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Experiment 1

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89 views4 pages

Experiment 1

Uploaded by

talhamasoodpcgamer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EXPERIMENT 1

AIM:- To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED:- An optical bench, two sharp-edged


needle (pins), convex lens of less than 20 cm focal length, three uprights (with clamps),
index needle (may be a knitting needle), metre scale and spirit level.

PRINCIPLE:- For an object placed at a distance u from the optical centre of a thin
convex lens of focal length f , a real and inverted image is formed on the other side of
the lens at a distance v from the optical centre. The relation between these distances is:

When an object (say, a pin) is placed in front of a thin convex lens at a distance equal to
2f, a real and inverted image of same size as that of the object is formed at a distance
equal to 2f on the other side of the lens

Procedure
1. Mount the convex lens in the lens holder.
2. Go out in the open and face the mirror towards distant trees or buildings.
3. Obtain the image of the tree or the building on a white painted wall (screen) and
move the mirror forward and backward to get a sharp image on the wall.
4. Measure the distance between the mirror and the wall (screen). This will be equal to
the rough focal length of the mirror. To set the lens
5. Clamp the holder with lens in a fixed upright and keep the upright at 50 cm mark.
6. Adjust the lens such that its surface is vertical and perpendicular to the length of the
optical bench.
7. Keep the upright fixed in this position throughout. To set the object needle
8. Take the thin optical needle as an object needle (O). Mount it in outer laterally
moveable upright near zero end.
9. Move the object needle upright and clamp it at a distance (in full cms) nearly 1.5
times the obtained rough focal length of the lens.
10.Adjust the height of the object needle to make its tip lie on a horizontal line through
the optical centre of the lens.
11.Note the position of the index mark on the base of the object needle upright. To set
the image needle
12.With left eye closed, see with the right open eye from the other end of the optical
bench. An inverted and enlarged image of the object needle will be seen. Tip of the
image must lie in the middle of the lens.
13.Mount the thick optical needle (image needle) in the fourth upright near the other end
of the optical bench.
14.Adjust the height of the image needle so that its tip is seen in line with the tip of the
image when seen with the right open eye.
15.Move the eye towards the right. The tips will get separated. The image tip and the
image needle tip have parallax.
16.Remove the parallax tip to tip.
17.Note the position of the index mark on the base of the image needle upright.
18.Record the position of the index marks on the base of the upright of the lens, the
object needle and the image needle in the table.
19.Find the index correction for distance between optical centre of lens and tip of the
object needle and also for distance between optical centre of lens and tip of the image
needle as described. To get more observations

OBSERVATIONS
Rough focal length of the given convex lens = 20.00cm
Actual length of the knitting needle for object x=10.00cm
Observed distance between the object needle and the lens y =9.60cm
Index correction for the object distance u, eo= x -y = + 0.4cm
Actual length of the knitting needle for image w=10.00cm
Observed distance between the image needle and the lens z =9.7cm
Index correction for the image distance v, ei=w -z = +0.3cm

Determination of u and v

Sl. Lens Object Image Observed Observe Corrected Corrected


No upright pin pin u=a–b d u = u + eo v = v + ei
a (cm) upright upright (cm) v=a–c
b (cm) c (cm) (cm)

1 75 105 5.5 -30 69.5 -30.4 69.8

2 75 117 33 -42 42 -42.4 42.3

3 75 129.5 40.5 -54.5 34.5 -54.9 34.8

4 75 140 43.5 -65 31.5 -65.4 31.8

5 75 149 45.5 -74 29.5 -74.4 29.8

CALCULATION OF FOCAL LENGTH BY PLOTTING GRAPHS:-

Take u along X-axis and v along Y-axis. Scales of x- and y-axis should be the same.
Distance OA (= 2f ) on Y-axis = 42.00cm
Distance OB (= 2f ) on X-axis = 42.00 cm
Mean focal length of the convex lens, f= 21.00cm

RESULT:- The focal length of the given converging thin convex lens from u – v graph
=21.00cm

PRECAUTIONS:-
1. The uprights supporting the optical elements should be rigid and mounted vertically.
2. The aperture of the lens should be small otherwise the image formed will not be
distinct.
3. Eye should be placed at a distance more than 25 cm from the image needle.
4. An error may arise in the observations if the top of the optical bench is not horizontal
and similarly if the tips of pins and optical centre of the lens are not at the same
horizontal level.
5. The tip of the inverted image of the object needle must touch the tip of the image
needle and must not overlap. This should be ensured while removing the parallax.

SOURCES OF ERROR:-
1. The uprights may not be vertical.
2. Parallax removal may not be perfect.
3. If the knitting needle or index rod for finding index correction is not sharp like a
needle, its length may not be accurately found on scale.

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