===========================================================

// 1. Write a java program to print fibonacci series

import java.util.Scanner;
public class q1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner aki = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter the number of terms in the Fibonacci series: ");
int n = aki.nextInt();
aki.close();

int firstTerm = 0;
int secondTerm = 1;

System.out.print("Fibonacci Series (First " + n + " terms): ");

if (n >= 1) {
System.out.print(firstTerm);
}
if (n >= 2) {
System.out.print(", " + secondTerm);
}

for (int i = 3; i <= n; i++) {

int nextTerm = firstTerm + secondTerm;
System.out.print(", " + nextTerm);
firstTerm = secondTerm;
secondTerm = nextTerm;
}

System.out.println();
}
}

===========================================================

// 2. Write a java program to define the given no. of series is either even or
// odd.

import java.util.Scanner;
public class q2 {
public static void main(String args[]) {
// take input from the user
// create new instance of scanner classs
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter the number: ");
int num = scan.nextInt();
System.out.println("Given number " + num + " is " +
((num % 2 == 0) ? "even" : "odd"));
}
}

===========================================================
// 3. Write a java program to print all armstrong numbers

import java.util.Scanner;

public class q3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter the upper limit to find Armstrong numbers: ");

int upperLimit = scanner.nextInt();
scanner.close();

System.out.println("Armstrong numbers in the range 1 to " + upperLimit +

":");
for (int i = 1; i <= upperLimit; i++) {
if (isArmstrong(i)) {
System.out.println(i);
}
}
}

public static boolean isArmstrong(int number) {

int originalNumber = number;
int numDigits = countDigits(number);
int sum = 0;

while (number > 0) {

int digit = number % 10;
sum += Math.pow(digit, numDigits);
number /= 10;
}

return sum == originalNumber;

}

public static int countDigits(int number) {

int count = 0;
while (number > 0) {
number /= 10;
count++;
}
return count;
}
}

===========================================================

// 4. Write a program for entering array elements from use and print the sum of
// given elements and provide average of it.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class q4 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter the number of elements in the array: ");

int n = scanner.nextInt();
 int[] arr = new int[n];

System.out.println("Enter the elements of the array:");

for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
System.out.print("Element " + (i + 1) + ": ");
arr[i] = scanner.nextInt();
}

scanner.close();

int sum = 0;
for (int num : arr) {
sum += num;
}

double average = (double)sum / n;

System.out.println("Array elements: ");

for (int num : arr) {
System.out.print(num + " ");
}

System.out.println("\nSum of the elements: " + sum);

System.out.println("Average of the elements: " + average);
}
}

===========================================================

// 5. Write a java program to print left arrow pattern

import java.util.Scanner;

public class q5 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter the number of rows for the left arrow pattern: ");
int n = scanner.nextInt();
scanner.close();

for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {

for (int j = n; j > i; j--) {
System.out.print(" ");
}
for (int k = 1; k <= i; k++) {
System.out.print("*");
}
System.out.println();
}

for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {

for (int j = 1; j < i; j++) {
System.out.print(" ");
}
for (int k = n; k >= i; k--) {
System.out.print("*");
 }
System.out.println();
}
}
}

===========================================================

// 6. Write a java program to print inverse star pattern

import java.util.Scanner;

public class q6 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter the number of rows for the inverse star pattern: ");
int n = scanner.nextInt();
scanner.close();

for (int i = 1; i <= n; i++) {

for (int j = 1; j < i; j++) {
System.out.print(" ");
}
for (int k = i; k <= n; k++) {
System.out.print("*");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}

===========================================================

// 7. Write a program using method overriding

class Animal {
void makeSound() { System.out.println("The animal makes a generic sound."); }
}

class Dog extends Animal {

@Override
void makeSound() {
System.out.println("The dog barks.");
}
}

class Cat extends Animal {

@Override
void makeSound() {
System.out.println("The cat meows.");
}
}

public class q7 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal animal = new Animal();
 Animal dog = new Dog();
Animal cat = new Cat();

animal.makeSound();
dog.makeSound();
cat.makeSound();
}
}

===========================================================

// 8. Calculate students marks of 5 subjects, totoal and percentage

import java.util.Scanner;

public class q8 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.println("Enter the marks for 5 subjects:");

int totalMarks = 0;
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
System.out.print("Subject " + i + ": ");
int marks = scanner.nextInt();
totalMarks += marks;
}

scanner.close();

double percentage = (double)totalMarks / 5;

System.out.println("Total Marks: " + totalMarks);

System.out.println("Percentage: " + percentage + "%");
}
}

===========================================================

// 9. Write a program using parameterized constructor

class Student {
private String name;
private int age;

public Student(String studentName, int studentAge) {

name = studentName;
age = studentAge;
}

public void displayInfo() {

System.out.println("Name: " + name);
System.out.println("Age: " + age);
}
}

public class q9 {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
Student student1 = new Student("Ishwari", 20);
Student student2 = new Student("Kashish", 22);

