with the network. It serves both as a
repeater as well as a wiring center. These are used to extend the maximum
distance between nodes.

Passive Hub:- These are the hubs that collect wiring from nodes and power
supply from the active hub. These hubs relay signals onto the network without
cleaning and boosting them and can't be used to extend the distance between
nodes.
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Computer Network, Unit-3
 Computer Network, Creatcd by DS Trivedi

Intelligent Hub :- It works like active hubs and includes remote management
devices. It also
capabilities. They also provide flexible data rates to network
hub and to
enables an administrator to monitor the traffic passing through the
configure each port in the hub,

bridge is a repeater, with add on

3. Bridge -Abridge operates at thedata link layer. A
the functionality of fltering content by reading the MAC
addresses of source and
destination, It is also used for interconnecting two LANS working on the same protocol.
It has a single input and single output port, thus making it a 2 port device.
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Transparent Bridges:
These are the bridge in which the stations are completely unaware of the bridge's
existence i.e. whether or not a bridge is added or deleted from the network,
reconfiguration of the stations is unnecessary. These bridges make use of two
processes i.e. bridge forwarding and bridge learning.

Source Routing Bridges:

and the
In these bridges, routing operation is performed by the source station
sending
frame specifies which route to follow. The host can discover the frame by
a special frame called the discovery frame, which spreads through the entire
network using allpossible paths to the destination.

Spanning Tree Bridge:

Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is used to make a loop free network by monitoring
ones.
the network totrack all the links and shut down the least redundant
Root bridge is a switch in a single VLAN or whole topology (according to the type
of STP standard used) which is responsible for distributing BPDUs and block the
least redundant port.

Computer Network, Unit-3

 byy D S Trivcli
Computer Network, Crcatcd

" Remote Bridge: bridge that connccts

two
Reote Bridge is a
What is Remote Bridge? telecommunications
netlworks by using a
geographically separated lcased lincs, or a circuit
Service (POTS),
service such as Plain Old Telephone
switched service.

Multiport Bridge: operates transparently to

bridge connects multiple nctworks and
Amultiport forward traffic. Additionally, a
basis whether to
decide on a frame-by-frame simple bridge, a
bridge must decide where to forward traffic. Like the
multiport
and forward operàtion.
multiport bridge typically uses store
design that can
Switch - switch
A is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a
4. performance.
efficiency (a large number of ports imply less traffic) and
boost its checking
device. The switch can perform error
Aswiteh is a data link layer forward
forwarding data, which makes it very efficient as it does not
before
errors and forward good packets selectively to the correct port
packets that have
the collision domain of hosts,
only. In other words, the switch divides
but broadcast domain remains the same.

Simple Switch:

switch has many ports, to which computers are plugged in. When a data frame
A
examines the destination address,
arrives at any port of a network switch, it
the corresponding device(s).It
performs necessary checks and sends the frame to
supports unicast, multicast as well as broadcast communications.

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Computer Network, Unit-3

 Computer Network,. Created by D S Trivedi

Folded Switch:
While all the inlets/outlets are connected to the subscriber lines, the
logical
connection shows as demonstrated in figure. When, the output lines are folded
back to the input and therefore thenetwork is termed as a folded
network. Four
kinds of connection may be established:
1. Local call connection among two
subscribers in the system.
2. Outgoing call connection among asubscriber and an outgoing
trunk.
3. Incoming call connection among an incoming trunk and a local subscriber.
4. Transit calls connection among an incoming trunk and an
outgoing trunk.

Crossbar Switch:

System contains of a number of cross-points that are kept at intersections among

memory module and processor buses paths. In each cross-point, the small square
represents a switch which obtains the path from a processor to a memory
module. Each switch point has control logic to set up the transfer path armong a
memory and processor. It calculates the address which is placed in the bus to
obtain whether its specific module is being addressed. In addition, it eliminates
multiple requests for access to the same memory module on a predetermined
priority basis.
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5. Routers - A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based
netw orks cr
on their IP addresses. The router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers
normally connect LANs and WANs together and have a dynamically updating Subnehootks
routing table based on which they make decisions on routing the data packets.
Router divide broadcast domains of hosts connected through it.

Computer Network, Unit-3

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Computer Nctwork, Crcated by D S Trivedi

Adaptive routing algorithms:

Adaptive routing algorithm is also called as dynamic routing algorithm. In this
algorithm,therouting decisions are made basedon network traffic and topology.
The parameters which are used in adaptive routing algorithms are distance, hop,
estimated transit time and count.

Adaptive routing algorithm is of three types -

Centralized algorithm
V Isolation algorithm
Distributed algorithm

Non-Adaptive Routing algorithm :

Non-adaptive routing algorithm is also called as static routing alyorithm. In a
non-adaptive routing algorithm, the routing decisions are not made based on
network traffic and topology. This algorithm is used by static routing, Non
adaptive routing algorithms are simple as compared to Adaptive routing
algorithm in terms of complexity.

Non-adaptive routing algorithm is of two types

r Flooding
Random walks

Computer Network, Unit-3

 Computer Network, Created by DS Trivedi

ROuter

Swltch 1 Switch 2

Hub A

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6. Gateway -
Agateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to connect two networks together
that may work upon different networking models. They basically work as the
messenger agents that take data fromn one system, interpret it, and transfer it to
another system. Gateways are also called protocol converters and can operate at
any network layer. Gateways are generally more complex than switches or
routers. Gateway is also called a protocol converter.

7. Brouter
It is also known as the bridging router is a device that combines features of both
bridge and router. Itcan work either at the data link layer ora network layer.
Working as a router, it is capable of routing packets across networks, and
working as the bridge, it is capable of filtering local area network trafic.

Computer Network, Unit-3

 Computer Network, Creatcd by D S Trivcdi

8. NIC
NICor nework interface card is a network adapter that is used to connect the
computer to the network. It is installed in the computer to establish a LAN. It
has a unique id that is written on the chip,and it has aconnector to connect the
cable to it.The cable acts as an interface between the computer and router or
modem. NIC card is a layer 2 device which means that it works on both physical
anddata link layer of the network model.

Computer Network, Unit-3