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FINAL Vibration Notes - Problems & Derivations - Updated

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21 views96 pages

FINAL Vibration Notes - Problems & Derivations - Updated

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moonahmed0222
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© © All Rights Reserved
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A critically damped system will have the smallest damping required for aperiodic motion;

hence the mass returns to the position of rest in the shortest possible time without
overshooting. The property of critical damping is used in many practical applications. For
example, large guns have dashpots with critical damping value, so that they return to their
original position after recoil in the minimum time without vibrating. If the damping
provided were more than the critical value, some delay would be caused before the next
firing.
Free Vibration of an Undamped Torsional System

 If a rigid body oscillates about a specific reference axis, the resulting motion is called torsional
vibration.
 In this case, the displacement of the body is measured in terms of an angular coordinate.
 In a torsional vibration problem, the restoring moment may be due to the torsion of an elastic
member or to the unbalanced moment of a force or couple.
Harmonically Excited Vibration

 A mechanical or structural system is said to undergo forced vibration whenever


external energy is supplied to the system during vibration.
 External energy can be supplied through either an applied force or an imposed
displacement excitation.
 The applied force or displacement excitation may be harmonic, nonharmonic but
periodic, nonperiodic, or random in nature.
 The response of a system to a harmonic excitation is called harmonic response.

 The vibration produced by an unbalanced rotating machine, the oscillations of a tall


chimney due to vortex shedding in a steady wind, and the vertical motion of an
automobile on a sinusoidal road surface are examples of harmonically excited
vibration.


Response of damped system under harmonic excitation of the base
Self-Excitation

 The force acting on a vibrating system is usually external to the system and independent of the
motion.
 However, there are systems for which the exciting force is a function of the motion parameters of
the system, such as displacement, velocity, or acceleration.
 Such systems are called self-excited vibrating systems, since the motion itself produces the
exciting force.
 The instability of rotating shafts, the flutter of turbine blades, the flow-induced vibration of pipes,
and the automobile wheel shimmy and aerodynamically induced motion of bridges are typical
examples of self-excited vibrations.

Stability Analysis
Chapter 4
Vibration Under General Forcing Conditions
In Chapter 3, we considered the response of single-degree-of-freedom systems subjected to harmonic
excitation.

However, many practical systems are subjected to several types of forcing functions that are not
harmonic. The general forcing functions may be periodic (nonharmonic) or nonperiodic.

The nonperiodic forces include forces such as a suddenly applied constant force (called a step force), a
linearly increasing force (called a ramp force), and an exponentially varying force.

A nonperiodic forcing function may be acting for a short, long, or infinite duration.

A forcing function or excitation of short duration compared to the natural time period of the system is called
a shock.

Examples of general forcing functions are the motion imparted by a cam to the follower, the vibration felt by
an instrument when its package is dropped from a height, the force applied to the foundation of a forging
press, the motion of an automobile when it hits a pothole, and the ground vibration of a building frame
during an earthquake.

If the forcing function is periodic but not harmonic, it can be replaced by a sum of harmonic functions using
the harmonic analysis procedure.

Using the principle of superposition, the response of the system can then be determined by superposing
the responses due to the individual harmonic forcing functions.
MODES OF VIBRATION

MODE: A characteristic manner in which vibration occurs or it is a pattern of motion (mode


shapes).

NODE: The point where displacement always zero.

ANTI-NODE: The point where displacement always maximum.

Both masses moves in same direction Both masses moves in opposite direction
CHAPTER7
Determination of Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes

 In the preceding chapter, the natural frequencies (eigenvalues) and the natural modes
(eigenvectors) of a multidegree-of-freedom system were found by setting the
characteristic determinant equal to zero.
 Although this is an exact method, the expansion of the characteristic determinant and the
solution of the resulting nth-degree polynomial equation to obtain the natural frequencies
can become quite tedious for large values of n.
 Several analytical and numerical methods have been developed to compute the natural
frequencies and mode shapes of multidegree-of-freedom systems.
 In this chapter, we shall consider Dunkerley s formula, Rayleigh s method, Holzer s
method, the matrix iteration method, and Jacobi s method.
 Dunkerley s formula and Rayleigh s method are useful only for estimating the
fundamental natural frequency. Holzer s method is essentially a tabular method that can
be used to find partial or full solutions to eigenvalue problems.
 The matrix iteration method finds one natural frequency at a time, usually starting from
the lowest value.
 The method can thus be terminated after finding the required number of natural
frequencies and mode shapes. When all the natural frequencies and mode shapes are
required, Jacobi s method can be used; it finds all the eigenvalues and eigenvectors
simultaneously
Holzers Method

 Holzer s method is essentially a trial-and-error scheme to find the natural frequencies of


undamped, damped, semidefinite, fixed, or branched vibrating systems involving linear
and angular displacements [7.11, 7.12].
 The method can also be programmed for computer applications. A trial frequency of the
system is first assumed, and a solution is found when the assumed frequency
satisfies the constraints of the system. This generally requires several trials.
 Depending on the trial frequency used, the fundamental as well as the higher frequencies
of the system can be determined. The method also gives the mode shapes.
 Holzer s method can also be applied to systems with fixed ends. At a fixed end, the
amplitude of vibration must be zero.

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