System.out.println("Student 1 Information:");
student1.displayInfo();

System.out.println("\nStudent 2 Information:");
student2.displayInfo();
}
}

===========================================================

// 10. Implement multi level inheritance to define various shaped and to

// calculate area of that shape

import java.util.Scanner;

class Shape {
void display() { System.out.println("This is a shape."); }
}

class Circle extends Shape {

double radius;

Circle(double r) { radius = r; }

double calculateArea() { return Math.PI * radius * radius; }

void display() {
super.display();
System.out.println("This is a circle with radius " + radius);
System.out.println("Area of the circle: " + calculateArea());
}
}

class Square extends Shape {

double side;

Square(double s) { side = s; }

double calculateArea() { return side * side; }

void display() {
super.display();
System.out.println("This is a square with side length " + side);
System.out.println("Area of the square: " + calculateArea());
}
}

public class q10 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter the radius of the circle: ");

double circleRadius = scanner.nextDouble();
 System.out.print("Enter the side length of the square: ");
double squareSide = scanner.nextDouble();

scanner.close();

Circle circle = new Circle(circleRadius);

Square square = new Square(squareSide);

System.out.println("\nShape Information:");
circle.display();
square.display();
}
}

===========================================================

// 11. Implement hieracchical inheritance in Java

class Vehicle {
void start() { System.out.println("Vehicle is starting."); }
}

class Car extends Vehicle {

void accelerate() { System.out.println("Car is accelerating."); }
}

class Motorcycle extends Vehicle {

void wheelie() { System.out.println("Motorcycle is doing a wheelie."); }
}

public class q11 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Car car = new Car();
Motorcycle motorcycle = new Motorcycle();

System.out.println("Car:");
car.start();
car.accelerate();

System.out.println("\nMotorcycle:");
motorcycle.start();
motorcycle.wheelie();
}
}

===========================================================

// 12. Write a program for extending interfaces

interface Shape {
void draw();
}

interface Color {
void applyColor();
}
class Circle implements Shape, Color {
@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Drawing a circle.");
}

@Override
public void applyColor() {
System.out.println("Applying color to the circle.");
}
}

public class q12 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Circle circle = new Circle();
circle.draw();
circle.applyColor();
}
}

===========================================================

// 13. Implement polymorphism in java

class Animal {
void sound() { System.out.println("Animals make sounds"); }
}

class Dog extends Animal {

void sound() { System.out.println("Dogs bark"); }
}

class Cat extends Animal {

void sound() { System.out.println("Cats meow"); }
}

public class q13 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal myPet = new Dog();
myPet.sound();

myPet = new Cat();

myPet.sound();
}
}

===========================================================

// 14. Write a java program for dynamic binding

class Instrument {
void play() { System.out.println("Playing an instrument"); }
}

class Guitar extends Instrument {

@Override
void play() {
 System.out.println("Playing a guitar");
}
}

class Piano extends Instrument {

@Override
void play() {
System.out.println("Playing a piano");
}
}

public class q14 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Instrument myInstrument = new Guitar();
myInstrument.play();

myInstrument = new Piano();

myInstrument.play();
}
}

===========================================================

// 15. Implement hybrid inheritance in java

interface Edible {
void eat();
}

interface Fruit {
String getName();
}

class Apple implements Edible, Fruit {

@Override
public void eat() {
System.out.println("Eating an apple.");
}

@Override
public String getName() {
return "Apple";
}
}

public class q15 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Apple apple = new Apple();
apple.eat();
System.out.println("Fruit Name: " + apple.getName());
}
}

===========================================================

// 16. Perform various operation on Strings

public class q16 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a string
String text = "Hello, World!";

// 1. String Length
int length = text.length();
System.out.println("1. String Length: " + length);

// 2. Concatenation
String greeting = "Hello";
String name = "Akshay";
String message = greeting + ", " + name + "!";
System.out.println("2. Concatenation: " + message);

// 3. Character at a specific index

char character = text.charAt(7);
System.out.println("3. Character at index 7: " + character);

// 4. Substring
String sub = text.substring(0, 5);
System.out.println("4. Substring: " + sub);

// 5. Uppercase and Lowercase

String uppercase = text.toUpperCase();
String lowercase = text.toLowerCase();
System.out.println("5. Uppercase: " + uppercase);
System.out.println(" Lowercase: " + lowercase);

// 6. Checking if a string contains a substring

boolean contains = text.contains("World");
System.out.println("6. Contains 'World': " + contains);

// 7. Replace
String replaced = text.replace("World", "Java");
System.out.println("7. Replace 'World' with 'Java': " + replaced);

// 8. Split
String sentence = "This is a sample sentence.";
String[] words = sentence.split(" ");
System.out.print("8. Split: ");
for (String word : words) {
System.out.print(word + " ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}

===========================================================

// 17. Evaluate a criteria for voting card by using if else statement.

import java.util.Scanner;

public class q17 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int votingAge = 18;
 Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter your age: ");

int age = scanner.nextInt();

if (age >= votingAge) {

System.out.println("You are eligible to get a voting card.");
} else {
System.out.println("You are not eligible to get a voting card.");
}
}
}

===========================================================

// 18. Calculate grade of students by using ladder if else statement

import java.util.Scanner;

public class q18 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter the student's marks: ");

int marks = scanner.nextInt();

char grade;

if (marks >= 90) {

grade = 'A';
} else if (marks >= 80) {
grade = 'B';
} else if (marks >= 70) {
grade = 'C';
} else if (marks >= 60) {
grade = 'D';
} else {
grade = 'F';
}

System.out.println("The student's grade is: " + grade);

}
}

===========================================================

// 19. Write a java progam to display different math operations

import java.util.Scanner;

public class q19 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter the first number: ");

double num1 = scanner.nextDouble();
 System.out.print("Enter the second number: ");
double num2 = scanner.nextDouble();

double sum = num1 + num2;

double difference = num1 - num2;
double product = num1 * num2;
double quotient = num1 / num2;

System.out.println("Sum: " + sum);

System.out.println("Difference: " + difference);
System.out.println("Product: " + product);
System.out.println("Quotient: " + quotient);
}
}

===========================================================

// 20. Write a program to display information of 10 employees i.e id, name,

// department, post and salary by using call by value

import java.util.Scanner;

class Employee {
int id;
String name;
String department;
String post;
double salary;

public Employee(int id, String name, String department, String post,

double salary) {
id = id;
name = name;
department = department;
post = post;
salary = salary;
}

public void displayInfo() {

System.out.println("Employee ID: " + id);
System.out.println("Name: " + name);
System.out.println("Department: " + department);
System.out.println("Post: " + post);
System.out.println("Salary: " + salary);
System.out.println();
}
}

public class q20 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Employee[] employees = new Employee[10];

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

System.out.println("Enter information for Employee " + (i + 1));

System.out.print("ID: ");
 int id = scanner.nextInt();
scanner.nextLine(); // Consume the newline

System.out.print("Name: ");
String name = scanner.nextLine();

System.out.print("Department: ");
String department = scanner.nextLine();

System.out.print("Post: ");
String post = scanner.nextLine();

System.out.print("Salary: ");
double salary = scanner.nextDouble();
scanner.nextLine(); // Consume the newline

employees[i] = new Employee(id, name, department, post, salary);

}

scanner.close();

System.out.println("Employee Information:");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
employees[i].displayInfo();
}
}
}

===========================================================

// 21. Write a program using static keyword and method

public class q21 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int result = MathUtility.add(5, 3);
System.out.println("The result of the addition is: " + result);

System.out.println("The value of PI is: " + MathUtility.PI);

}
}

class MathUtility {
public static int add(int a, int b) { return a + b; }

public static final double PI = 3.14159265359;

}

===========================================================

// 22. Write a java program using final keyword and method

public class q22 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyClass myClass = new MyClass();
System.out.println("Final variable value: " + myClass.myFinalVariable);
myClass.myFinalMethod();
}
}

class MyClass {
final int myFinalVariable = 10;
final void myFinalMethod() { System.out.println("This is a final method."); }
}

===========================================================

// 23. Implement string array

public class q23 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String[] colors = {"Red", "Green", "Blue", "Yellow"};

System.out.println("Colors:");
for (String color : colors) {
System.out.println(color);
}
}
}

===========================================================

// 24. Write a java program for swapping two numbers using third variable

import java.util.Scanner;

public class q24 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter the first number: ");
int num1 = scanner.nextInt();

System.out.print("Enter the second number: ");

int num2 = scanner.nextInt();

System.out.println("Original Numbers:");
System.out.println("First number: " + num1);
System.out.println("Second number: " + num2);

int temp = num1;

num1 = num2;
num2 = temp;

System.out.println("\nSwapped Numbers:");
System.out.println("First number: " + num1);
System.out.println("Second number: " + num2);
}
}

===========================================================

// 25. Implement exception handling using finally keyword

public class q25 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
 try {
int result = 10 / 0;
System.out.println("Result: " + result);
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
} finally {
System.out.println("This code always gets executed, no matter what.");
}
}
}

===========================================================

// 26. Perform exception handling using throw

public class q26 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int age = -5;
if (age < 0) {
// Explicitly throw an exception
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Age cannot be negative");
}
System.out.println("Age is: " + age);
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
System.out.println("Error: " + e.getMessage());
}
}
}